Chapter 10 and 11 Test

Why is maintaining eye contact important? (3)

1. Helps audiences concentrate on your speech. 2. It bolsters ethos 3. Helps you gauge audience reaction to your ideas.

What are the four types of speech delivery? What are the benefits or drawbacks to each?

1. Impromptu a. When to use - Employment/performance review interviews, at business meetings, in class, at social ceremonies, and to the media. b. Benefits - None really. c. Drawbacks - Organizing and developing ideas on the spot can be challenging. It can result in left-out information or confused audience members. Delivery can also suffer. 2. Scripted a. When to use - occasions that have important consequences. Political speeches, keynote addresses, and CEO remarks at a stockholder meeting. b. Benefits - Um, none really. c. Drawbacks - Take a great deal of time to prepare, anxiety of forgetting your lines increases, and it's hard to stay animated and conversational. 3. Memorized a. When to use - same as Scripted. b. Benefits - Um...none? c. Drawbacks - Forgetting-your-lines anxiety increases and it's hard to be animated and conversational. 4. Extemporaneous - a. When to use - most of the time. It is the best kind to use. b. Benefits - they are the easiest to give effectively. You are able to prepare your thoughts ahead of time and have notes to prompt you. They do not require as lengthy a prep and practice process like memorization. c. Drawbacks - none.

What are the four types of speech delivery? When do you use each of them?

1. Impromptu - 2. Scripted 3.Memorized 4. Extemporaneous

What should be on your speaking note cards?

1. Reference citations 2. Long quotes 3. Stylistic tips (smile, breath, pause, look to the left) 4. Transitions

What are the four primary characteristics of Oral Style?

1. Short sentences and familiar language (they shouldn't have to look it up) 2. Plural personal pronouns ("we" "us") 3. Descriptive words and phrases (colorful adjectives + adverbs that appeal to the senses) 4. Clear macrostructural elements

What are the three ways to increase your vocabulary?

1. Study a vocabulary - building book 2. Take note of unfamiliar words you hear or read and look them up 3. Use a thesaurus to identify synonyms that may be more specific options

What are the four strategies for improving clarity?

1. Use Specific language 2. Choose familiar terms 3. Provide details and examples 4. Limit vocalized pauses

During a speech, you should generally look at your audience __ % at a time.

90

Repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words near one another.

Alliteration

An extended metaphor.

Analogy

Combining contrasting ideas in the same sentence.

Antithesis

Using the tongue, palate, teeth, jaw movement and lips to shape vocalized sounds that combine to produce a word.

Articulation

Repetition of vowel sounds in a phrase or phrases.

Assonance

A sense of looking listeners in the eye when you cannot.

Audience contact

A unique form of a more general language spoken by a specific cultural or co-cultural group. Ex: Differences in the English spoken in different regions. Or soda equals "pop" somewhere else.

Dialect

Facial expression while speaking: How do these impact audience engagement?

Effective facial expressions convey nonverbal immediacy by communicating that you are personable and likeable. Audiences respond positively to natural facial expressions that appear to spontaneously reflect what you're saying and how you feel about it.

For most speakers, the books suggests a minimum of _____ practice rounds.

Four

Though it is good to use familiar terms, what should you avoid using unless absolutely necessary?

Jargon, slang, abbreviations, and acronyms.

What are the three reasons why speaking accurately isn't easy?

Language is arbitrary, abstract, and changes over time.

What are the two common forms of nonparallelism?

Marking - the addition of sex, race, age, or other group designation to a description. Irrelevant association - emphasizing one person's relationship to another when that relationship is irrelevant to the point.

Movement with a specific purpose such as emphasizing an important idea, referencing to a presentation aid, or clarifying macrostructure.

Motivated movement

Giving inanimate objects human characteristics.

Personification

The timbre that distinguishes your voice from others.

Quality

How can you avoid using generic language?

Use plurals.

How can you make your ideas come to life (vivid language)? (2 ways)

Using sensory language - appeals to the senses of seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling, and feeling. Using Rhetorical figures and structures of speech - Figures - striking comparisons between things that are not obviously alike to help listeners visualize or internalize what you are saying. Stuctures - combine ideas in a particular way.

Unnecessary words put into sentences to fill moments of silence. "So", "um", or "uh" are examples.

Vocalized pauses

The positive, neutral, or negative feelings or evaluations we associate with the word.

What is a word's connotation?

The direct, explicit dictionary definition of the word.

What is a word's denotation?

Uses words that apply only to one sex, race, or other group as though they represent everyone.

What is generic language?

Denotes when terms are changed because of sex, race, or other group characteristics of the individual.

What is nonparallelism?