Chapter Three

What parts of the world were involved in the triangular trade?

African slaves started out in the West indies (Jamaica and Barbados) and then were shipped to America Triangular trade - merchants gave rum and other goods to Africa; Africa gave enslaved people to the West Indies; West Indies gave sugar and molasses to New England More trade routes were created between other countries

How did Great Britain's victory change the balance of power in North America?

As French empire expanded they clashed with British empire (overlying tensions from the before war they did against each other) Conflict reignited in 1754 French built Fort Duquesne that year (the point where the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers join to for Ohio aka Pittsburgh now) At that same time Britain granted the Ohio land to planters (Virginia militia were sent to evict the French) George Washington = established Fort Necessity about 40 miles from Fort Duquesne Washinton's militia attacked Fench soldiers (May 1754) Another battled happened in july and Washington surrendered These battles were the opening for the French and Indian war French victories = against Edward Braddock, against Washington William Pitt was sent in to help British armies (which he did) Got the Iroquois Indians to help the British (other Natives allied too) British won a short deadly battle on the Plains of Abraham just outside of Quebec (took French chief Marquis de Montcalm by surprise) This win led them to victory in the war French and Indian war ended with the Treaty of Paris (Great Britain claimed all of North America east of Miss. River and French gained lands west of Miss. River) Another loser of the war were the Native Americans ho found it harder to bargain with British

How did the geography of the South contribute to the self sufficiency of Southern plantations?

Cash crop - one grown primarily for sale rather than for the farmer's own use. Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina grew tobacco South Carolina and Georgia grew rice and indigo. Plantations developed in the south (the rivers were deep enough to ship goods to the northern colonies) The south developed as a rural and self-sufficient society rather than a city town

Why were the colonists so afraid of the troops stationed in Britain's new territories?

Claiming the Ohio River brought trouble for Britain Ottawa leader Pontiac thought the French loss was one for the Native Americans (Britain's taking of Ohio would make the game that Natives depended on leave) Natives captured eight British forts in Ohio Valley and laid siege to two others (led by Pontiac) Natives were put down by the British sending them smallpox infested "peace negotiations" Proclamation of 1763 = banned all settlement west of the Appalachians (there was a line the British weren't able to cross) Colonists didn't enforce this law and continued to move west into Native American lands Proclamation convinced the colonists that the British didn;t care about their needs George Greenville = served as prime minister in 1763, chose by King George III Sugar Act = halved the duty on foreign made molasses (in hopes of stopping smuggling by colonists paying lower tax), placed certain imports, strengthened the enforcement of the law allowing prosecutors to try smuggling cases in a vice-admiralty court rather than in a more sympathetic colonial one

What were the main reasons that English colonists turned to African slaves to fill their depleted labor source?

Enslaved native americans and indentured servants failed so colonists used African slaves Native Americans didn't work because they would escape and it was hard to enslave them Indentured servant population fell and the price for them rose English colonists then turned to Africans (population started out low and then increased heavily)

How was the French colony in North America unlike the British colonies?

France was Britain's greatest rival in the struggle for a world empire because they both wanted the Ohio River Valley (1750s) The colonists favored Great Britain over France because they still felt like they British and they wanted to expand outward like Britain France begun North American empire in 1534 France explorers = Jacques Cartier explorers St. Lawrence River, Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec (Quebec = first French settlement) French priests and traders then settled into the rest of the continent (Mississippi Valley claimed for France by Robert Cavalier; named it Lousiana) New France = grew to 70,000 (Britain colonies had 1 mil) French didn't want to settle just wanted furs and Catholoics wanted to convert the Native Americans French colonists had better relations with Native Americans than did the British

What kinds of industries developed in the North?

From 1650 to 1750 the colonies economy grew twice as fast as Great Britain's did (most of this growth was from New England and middle colonies) Farms in New England and middle colonies produced several crops instead of a single one Cold winters and rocky = New England colonies (smaller farms) Fertile soil = Middle colonies (variety of crops) Commercial economy developed in middle and New England (grinding wheat, harvesting fish, sawing lumber, and iron and ships) Merchants and colonists prospered (although the economy dipped at times) Urban life = brick rowhouses, large mansions built of brick and stone

How did both colonies and Great Britain benefit from the policy of salutory neglect?

King James II took control from his brother Charles (James wanted to make colonial government more obedient) Turned land from Maine to New Jersey into one colony (Dominion of New England) James put Sir Edmund Andros in charge of Boston and the other northern colonies (he was very mean) James was unpopular when it came to his religion (Roman Catholic) Parliament made themselves have more power than the monarch so he wouldn't be in complete control (because of Glorious Revolution) William and Mary were voted into throne by the Parliament (aftermath of Glorious Revolution) Colonists heard what as happening in ENlgand and revolted against Andros Parliament changed everything in the America back to normal (Dominion of New England taken off) England turned away from the colonies after that and went toward France (whom were competing with them for control of Europe) Parliament strengthened the Navigation Acts (moved smuggling trade trials from colonial court to admiralty courts and created the Board of Trade) Salutary neglect - England relaxed its enforcement of most regulations in return for the continued economic loyalty of the colonies (as long as raw materials went to England from the colonists and colonists kept buying English goods Parliament didn't care)

What effects did the Navigation Acts have on both Britain and its colonies?

Mercantilism - a country's ultimate goal was self-sufficiency land and that all countries were in a competition to acquire the most gold and silver. Nations concentrated on balanced of trade (how much is coming in rather than out) Britains looked to American colonies for help by trading by goods (they traded Americans gold for raw materials) Raw materials received - lumber, fish, furs, and tobacco. America started exporting to other European countries and Britain got jealous at how their wealth was increasing (thus Britain came up with the Navigation Acts) Navigation Acts - laws restricting colonial trade Although with how unfair it sounds the Navigation Acts turned out good for both the colonies and England (jobs for English dockworkers, increase in shipbuilding industry, import taxes for the English treasury)

Why weren't slave owners punished if they killed their slaves?

Middle passage - worst part of the journey during the triangular trade (slave part) Olaudah Equiano is one story of the bad treatment and conditions of route Africans who survived passage endured worse in North America (beatings, whippings, death) Slaves could work both inside and outside of the house (however grueling experience for both) Africans developd way of life through cultural heritage (songs, dances, religion) Stono Rebellion - slaves revolted (gathered at Stono river with guns and weapons)

Why did England take action against Massachusetts?

Not all colonial merchants liked the Navigation Acts (these people would illegal trade with other countries) Massachusetts colonists were the ones to go against England rule (Massachusetts turned into a royal colony under strict England control)

What were the underlying causes of the Salem witch in 1692?

Slavery was much less in the north since there weren't many large farms (however it still did exist in New England and middle colonies) Good things = slaves in New England had greater legal standing than other colonies (they could sue and be sued and had the right to appeal in court) Bad things = couldn't carry weapons and had no laws protecting them against cruel treatment Slaves would rebel sometimes Women in Northern colonies extensive work responsibilities but little legal rights (no voting, entering contracts, buy or sell property, or keep their wages) Social tensions, limitation's on women's roles, and strained relations with the Native Americans is what caused the Salem witch trials (happened February 1692)

Explain how colonial standards of living rose dramatically in the 18th century?

South grew in wealth and diversity (not all groups benefited though) Germans settled throughout the South (Maryland to Virginia to South Carolina) Scots and Scots-irish also settled too Life was good during the 1700s (especially for Chesapeake Bay) Tobacco export trade rose dramatically (farmers and merchants prospered)

Why were the Enlightenment such a revolutionary movement?

The Enlightenment = ideas about nature gained prevalence in the 1700s in this movement These ideas traveled from Europe to the colonies very quickly Benjamin Franklin was one of the enlightenment figures The Great Awakening = religious revival (because of Puritan church lost its grip on society) Johnathan Edwards were one of the key players (member of Puritan clergy who wanted to return the original Puritan vision) Great Awakening brought Native Americans and African Americans into Christian churches for the first time Led to interest in higher education (ivy league colleges) Consequences of the Enlightenment and Great Awakening = people began to question traditional authority and Britain's control of the colonists (caused a split between Britain and the colonies)

What were the negative effects of the growing ethnic diversity in the colonies?

The northern colonies attracted many immigrants (Germans and Scots-Irish) Germans arrived in Pennsylvania in 1680s (escaping economic distress) Scots-Irish arrived in Pensylvania Other groups = Dutch in New York, Scandinavians in Delaware, and Jews in Newport and Pennsylvania

What roles did women play in the Southern household?

Women = second class citizenship (few legal/social rights) Daughters were taught basic reading, writing and arithmetic Women duties = cooking, milking the cows, slaughtering pigs for ham and bacon, tending the garden, wash clothes and clean