ch. 37 SLOs
describe important assessment findings for compartment syndrome
- patient complains of pain out of proportion of degree of injury - ischemia, necrosis, and functional impairment can happen **Medical emergency
Describe important assessment findings for neurovascular injury: - check __________ distal to injury; may have lack of sensation and absent or weak pulses - in neuromuscular compression if prolonged, ________ of the muscle can happen because its not getting stimulation of nerves to move and contract
-pulses and sensation -severe atrophy
factors that influence bone mass
Adequate calcium and vitamin D essential for bone health
fracture of bone that protrude to the outside of the body
Open (compound)
bone-forming cells
Osteoblasts
mature osteoblasts, maintain bone matrix
Osteocytes
age that bone mass peak occurs
Peak bone mass obtained at age 30-35
Rest, ice, compression, elevation; used for strain or sprain
RICE therapy
fracture in which bone fragments separate completely
closed (complete)
a fracture with more than one fracture line and more than two bone fragments, which may be shattered or crushed; not all crushed
comminuted
Clicking sound of the joints
crepitus
more common in young as a result of trauma
femoral head fracture
most common with osteoporosis
femoral neck fracture
an incomplete break in the bone with the intact side of the cortex flexed (one side is broken and the other is bent). It is usually seen in children.
greenstick
numbness or weakness of the lower extremity; straight-leg raising test can be used to assess
herniated disc
a fracture in which the bone fragments are still partially joined
incomplete
A patient has suffered a fracture of the distal radius. Please place the following steps for fracture repair in the correct order for bone fracture healing. Lamellar bone deposition Granular tissue formation Inflammatory phase Callus formation Bone remodeling
inflammatory phase granular tissue formation callus formation = stage 3 lamellar bone deposition bone remodeling
attach bone to bone; can rupture -usee stability after injury and healing
ligaments -capsular: part of joint capsule -extracapsular: provide stability
sharp pain, tenderness; spasm over the posterior lumbar area; decreased, painful ROM
low back pain
bruise of muscle itself
muscle contusion
the following are what? - Physical therapy - Massage - Acupuncture - Transcutenous electrical nerve stimulation - Chiropractic care
nonpharmacological therapies for musculoskeletal trauma
bone resorption
osteoclasts
bone is weakened or compromised; fracture occurs without significant trauma b/c its already weak; fragility fracture
pathological fracture
overstretch ligament with possible tear - 3 grades
sprain
Bone fracture healing: fracture and inflammatory phase; bleeding between edges of fractured bone
stage 1
Bone fracture healing: granulation tissue formation; fibroblasts are attracted to the area of injury, growth of vascular tissue to improve blood supply as fracture is healing
stage 2
Bone fracture healing: callus formation consisting of osteoblasts and chondroblasts; where full repair stage starts; synthesis of extracellular organic matrix of women bone and cartilage
stage 3 **repair stage starts
Bone fracture healing: lamellar bone deposition; strengthening phase, ossification occurring (give bone more structure)
stage 4 **more structure
Bone fracture healing: remodeling; involves remodeling of the bone at the site of the fracture; adequate strength commonly occurs in 3 to 6 months
stage 5 **Final formation
overstretch of muscle or tendon
strain
crack that occurs from excess use; a failure of one cortical surface of the bone, often cause by repetitive activity
stress fracture
attach muscle to bone; overuse injuries
tendons
trauma or injury EX - hip frature
traumatic fracture
A nurse knows that an osteoporotic fracture is more likely in bones with a high percentage of trabecular bone. Which of the following bones would be at greatest risk for such fractures?
wrist, vertebrae, upper femur (hip)