Chapter 1 Terms
1.0567
1 L = ?qt
5280
1 Mile = ?ft
4.184
1 cal = ?J
4
1 gal = 4qt
2.54
1 in = ?cm
453.6
1 lb = ?g
16
1 lb = ?oz
Deci
1 x 10^-1
Pico
1 x 10^-12
Centi
1 x 10^-2
Milli
1 x 10^-3
Micro
1 x 10^-6
Nano
1 x 10^-9
Kilo
1 x 10^3
Mega
1 x 10^6
Giga
1 x 10^9
3
1 yard = ?ft
1.47
Calculate (to three significant figures) the numerical part of the conversion factors needed to carry out the following unit conversions: speed in mi/h to ft/s
10^10
Calculate (to three significant figures) the numerical part of the conversion factors needed to carry out the following unit conversions: area in km^2 to cm^2
0.386
Calculate (to three significant figures) the numerical part of the conversion factors needed to carry out the following unit conversions: area in km^2 to mi^2
10^3
Calculate (to three significant figures) the numerical part of the conversion factors needed to carry out the following unit conversions: density in g/cm3 to kg/m3
10
Calculate (to three significant figures) the numerical part of the conversion factors needed to carry out the following unit conversions: mass/area of aluminum foil in mg/cm2 to g/m2
0.0283
Calculate (to three significant figures) the numerical part of the conversion factors needed to carry out the following unit conversions: number of gas molecules per unit volume from /m3 to /ft3
Plan
Clarify the known and unknown Suggest steps from known to unknown Prepare a visual summary of steps
Intensive
Classify the following properties of hydrogen gas as either intensive or extensive. the average speed of a molecule in the sample
Intensive
Classify the following properties of hydrogen gas as either intensive or extensive. density
Extensive
Classify the following properties of hydrogen gas as either intensive or extensive. number of molecules present
Intensive
Classify the following properties of hydrogen gas as either intensive or extensive. temperature
Extensive
Classify the following properties of hydrogen gas as either intensive or extensive. the mass of the gas sample
Fahrenheit
Commonly used scale in the U.S. for our weather reports;
D
During the swing of a friction less pendulum, what energy form(s) remain constant? A) kinetic energy only B) potential energy only C) both kinetic energy and potential energy D) kinetic plus potential energy E) None of these forms remains constant.
Nonpotential Energy
Energy due to the motion of the object
Potential Energy
Energy due to the position of the object or energy from a potential chemical reaction
B
Express 96,342 m using 2 significant figures. A) 9.60 x 10^4 m B) 9.6 x 10^4 m C) 9.60 x 10^-4 m D) 9.6 x 10^-4 m E) 96,000. m
F = 1.8*C + 32
Formulate to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit
K = C + 273.15
Formulate to convert Celsius to Kelvin
C = [F - 32] / 1.8
Formulate to convert Fahrenheit to Celsius
C = K - 273.15
Formulate to convert Kelvin to Clesius
0
Freezing point of water in Celsius
32
Freezing point of water in Fahrenheit
273.15
Freezing point of water in Kelvin
electrical conductivity, reaction with nitric acid
Give an example of a physical property and a chemical property: Copper
boiling point, reaction with oxygen
Give an example of a physical property and a chemical property: Octane
boiling point, reaction with sodium
Give an example of a physical property and a chemical property: Oxygen Gas
E
Given that 1 inch = 2.54 cm, 1 cm3 is equal to A) 16.4 in3 B) 6.45 in3 C) 0.394 in3 D) 0.155 in3 E) 0.0610 in3
Energy
The capacity to do work
Properties
The characteristics that give each substance a unique identity
D
The density of mercury, the only metal to exist as a liquid at room temperature, is 13.6g/cm3. What is that density in pounds per cubic inch? A) 849 lb/in3 B) 491 lb/in3 C) 376 lb/in3 D) 0.491 lb/in3 E) 1.83 x 10^-3 lb/in3
C
The distance between carbon atoms in ethylene is 134 picometers. Which of the following expresses that distance in meters? A) 1.34 x 10^-13 m B) 1.34 x 10^-12 m C) 1.34 x 10^-10 m D) 1.34 x 10^-7 m E) 1.34 x 10^-6 m
Observation
Natural phenomena and measured events; universally consistent ones can be stated as a natural law.
Physical Change
Occurs when a substance alters its physical properties and not it composition example when ice melts
Chemical changes
Occurs when substance is converted into different substance(s) Example Electric Current through water gives hydrogen and oxygen
D
The appropriate number of significant figures in the result of 15.234 x 15.208 is A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5 E) 6
A
The area of a 15-inch pizza is 176.7 in2. Express this area in square centimeters. A) 1140. cm2 B) 448.8 cm2 C) 96.8 cm2 D) 69.57 cm2 E) 27.39 cm2
C
The average distance between the Earth and the Moon is 240,000 miles. Express this distance in kilometers. A) 6.1 x 10^5 km B) 5.3 x 10^5 km C) 3.9 x 10^5 km D) 1.5 x 10^5km E) 9.4 x 10^4km
A
The average distance from Earth to the Sun is 150 megameters. What is that distance in meters? A) 1.5 x 10^8 m B) 1.5 x 10^6 m C) 1.5 x 10^5 m D) 1.5 x 10^3 m E) 1.5 x 10^-6 m
C
The mass of a sample is 550 milligrams. Which of the following expresses that mass in kilograms? A) 5.5 x 10^8 kg B) 5.5 x 10^5 kg C) 5.5 x 10^-4 kg D) 5.5 x 10^-6 kg E) 5.5 x 10^-1 kg
false
The number 6.0448, rounded to 2 decimal places, becomes 6.05.
true
The number 6.0448, rounded to 3 decimal places, becomes 6.045.
false
The numerical value of any temperature expressed in Celsius is always different from the numerical value of the same temperature in Fahrenheit. (True or False)
true
The numerical value of any temperature expressed in Celsius is always different from the numerical value of the same temperature in kelvin. (True of False)
true
The potential energy of a car moving on a level road does not depend on its speed. true/false
A
The result of (3.8621 x 1.5630) - 5.98 is properly written as A) 0.06 B) 0.056 C) 0.0565 D) 0.05646 E) 0.056462
false
The ripening of fruit, once picked, is an example of physical change. true/false
B
The speed needed to escape the pull of Earth's gravity is 11.3 km/s. What is this speed in mi/h? A) 65,500 mi/h B) 25,300 mi/h C) 18,200 mi/h D) 1,090 mi/h E) 5.02 x 10^-3 mi/h
Celsius
The temperature scale used by science, formally called centigrade, most commonly used scale around the world;
Composition
The types and amounts of simpler substances that make up a sample of matter
false
The weight of a coin measured as 1.96235 g on one balance is definitely more accurate than a weight measurement of 1.95 g on another balance. (True or False)
Chemical Properties
Those which the substance shows as it interacts with, or transforms into, other substances such as flammability, corrosiveness
Physical Properties
Those which the substance shows by itself without interacting with another substance such as color, melting point, boiling point, density
320.°F = 160.°C
Use the relationship between temperatures in Celsius and Fahrenheit to calculate the temperature at which the Fahrenheit number is exactly twice the Celsius number.
40.°F = - 40.°C
Use the relationship between temperatures in Celsius and Fahrenheit to calculate the temperature at which the numerical value is the same on both scales.
Systematic error
Values that are either all higher or all lower than the actual value. Example is Instrument calibration problem or instrument default
E
Water vapor is less dense than ice because A) molecules in the gas phase are in constant motion. B) molecules in the gas phase have more potential energy than in solids. C) molecules in the gas phase have more kinetic energy than in solids. D) gaseous molecules have less mass. E) molecules in the gas phase have more space between them than in solids.
true
When a wooden match burns in air, chemical potential energy is converted to kinetic energy. (true or false)
true
When applying the scientific method, a model or theory should be based on experimental data. (true or false)
false
When applying the scientific method, it is important to avoid any form of hypothesis. (true of false)
E
Which measurement is expressed to 4 significant figures? A) 0.00423 kg B) 24.049 cm C) 1300 K D) 82,306 m E) 62.40 g
E
Which of the following activities is not a part of good science? A) proposing a theory B) developing a hypothesis C) making quantitative observations D) designing experiments E) indulging in speculation
D
Which of the following correctly expresses 0.000007913 g in scientific notation? A) 7.913 x 10^6 g B) 7.913 x 10^5 g C) 7.913 x 10^-5 g D) 7.913 x 10^-6 g E) 7.913 x 10^-9 g
A
Which of the following correctly expresses 52,030.2 m in scientific notation? A) 5.20302 x 10^4 m B) 5.20302 x 10^5 m C) 5.203 x 10^4 m D) 5.20 x 10^4 m E) 5.2 x 10^4 m
C
Which of the following is a chemical change? A) boiling of water B) melting wax C) broiling a steak on a grill D) condensing water vapor into rainfall E) carving a piece of wood
E
Which of the following is an extensive property of oxygen? A) boiling point B) temperature C) average kinetic energy of molecules D) density E) mass
D
Which of the following is not an S.I. base unit? A) meter B) ampere C) second D) gram E) kelvin
C
Which of the following represents the largest volume? A) 10,000 μL B) 1000 pL C) 100 mL D) 10 nL E) 10 cm3
Amount of Substance
mol =
14.70
1000 atm = ?psi
E
A dose of medication was prescribed to be 35 microliters. Which of the following expresses that volume in centiliters? A) 3.5 x 10^5 CL B) 3.5 x 10^4 CL C) 3.5 cL D) 3.5 x 10^-4 CL E) 3.5 x 10^ -3 CL
Matter
Anything that has mass and volume -the "stuff" of the universe: books, planets, trees, professors, students
B
A flask has a mass of 78.23 g when empty and 593.63 g when filled with water. When the same flask is filled with concentrated sulfuric acid, H2SO4, its mass is 1026.57 g. What is the density of concentrated sulfuric acid? (Assume water has a density of 1.00 g/cm3 at the temperature of the measurement.) A) 1.992 g/cm3 B) 1.840 g/cm3 C) 1.729 g/cm3 D) 1.598 g/cm3 E) 0.543 g/cm3
A
A large pizza has a diameter of 15 inches. Express this diameter in centimeters. A) 38 cm B) 24 cm C) 18 cm D) 9.3 cm E) 5.9 cm
D
Acetic acid boils at 244.2°F. What is its boiling point in degrees Celsius? A) 382.0°C B) 167.7°C C) 153.4°C D) 117.9°C E) 103.7°C
B
Acetone, which is used as a solvent and as a reactant in the manufacture of Plexiglas®, boils at 56.1°C. What is the boiling point in degrees Fahrenheit? A) 159°F B) 133°F C) 101°F D) 69.0°F E) 43.4°F
1.43 g/l
An evacuated 276 mL glass bulb weighs 129.6375 g. Filled with an unknown gas, the bulb weighs 130.0318 g. Calculate the gas density in g/L, and express it with an appropriate number of significant figures.
true
An important aim in much chemical work is to use macroscopic measurements in order to gain an understanding of the microscopic world. true/false
C
As chief chemist at Superior Analytical Products (SAP) you must design an experiment to determine the density of an unknown liquid to three (3) significant figures. The density is of the order of 1 g/cm3 cylinders and balances are available for your use. Which of the following combinations of equipment will allow you to meet but not exceed your goal?. You have approximately 7 mL of the liquid and only graduated A) Graduated cylinder with ±0.1 mL uncertainty; balance with ±0.1 g uncertainty B) Graduated cylinder with ±0.01 mL uncertainty; balance with ±0.1 g uncertainty C) Graduated cylinder with ±0.01 mL uncertainty; balance with ±0.01 g uncertainty D) Graduated cylinder with ±0.001 mL uncertainty; balance with ±0.001 g uncertainty E) Graduated cylinder with ±0.1 mL uncertainty; balance with ±0.001 g uncertainty
C
As part of an experiment to determine the density of a new plastic developed in her laboratory, Sara Ann Dippity measures the volume of a solid sample. Her four trials yield volumes of 12.37 cm3, 12.41 cm3, 12.39 cm3 , and 12.38 cm3. Measurements of other scientists in the lab give an average volume of 12.49 cm3. Which of the following statements represents the best analysis of the data? A) Sara's results have low precision and high accuracy. B) Sara's results have high precision and high accuracy. C) Sara's results have greater precision than accuracy. D) Sara's results have greater accuracy than precision. E) Sara has been using a faulty instrument to measure the volume.
A
At a pressure of one billionth (10-9 ) of atmospheric pressure, there are about 2.7 x 10^10 molecules in one cubic centimeter of a gas. How many molecules is this per cubic meter? A) 2.7 x 10^16 B) 2.7 x 10^14 C) 2.7 x 10^12 D) 2.7 x 10^8 E) 2.7 x 10^4
100
Boiling point of water in Celsius
212
Boiling point of water in Fahrenheit
373.15
Boiling point of water in Kelvin
A
Bud N. Chemist must determine the density of a mineral sample. His four trials yield densities of 4.77 g/cm3 , 4.67 g/cm3 , 4.69 g/cm3, and 4.81 g/cm3. Independent studies found the correct density to be 4.75 g/cm3. Which of the following statements represents the best analysis of the data? A) Bud's results have much greater accuracy than precision. B) Bud's results have much greater precision than accuracy. C) Bud's results have high accuracy and high precision. D) Bud's results have low accuracy and low precision. E) Bud's equipment is faulty.
C
If the price of gold at the morning fixing in London was $5310 per lb, what would a kilogram of gold have cost in £ (pounds)? (Assume an exchange rate of $1.00 = £0.545) A) £1310 B) £3510 C) £6370 D) £10400 E) £17100
A
In an average year the American chemical industry produces more than 9.5 million metric tons of sodium carbonate. Over half of this is used in the manufacture of glass while another third is used in the production of detergents and other chemicals. How many pounds of sodium carbonate are produced annually? A) 2.1 x 10^10 lb B) 4.3 x 10^9 lb C) 1.1 x 10^7 lb D) 2.2 x 10^6 lb E) 2.1 x 10^4 lb
i
In each of the sets below, choose the one quantity or number which is exact. (i.) the human population (ii.) the distance in light years from the sun to Alpha Centauri, a nearby star (iii.) the winning time for the 100 m dash in the Olympic Games
ii
In each of the sets below, choose the one quantity or number which is exact. (i.) the measured value of the speed of light (2.998... 108 m/s) (ii.) (3.141...) (iii.) the volume of milk in a 1-gallon jug
iii
In each of the sets below, choose the one quantity or number which is exact. (i.) the weight of a particular one cent coin in g (ii.) the boiling point of lead, in °C (iii.) the number of cm in 1 yd
Random Error
In the absence of systematic error, some values that are higher and some that are lower than the actual value. Personal error
B
Isopropyl alcohol, commonly known as rubbing alcohol, boils at 82.4°C. What is the boiling point in kelvins? A) 387.6 K B) 355.6 K C) 323.6 K D) 190.8 K E) -190.8 K
Kelvin
K = ?
Kilogram
Kg = ?
Volume
L = Liter
D
The S.I. unit of speed (velocity) is A) km/h B) km/s C) m/h D) m/s E) none of these choices is correct
Chemical
Physical or Chemical?: A cornstalk grows from a seed that is watered and fertilized.
Chemical
Physical or Chemical?: A silver fork tarnishes slowly in air.
Chemical
Physical or Chemical?: Dynamite explodes to form a mixture of gases.
Physical
Physical or Chemical?: Frost forms as the temperature drops on a humid winter night.
Physical
Physical or Chemical?: Perspiration evaporates when you relax after jogging.
Experiment
Procedure to test hypothesis; measures one variable at a time.
Accuracy
Refers to how close a measurement is to the real value.
Precision
Refers to reproducibility or how close the measurements are to each other.
B
The appropriate number of significant figures in the result of 15.234 - 15.208 is A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5
C
Select the best statement. A) Chemical changes provide the only valid basis for identification of a substance. B) Chemical changes are easily reversed by altering the temperature of the system. C) Chemical changes always produce substances different from the starting materials. D) Chemical changes are associated primarily with extensive properties. E) Chemical changes are accompanied by changes in the total mass of the substancesinvolved.
A
Select the best statement. A) Physical changes may be reversed by changing the temperature. B) Physical changes alter the composition of the substances involved. C) Physical properties are not valid characteristics for identifying a substance. D) Physical properties are mostly extensive in nature. E) Physical changes are usually accompanied by chemical changes.
Theory Model
Set of conceptual assumptions that explains data from accumulated experiments; predicts related phenomena.
B
Talc is a mineral that has low conductivity for heat and electricity and that is not attacked by acid. It is used as talcum powder and face powder. A sample of talc weighs 35.97 g in air and 13.65 g in mineral oil (d = 1.75 g/cm3). What is the density of talc? A) 4.61 g/cm3 B) 2.82 g/cm3 C) 2.63 g/cm3 D) 2.44 g/cm3 E) 1.61 g/cm3
Hypothesis
Tentative proposal that explains observations.
Further Experiment
Tests predictions based on model.
Kelvin
The "Absolute temperature scale" begins at absolute zero and only has positive values.
C
The S.I. base unit of mass is A) mg B) g C) kg D) metric ton E) lb
D
The S.I. prefix mega- (M) means A) 10^-6 B) 10^-3 C) 10^3 D) 10^6 E) 10^9
10^7
The S.I. unit of energy is the joule, J. 1 J = 1 kg·m2/s2. Another energy unit, the erg, was once in widespread use. 1 erg = 1 gcm^2/s^2. Calculate the number of ergs in 1 J, showing all your work.
D
Which one of the following is a "substance" in the sense of the word as used in your textbook? A) air B) tap water C) sea water D) water E) toothpaste
D
You prepare 1000. mL of tea and transfer it to a 1.00 quart pitcher for storage. Which of the following statements is true? A) The pitcher will be filled to 100% of its capacity with no tea spilled. B) The pitcher will be filled to about 95% of its capacity. C) The pitcher will be filled to about 50% of its capacity. D) The pitcher will be completely filled and a small amount of tea will overflow. E) The pitcher will be completely filled and most of the tea will overflow.
Meter
m = ?
645
number of bacteria per unit area on a microscope slide from /mm2 to /in2
Second
s = ?
