Chapter 11 Stress , Health , and Coping

In the__________, each of two goals is desirable, and both are within reach.

Approach-approach conflict

Eugene believes that he can bring about positive change in his life through his own efforts. Psychologists would say that Eugene _____.

Has high self-efficacy expectations

_________allows us to brace ourselves for the inevitable and, in many cases, plan ways of coping with it.

Predictability

In the context of stress, which of the following is true of humor?

Research suggests that humor an moderate the effects of stress.

According to Selye's theory, if the alarm reaction mobilizes the body and the related stressor is not removed, we enter the __________stage of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS). This stage precedes the last stage of the GAS.

Resistance

The hassles of retirement and investments are examples of__________.

Security hassles

Which of the following is one of Selye's three stages in the general adaptation syndrome?

The exhaustion stage

The __________is the first stage in a group of bodily changes that occur in the general adaptation syndrome.

Alarm reaction stage

Sam wants to be a clinical psychologist. He has been accepted at two different graduate schools. Both schools are equally prestigious and will provide him with an outstanding education. However, he is finding it difficult to choose between the two. According to Neal E. Miller, this type of conflict is known as a(n):

Approach-approach conflict

Many couples who repeatedly break up and reunite recall each other fondly when apart and swear that they could make the relationship work if they got together again. But after they do spend time together, they again wonder, "How could I ever have believed that this so-and-so would change?" This best exemplifies the _____.

Approach-avoidance conflict

Unlike Type A people, Type B people:

Are less ambitious and less impatient

In the context of the general adaptation syndrome, the mixture of adrenaline and noradrenaline:

Arouses the body by accelerating the heart rate.

Emily is on a diet. For lunch, she has the choice of a salad with fat-free dressing or a fruit plate. However, she does not like either of them. This situation is an example of a(n) _____.

Avoidance-avoidance conflict

__________such as pathogens, injuries, age, gender, and a family history of disease may strike us as the most obvious causes of illness.

Biological factors

The immune system combats diseases:

By generating antibodies, which attach themselves to antigens, deactivating them and making them for destruction.

To __________is to interpret negative events as being disastrous or to blow them out of proportion

Catastrophize

In addition to his normal duties, a professor actively participates in the extra-curricular activities of the college where he teaches. According to Suzanne Kobasa, which of the following characteristics of psychological hardiness does the professor exhibit?

Commitment

People with higher levels of self-efficacy are more likely to

Control their alcohol intake.

__________is an environmental hassle.

Crime

According to the different kinds of support for coping with stress, _____involves to listening to people's problems and expressing feelings of sympathy.

Emotional concern

While conducting experiments to study the effect of humor on stressed students, it was found that exposing students to humorous videotapes raised the level of __________in their saliva.

Immunoglobulin A

__________can be positive or negative, occur at irregular intervals, and create stress.

Life changes

High self-efficacy expectations are accompanied by:

Low levels of adrenaline

The risk of coronary heart disease can be reduced by:

Lower LDL serum cholesterol.

In the exhaustion stage of the general adaptation syndrome, the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system may predominate. As a result, __________.

Many aspects of sympathetic activity are reversed.

Cancer is characterized by the development of abnormal, or mutant, cells that may take root anywhere in the body: in the blood, bones, digestive tract, lungs, and sex organs. If their spread is not controlled early, the cancerous cells may _____, that is, establish colonies elsewhere in the body.

Metastasize

Which of the following hassles is an example of environmental hassles?

Noise

Which of the following is true of coronary heart disease (CHD)?

Overtime work, assembly line labor, and exposure to conflicting can call contribute to CHD.

Which of the following is true of cancer?

People whose immune system is damaged may be more likely to develop cancer.

Many health problems are affected by __________such as attitudes, emotions, and behavior.

Psychological factors

__________is best defined as a cluster of traits that buffer stress and are characterized by commitment, challenge, and control.

Psychological hardiness

Connor was anxious because his taxi was stuck in traffic. The impact of the sympathetic activity, which was triggered due to anxiety, eventually stabilized as his body attempted to restore lost energy and repair damage. Connor is most likely in the _____ of the general adaptation syndrome.

Resistance stage

. Who among the following exhibits a characteristic of psychological hardiness?

Roanne, who sees change as an opportunity to grow.

In the context of the genera adaptation syndrome, which of the following statements is true?

Short-term stress can enhance the functioning of the immune system.

_____ is best described as a demand made on an organism to adapt, cope, or adjust.

Stress

In the context of stress and the body, which of the following is true of stress?

Stress can lead to physical health problems.

According to Albert Ellis, _____.

The belief that one must be preoccupied by threat is a prescription for perpetual emotional upheaval.

In the context of stress, which of the following is true of predictability and control?

The illusion of being in control allows people to feel that they are not at the mercy of the fates.

People with __________find it difficult to surrender control or share power.

Type A personality Traits

The immune system is able to eradicate foreign substances like pathogens because of the functioning of white blood cells called__________.

leukocytes

After returning from work, Greg contemplates whether he should stay at home or exercise at the gym. He wants to stay at home because he likes to relax, but feels guilty about not getting enough exercise. He knows that if he goes to the gym, he will be glad that he is exercising but unhappy because he does not enjoy the activity. According to Neal E. Miller, this is an example of a(n) _____.

multiple approach-avoidance conflict

Influenza is caused by a virus. This virus is an example of a broad category of disease-causing organisms called _____.

pathogens

The resistance stage of the general adaptation syndrome is also known as the _____ stage.

adaptation

Suzanne Kobasa and her colleagues studied business executives who seemed able to resist illness despite stress. In one phase of the research, executives completed a battery of psychological tests, and the researchers found that the psychologically hardy executives tended to:

appraise change as an interesting incentive to personal growth.

. In the context of the general adaptation syndrome, which of the following is true of the fight-or-flight reaction?

it stems from a period in human prehistory when many stressors were life threating .

__________engage in search-and-destroy missions in which they "recognize" and eradicate foreign agents and unhealthy cells.

white blood cells

In the context of the experimental research by Neal E. Miller, which of the following types of conflicts is the most complex?

The multiple approach-avoidance conflict

In the context of stress and the immune system, which of the following is true of steroids?

Their persistent secretion interferes with the formation of antibodies

According to a study by the UCLA Higher Education Research Institute, which of the following is true of first-year college students?

They are now encountering a record level of stress.

Which of the following is true of people with the Type A behavior pattern?

They attempt to dominate group of discussions.

Which of the following is true of corticosteroids?

They combat allergic reactions.

_____ are best described as people who perceive the ability to attain reinforcements in stressful situations as being largely outside themselves.

Externals

Which of the following is Hans Selye's term for stress that is healthful?

Eustress

__________is referred to as the coronary-prone behavior pattern.

Type A Behavior

Which of the following is a difference between Type A people and Type B people?

Type A people are more likely to continue to strive for more and more as compared to Type B people.

Suppose a person is fired and he harbors beliefs such as: "This job was the most important thing in my life," "What a no-good failure I am," "My family will starve," "I'll never find a job as good," "There's nothing I can do about it." According to Albert Ellis, such irrational beliefs contribute to anxiety and depression by:

catastrophizing the extent of loss.

Lisa is a single parent of three children. Every day, she cooks, prepares her children for school, and takes care of the household. She also has a demanding job that she does not like but cannot quit as she is concerned about meeting the household expenses. Lisa's condition best exemplifies _____.

daily hassles