Ch 4 - Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Prenatal Brain Development - First trimester ? - 3 weeks - neural ______ is formed, differentiation occur (susceptible for congenital deformities) Second trimester? neuronal _______ and ________ take place. Forming of PNS / CNS Third trimester? - brain surface is increasing in side / volume - gyri and sulci form in cortex, allow for greater growth,

0-2 germinal 3-8 embryonic 9-12 fetal (0-12 weeks) tube 13-24 weeks migration and myelination 25 - 38 and up to 40 weeks

CNS - brain - spinal cord - cerebral cortex neurons of the brain are formed during the _____th week post conception. myelination peaks in the ______-natal period deprivation impacts neuronal growth and synaptic connections - prenatally post natal deprivation occurs via: malnutrition - decreased glial cells and myelination. - impacts lobe development and impacts function - last structure to develop is?

10th post cerebral

Migration - Occurs _____th week post-conception - Neurons ________ to their correct locations - _________ occurs***, forming synaptic connections. - form from medial to lateral in the brain, becoming more ___________ as they used glides in the ______ cells. migration occurs due to thyroid hormone thyroxin

11 migrate differentiation

Physical, Motor, and Perceptual Development in Infancy / Toddlerhood (New slide show) Physical Growth - body size dramatically increases over first ________ years - "baby fat" peaks at about ____ months - in second year, toddlers ______ _____ - a trend that continues until middle childhood - different parts of body grow at different rates: - cephalocaudal trend - proximal distal trend

2 9 slim down

Postnatal development - Reorganization occurs ________ months after birth - more predictable sleep patterns / cycles of alertness, indicates ________ connections. Stimulation is necessary for _________ growth. Necessary for brain development Excessive synaptic and neuronal production is reduced due to ________ _______.

2 synaptic synaptic synaptic pruning

Developmental milestones: 6 - 12 months 1. playing for __-__ minutes with single toy 2. ______ for nearby objects 3. ______ objects with eyes 4. sleeping ____-____ hours with ___ awakening 5. tolerating a range of different ________ foods. 6. drinking from a ______ 7. holding ______ or ______ independently 8. using _______ to move food around mouth 9. feeding self small snacks or small food Possible implications if milestones not achieved - may have ___________ settling and may wake often during night - may have difficulties _______ with parents and joint attention - may struggle to ______ and _______ from others due to poor understanding and attention - May have difficulties _________ self - May have difficulties _______ onto and ________ from a cup or bottle - may have difficulty tolerating different ________ foods.

2-3 reaching tracking 10-12, 1 texture cup cup or bottle tongue difficulty socializing copy and learn feeding hold, drinkg texture

Perceptual development cont.... - infant's visual acuity reaches: - ____/____ by 4 months - adult level by ____ years ****motor development promotes ________ skills. - Motor development promotes: - *________ perception, beginning with sensitivity to _______* - followed by detection of __________ depth cues - then sensitivity to ___________ depth cues. - around time infants crawl, most distinguish _______ from _______ surfaces and avoid _____-_____s (demonstrated by visual cliff experiment)

20/80 4 visual depth, motion binocular (3-dimensional visual surrounding) pictorial (paper, books) deep, shallow drop offs

Gross and Fine motor development in first two years Motor skill Age achieved grasps cube? sits up alone? crawls? pulls to stand? plays pat a cake walks alone scribbles vigorously jumps in place

3 months, 3 weeks 7 months 7 months 8 months 9 months, 3 weeks 11 months, 3 weeks 14 months 23 months, 2 weeks

Face perception - early experience promotes perceptual narrowing with respect to gender and race: - as early as __ months, prefers and more easily discriminates _______ faces than ______ (unless caregiver is male). - if exposed to own race members, by 3-6 months, shows own-_______ bias - by age ____-____, face discrimination matches that of adults

3, female to male race 10-11

Breastfeeding - WHO recommends BF until at least 2 years old, begin supplementing with solid foods at ______ months. - even breastfeeding for few weeks helps with immune system development. - recommend BF unless mother has viral or bacterial infrections (HIV, tuberculosis) that can be transmitted to baby.

6

Development of the Cerebral Cortex Cerebral cortex - largest brain strucutre, accounting for ______% of brain's weight and containing greatest amount of x 2 Cortical regions with most extended period of development are the _______ lobes. Prefrontal cortex - responsible for complex _________ - consciousness, various executive processes including ___________ of impulses, _________ of information, memory, __________ing, _________ing, and _________ _______ strategies.

85 neurons, synapses frontal thought inhibition integration reasoning planning problem solving

Motor development: gross-motor development: control over _________ that help infants get around in the environment, such as ___________, __________, and __________ fine-motor development: _______ movements, such as __________ and _______.

actions, walking, crawling, standing small, grasping, reaching

Milestones in Intermodal Perception Newborn: perceives ___________ sensory properties 3-5 months: matches ________ with _________ on basis of lip-voice symphony, _______ expression, and speaker's _______ and _____ 6 months: Perceives and remembers unique ____-_____ pairings of _________ adults.

amodal faces, voices, emotional, age/gender face-voice, unfamiliar

Learning Capacities Learning refers to changes in _______ as result of _______. - Newborn reflexes make _______ ______ possible in young infants - The steps of classical conditioning include: 1. an __________ __________ (UCS) produces a reflexive, or ________ _________ (UCR) 2. a _______ _________ is presented just before or about at the same time as the UCS 3. if learning has occurred, the neutral stimulus, now called a _________ stimulus (CS), elicits the reflexive response, now called a _________ ______ (CR) if conditioned stimulus is presented enough times without conditioned response, what happens?

behavior, experience classical conditioning unconditioned stimulus unconditioned response neutral stimulus conditioned stimulus, conditioned response extinction

Sleep-wake cycles - organization of sleep and wakefulness changes substantially between ____ and ____ yrs of age due to: 1. _____ development 2. cultural ______ and _______ 3. individual ___________s needs parent-infant cosleeping is norm for approximately _______% of world population. secretion of melatonin contributes to sleeping during the night at middle of? Bedtime routines are important to promote sleep in first 2 years.

birth, 2 brain beliefs, practices parent's 90 1st year

As long as environmental influences are not severe, children / adolescents typically show _____-____ growth (return to genetically influenced growth path once conditions improve) Nutrition - infant's energy needs are x2 an adults - 25% of infant's total caloric intake is devoted to _______ - babies need extra calories to keep rapidly developing their?

catch-up growth organs

________ _______ is the most susceptible to environmental or detrimental influences. examples: - 3-10 months visual functions are forming, requires adequate stimulation - 15-24 months are in critical stage for language development _______ and ___-_______ lobes develop last, keep developing well into late 20s

cerebral cortex

Summary of NS notes - process of NS development in early childhood is __________ and dependent on both _______ and __________ factors. - there are critical and sensitive periods of brain development that provide foundation for optimal ______ in adulthood. - neuroplasticity is the key for learning new ____________ skills, refining ______ and increasing skill __________ in young children.

complex, genetic, environmental functioning developmental, skills, complexity

Perceptual development: - crawling promotes new level of brain organization: - strengthens certain neural ________ - especially those involved in vision and understanding of? - Even newborns prefer to look at __________s rather than plain stimuli. - upon aging, spend more time looking at complex patterns, a preference that is explained by? - once babies can take in all aspects of a pattern, integrate parts into a unified whole.

connections space patterned contrast sensitivity

Developmental milestones: age 1-2 yrs continued - Understanding common ________s of hot objects, stairs, glass - regularly _________ __ with adults - tolerating _______ changes - settling themselves to ________ at night - attempting to _______ teeth - know where _______ items are kept - removing own _______ and ______ - cooperating with dressing by ________ an arm or leg

dangers checking in diaper sleep brush familiar socks and shoes extending

Milestones in Pattern Perception - 2 months: detection of _________: sensitive to contrast in complex patterns, prefers patterns with more contrast. - 2-3 months: Improved ________ ability: explores pattern features, pausing briefly to look - 4 months: Detects pattern _________: perceives subjective boundaries that are not really present - 12 months: detects ________ objects represented in _________ drawings. (helps with handwriting)

detail scanning organization familiar, incomplete

Developmental milestones: age 1-2 yrs - distinguishing between ______ and _______ objects (18 months) - looking in right spot for _______ objects - playing next to ___________ - imitating _______ behavior - engaging in __________ play - has an awareness of parent's _________ or _________ of their actions. Possible implications if milestones not achieved - may have difficulties __________ with parents and joint ________ - may struggle to ______ and ______ from others due to poor understanding and attention - may have delayed _____ skills (little interest in toys) - may have difficulty learning ____ _____ tasks such as brush teeth, taking off shoes.

edible, inedible hidden children adults imaginary approval or disapproval socliasing and attention copy and learn play self care

Postnatal Development Synaptic Pruning - brain is stimulated through __________ - pruning strengthens connections and ensures efficiency. 2 year old's have more synaptic connections than adults but are less efficient.

experiences

Visual Development - supported by rapid maturation of ________ and _______ centers in brain. - Milestones: - 2 months: x1 - 4 moths: x1 - 6 months: x 3 - 6 - 7months x 1

focus color vision acuity, scanning, tracking depth perception

Half the brain's volume is made up of? which are responsible for myelination. (describe) Brain development = neurons and synapses are ______________. Then programmed _______ _______ and pruning sculpt away excess neural material to form the mature brain.

glial cells insulation of nerve fibers by myelin sheath overproduced cell death

Myelination is initiated by _____ cells, which begins _______ wks to ______ wks post-conception. ________ ________ form axons around axons of nerves. myelin sheaths __________ nerve axons to help with efficient and effective nerve conduction velocity. myelin appears in areas of the NS required for __________* first. (cranial nerves, spinal chord nerve roots)

glial, 8-16 myelin sheaths insulate survival

Influences on Early Physical Growth - ________, ___________, and _________ well-being all affect early growth. children exposed to negative environmental influences, can show ______-____ growth. - nutrition crucial for development because brain and body grow rapidly - Industrialized nations, breastfed vs bottle fed infants do not differ in quality of mother-infant relationship or emotional adjustment. (77% start, 50% stop at 6 months) - breastfed babies in poverty-stricken regions: **** - much less likely to be ________ - more likely to survive the?

heredity, nutrition, emotional catch-up malnourished, first year of birth

Intermodal Perception - our world provides ___________ stimulation. - Intermodal perception: make sense of multiple senses by perceiving them as? - babies perceive input from different sensory systems in a unified way by detecting _______ _________ ******properties. (information that overlaps two sensory systems example: sight and sound of bouncing ball) Children require one exposure to learn association between sight and sound. intermodal sensitivity is crucial for __________ development. Rapid development during first six months supports: - perceptual understanding of physical world - social and language processing

intermodal a integrated whole amodal sensory properties perceptual

Differentiation theory: infants actively search for __________ features of environment (those that remain stable) in a constantly changing world.

invariant

brain plasticity - highly plastic cerebral cortex, areas are not yet committed to specific functions, these areas have high capacity for? hemispheric specialization / lateralization is greatly influenced by?

learning experience

Analyzing speech stream: - impressive statistical __________ __________ - analyze speech stream for __________, repeatedly occurring of sequences of _________. Helps them acquire a stock of speech structures for which they will later learn meanings.

learning capacity patterns, sounds

Malnutrition affects ________ and _______. Reductions in _______ weight and decreased production of __________ in brain can impact development.

learning, behavior brain, NTs

Influences on Early Physical Growth - severe malnutrition can be caused by ____________*** or _____________*** often result in: - lasting damage to brain, heart, liver, pancreas, other organs - serious negative effects on learning and behavior -marasmus - diet low in all essential _________s. - Kwashiorkor - unbalanced diet very low in________. Disease usually strikes after ________ from breastfeeding, 1-3 yrs of age. - estimated _____% of US child suffer from food insecurity

marasmus, kwashiokor nutrients protein, weening 19

Not until middle of the first year is secretion of ______________ began. A hormone that promotes drowsiness

melatonin

Depth Perception - Milestones: - 3-4 weeks: sensitivity to? - 2-3 months: sensitivity to? - 5-7 months: sensitivity to? - Independent movement (motion enhances vision): - promotes ________-_________ understanding - helps infants remember object ________ and find _______ objects.

motion binocular pictorial three-dimensional locations, hidden

Nervous System at Birth PNS - cranial nerves - spinal nerves mostly complete at birth cranial nerves control ______ and ______ functions of eyes, face, mouth and nose.

motor and sensory

Motor Development - cross-cultural research = early ___________ __________ and a __________ environment contribute to motor development - _________ and _________ = start out as gross, diffuse activity and move towards mastery of fine movements. reaching and walking can help children learn / explore environment

movement opportunities, stimulating grasping and reaching

Learning Capacities: - At birth, brain is set up to be attracted to _________. - Habituation = gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to? - studying habituation allows us to use alteration of pictures to measure vitals for confirming if learning is taking place. - Recovery = return of _________ to a high level when a ________ _______ is introduced. - Babies are born with a primitive ability to learn through? - specialized cells called ______ ______ may underlie early imitative capacities.

novelty (new) repetitive stimulation responsiveness, new stimulus imitation mirror neurons

Using habituation to study infant perception and cognition - Habituation phase - show repeatedly photo of baby - Immediate test phase - show picture of baby and bald man, baby will show _______ preference (recovery to new stimulus) (this assesses ______ memory) - Delayed Test phase - more interested in baby instead of bald man (novelty preference). This is considered _______ preference, assesses ______ memory.

novelty, recent familiarity, remote

Influences on Early Physical Growth - infants and toddlers can eat nutritious foods without becoming overweight, rapid weight gain is linked later to _______. - _________* is widespread in developing countries and war-torn areas, - contributes to 1/3 of worldwide infant and early childhood deaths.

obesity malnutrition

Learning Capacities - in ________ __________, an infant's spontaneous behavior is followed by either: - a ___________, which increases probability behavior will occur again - __________, which decreases occurrence of response - Operant conditioning also plays vital role in formation of ________ ________s.

operant conditioning reinforcer punishment social relationships

Appropriate stimulation Two types of brain development 1. Experience-expectant brain growth - young brain's ability to organize, which depends on ________ experiences (explore environment, interact with people, hear language) 2. Experience-expectant growth - occurs throughout ? consists of additional _________ and refinement of established brain structures. Rushing early learning harms the brain by ____________ its neural circuits, thereby reducing brains sensitivity.

ordinary our lives, growth overwhelming

Celphalocaudal trend - during ________ period, _______ develops more rapidly than ________ part of the body. Proximodistal trend - growth proceed literally from the ______ of body outward.

prenatal, head, lower center

Milestones of Reaching and Grasping: Newborn: _________ 3-4 months: ________ grasp 4-5 months: transferring object from ________ to _______ 9 months: __________ grasp 10 months: coordination is better, anticipatory movements and how fast to pull hand (begins more complex after establishment of foundational skills). of all the motor skills, ________ may play the greatest role in _________ development.

prereaching ulnar hand to hand pincer reaching, cognitive

Physical Growth - sex and ethnic difference in body size are apparent from infancy through middle childhood - children of same age also differ in _____ of physical growth - best estimate of child's physical maturity is the _____ ____, measure of bone development.

rate skeletal age

Neuroplasticity - brains ability to __________ itself by forming new _______ ________s throughout life. neurons make new connections after experiencing new situations / experiences. neuroplasticity in childhood is greater than in adult hood. examples of neuroplasticity: - brain __________: as each hemisphere begins to take on different functions in development. - neural connections can be formed throughout life, require practice to form neuroplastic connections.

reorganize, neuronal connections lateralization

Perceptual Development ***- in ________ half of first year: - perceptual narrowing effect - infant's perceptual sensitivity becomes increasingly attuned to information? - newborns sense their environment, as they grow they begin to perceive information about environment to maximize learning.

second most often encountered

Milestones in Face Perception Newborn: prefers _________ drawings of faces with naturally arranged features 2 months: prefers _______ facial patterns to other complex stimulus arrangements. 3 months: makes fine __________ among the features of different, moderately similar faces 5 months: perceives _________ expressions as meaningful wholes 7 months: discriminates among a wider range of?

simplified complex distinctions emotional facial expressions (happiness, suprise, anger)

Intermodal perception facilitates ________ and _________ processing. parents often use ________ __________ between words, objects motions, and touch (saying doll while moving a doll)

social and language temporal synchrony

Developmental Hearing: in first year of life, babies begin to _______ sounds into complex _______ 4-7 months: sense of? 6-7 months: distinguishes musical tunes based on? 6-8 months:"__________ _____" sounds not used in native languages 6-12 months: detects sound ______ in human speech 7-9 months - begins to divide speech ________ into wordlike ______

sounds, patterns musical phrasing variations in rhythmic patterns screens out regularities streams, units

As neurons form connections, _________ becomes vital to survival. Neurons that are continuously stimulated continue making connections with new synapses and support more complex __________. Neurons which are not stimulated soon lose their synapses, called?

stimulation abilities synaptic pruning

neurons - nerve cells that _____ and ______ information. Neurons are not tightly packed together, between them are spaces called? Neurons communicate by releasing chemicals called?

store, transmit synapses neurotransmitters

Dynamic systems theory of motor development - mastery of motor skills involves acquiring complex __________ of ________ When motor skills work as system, separate abilities _______ _______. - each new skill is a joint product of: 1. ______ ______ _______ development 2. body's __________ capacities 3. __________ the child has in mind 4. _____________ support for the skill changes in any of the above, will require more practice to reach efficiency.

systems of action blend together CNS movement goals environmental

Development of ADLs/ Occupations 0-6 months: Developmental Milestones: 1. __________ objects with eyes 2. coordinating ________, __________, _________ sequence 3. sleeping for ___-____ hour intervals 4. Communicating ______, ____ or discomfort through crying Possible implications if milestones not achieved 1. May have difficulty with ______ feeding 2. May have difficulties settling to _____ 3. May _____ often

tracking sucking, swallowing, breathing 4-10 hunger, fear breast sleep cry

Prenatal period - neurons are produced in the neural _______. From there they _________ to form major parts of the brain. Once migrated, they ____________, establishing their unique functions and begin making synaptic connections with other neurons. programmed ______ _____ is important for space to be created for synaptic connections to be made.

tube migrate differentiate cell death

Most of us, L hemisphere is responsible for: - verbal abilities (________ and _____ language) R hemisphere: - ________ abilities (judging distances, reading _______s, recognizing __________ shapes) - negative emotions Term for specialization of two hemispheres?

written, spoken spatial (maps, geometric shapes) lateralization