Chapter 12 Psychology

Fixed action pattern

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Lie Detection

1. breathing 2. heart rate 3. blood pressure 4. GSR= galvanic skin response 5. pupil of eye 6. polygraph 7. guilty-knowledge test

Cannon was

1st to describe fight or flight response

Phsiological theories

JL and CB

Richard Soloman and John Corbit

Opponent-process theory

Characteristics of high achievers

Parents rewarded them for being individuals at an early age Worked much longer on a difficult problem Made higher grades in high school and college Willing to take moderate risks Persistant, work longer and harder to achieve goal

cognitive theories

SS and OP

emotion

a set of complex reactions to stimuli involving subjective feelings, physiological arousal, and observable behavior

drive

a state of tension produced by a need that motivates an organism toward a goal

emotional intelligence

ability to perceive, imagine, and understand emotions and use that information in decision making

incentive

an external stimulus, reinforcer, or reward that motivates behavior

motivation

an internal state that activates behavior and directs it toward a goal

James Averil

believed that many of our emotional reactions are the result of social expectation and consequences

Maslow's hierarchy of Needs (Abraham Maslow)

believed that only after lower levels of needs were met could individuals progress to the ultimate need of self- actualization

fundamental needs

biological drives that must be satisfied to maintain life (physiological/safety)

need

biological or psychological requirement of an organism

Need for achievement

closely related to ____ approval; important motivating factor

Paul Ekman

developed FACS- Facial Action Coding Systems

Carroll Izard

developed a coding system for assessing emotional states in people

Leonarde Keeler

developed polygraph

JW Arkinson

developed the expectancy-value theory- estimated likelihood of success of what the goal is worth to you

Harry Harlow

doubted the drive reduction theory and did mother love experiment contact comfort more important than needs - MONKEYS

Charles Darwin

emotions are innate not learned

intrinsic motivation

engaging in activities because they are personally rewarding or because they fulfill our beliefs and expectations

extrinsic motivation

engaging in activities that either reduce biological needs or help us obtain external incentives

cognitive theory

explain motivation by looking at forces inside and outside of us that energize us to move

Matina Horner

has study in 1960- study said women of above average intelligence are more likely to fear success (a later study in 80s showed equal fear between sexes)

instincts

innate tendencies that determine behavior

Flaw of Instinct Theory

instincts do not explain behavior simply label it

Social Motives

learned from interaction with others

Flaw of drive reduction theory

many types of behaviors not explained through deprivation

Fear of Failure

people choose easy tasks with assured success or impossible tasks with no chance of success

drive reduction theory

physiological needs drive an organism to act in either random or habitual ways

William James

proposed that humans have instincts such as cleanliness, parental love, curiosty, sociability, and sympathy

William McDougall

proposed that humans were motivatd by variety of instincts

Stanley Schacter

says obese people respond to external cues and normal weight people respond to internal cues

Fear of Success

some people are raised with the idea that being successful in all but a few careers is odd and unlikely so they fear and avoid success

Hyphenated theories

some people arrived at same conclusion at the same time; both received credit

James-Lange theory

something happens > body reacts > emotions produced

Cannon-Bard Theory

something happens > body reacts and emotions produced at same time

incentive theory

stresses the role of environment in motivating behavior

Opponent-process theory

sympathetic and parasympathetic systems act in concert to regulate and manipulate our emotions

glucostatic theory

the hypothalamus monitors the amount of glucose or read energy available in the blood

Deprivation

the interval of time after a need has been satisfied and before the need begins the cycle again

ventromedial hypothalamus

the part of the hypothalamus that can cause one to stop eating

lateral hypothalamus

the part of the hypothalamus that produces hunger signals

All emotions have 3 parts

the physical, the behavioral, and the cognitive

self-actualization needs

the pursuit of knowledge and beauty or whatever else is required for the realization of one's unique potential

homeostasis

the tendency of all organisms to correct imbalances and deviations from their normal state

psychological needs

the urge to belong and to give and receive love, and the urge to acquire esteem (belongingness and love/esteem needs)

Competency theory

to prove our competency, we choose moderately difficult tasks where both successes and failures may be instructive

Clark Hull

traced motivation back to basic psych needs when organism becomes deprived of need, it gets tense and agitated

David McCelland

used Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

uses series of pictures that require participants to make up story which are evaluated for carious themes which show beliefs, motives, and attitudes

Schacter-Singer theory

vitamin c experiment, act by example guy says he's dying then everyone else is

overjustification effect

when people are given more extrinsic motivation than necessary to perform a task, their intrinsic motivation declines