Chapter 10

Noam Chomsky

Proposed that humans have a unique genetic capacity to learn language. According to this theory humans are equipped with knowledge of a universal grammar

Bilinguilism

The brain that knows more than one language has a better advantage than those that know one

reduplicated babbling

babbled sequences in which the same syllable is repeated

Manual babbling

babies that are exposed to sign language babble with their hands. Hand movements differ from babies that are exposed to spoken language.

Constructivists (nurture)/Empiricists

children learn the words they hear spoken by others and are more likely to start using words if they are enforced.

Holophrases

single words that often convey entire sentences, first 50 words are things around the child.

Literacy

the ability to use printed information to function in society, achieve goals, and develop potential.

Critical period for language

the time during which language develops readily and after which (sometime between age 5 and puberty) language acquisition is much more difficult and ultimately less successful

Good teacher debate

A higher quality teacher increases the students performance rate in the class room

Parenting toward growth

- provide an appropriate balance for structure for daily activities -Offer constant and supportive responses -present opportunities for the children to observe healthy responses towards life's challenges

Money for Grades Study

-Roland Fryer Jr. spent millions to see if students could be bribed to earn better grades -studied 9th graders from Chicago giving diff. amounts of money depending on grade -studied NYC students giving money for every assignment completed -studied 2nd grades in Dallas giving $2 for every book read or quiz taken -Results showed that the Chicago and NYC students standardized test scores didnt improve but the Dallas 2nd grades improved

Academic achievements: Drop/Increase in adolescents

-see a drop because of transition from elementary school to middle and then high school -also see a drop because of motivation and self-esteem levels decreasing -to help increase this its important for the parents to help their child understand to not over emphasize the importance of grades -another way to increase is understand the importance of peer groups for adolescents

Low vs High Risks (10.6)

-this chart gives a visual of 1st-12th graders grade point average with high and low risk IQ -these risk factors can be: minority group status, low maternal education, mental health, stress, family size -students with more risks have a steady decline in academic achievement vs students with less risk factors

telegraphic speech

18-24 months, less words have longer meaning (somewhat like texting)

Babbling

6-10 months. Conforms more into the sound and notation patterns heard daily.

Cooing

6-8 weeks babies make long drawn out vowel sounds.

Scaffolding

Adjusting the support offered during a teaching session to fit the child's current level of performance

POTS (poverty of the stimulus)

Children cannot develop such complex communications through the limited linguistic input that they receive.

Dweck: Fixed vs Growth

Fixed means that abilities and talent are fixed or static and there's little reason to put effort forward on a task Growth is the belief that abilities and talent are achievable by anyone and you're willing to put forth more effort to achieve it.

child-directed speech (CDS)

Form of speech often used in talking to babies or toddlers; includes slow, simplified speech, a high-pitched tone, exaggerated vowel sounds, short words and sentences, and much repetition; also called parentese.

Moon chart

One word will mean many things (Ball= egg, ball, balloon)

LAD (language acquisition device)

Universal Grammar provides the framework for acquiring a language but not language specific. Theorized to be an innate brain function that shifts through language.

Mastery motivation

Want to accomplish tasks for the sake of learning

Interactionists

genetic pre-disposition towards language. Believe both nuture and nature are correct.

Referent mapping problem

helps infants learn new things by showing them something they don't know and something that they do know

Tip of the Tongue

older adults are unable to recall a name or object because they have trouble retrieving information from their stored memory this is why older adults speak slower and plan ahead what they are going to say rather than when they were younger