Chapter 22 Respiratory (Matching), Respiration

Exhilation

+4mmHg(vs. atmospheric)--> _______________

Inhalation

-4mmHg(vs. atmospheric)-->________________

Compliance

1Distensibility of lungs- how stretchy 2Pulmonary fibrosis- scar tissue(CT proteins) v compliance 3Decresed compliance translates to more energy rewuited fro breathing

Inspiratory reserve volume

A ( the biggest one)

pharynx

A (back of throat)

Boyle's Law

A principle that describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas at constant temperature P1v1=p2v2

it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells

After blood becomes oxygenated

greater than the pressure in the atomosphere

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ________.

Terminates in alveoli. A) Type II cells B) Alveolar duct C) Type I cells

Alveolar duct

Repiratory Zone

Alveoli, repiratory brochioles and alveolar ducts.

tidal volume

Amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs during a normal breath

angiotension converting enzyme

Angiotensin I is converted in the lungs by (fill in the blank)(ACE) into angiotensin II. (three words)

larynx

B (front of throat)

Tidal Volume

B (smallest section)

P=1/V

Boyle's law equation

Gas exchange

Breathing, transport of gases, and exchange of gases with tissue cells; Provides O2 for cellular respiration and removes its waste product, CO2

Resistance to Flow(bronchioles)

Bronchoconstriction Bronchodilation

trachea

C

Expirartory reserve volume

C (under tidal)

Brochoconstriction

Constriction, or blockage, of the bronchi that lead from the trachea to the lungs. Causes: irritant, histamines

Air that does not participate in the exchange of gases

D (bottom)

Residual volume

D (bottom)

Main (primary) bronchus

D (my right side)

bronchiole smooth muscle spasms

During an acute asthma attack, the obstruction is caused by _______.

Epinephrine

During an allergic reaction, which of the following would aid respiration?

carina of trachea

E (my left side)

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

ERV + RV

F=deltaP/R

F=flow (delta)P=pressure gradient R= resistance Alveolar surface tension -Draws liquid molecules closer together -Water has a high surface tension, and is always acting to reduce alveoli to smallest possible size - Surfactant decreases cohesiveness of water

voluntary cortical control

Factors that influence the rate and depth of breathing include ________.

aveoli

From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood?

conduction zone

How we get air to the respiratory zone

due to insufficient exocytosis in the type II alveolar cells

In babies born prematurely, pulmonary surfactant may not be present in adequate amounts ______.

type II alveolar cells

In children with infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS), the walls of the alveoli cling to each other and make them difficult to inflate. It is common in babies born prematurely. What cells in these infants are NOT fully developed and are NOT doing their job?

intrapleural pressure is equal to intrapulmonary pressure

In pneumothorax, the lung collapses because ______.

Acidosis

Increase respirations A low pH in blood indicates a high level of carbon dioxide, which in turn increases the urge to ventilate the lungs.

pontine respiratory centers

Influence and modify activity of VRG Smooth out transition between inspiration and expiration and vice versa Transmit impulses to VRG modify and fine-tune breathing rhythms during vocalization, sleep, exercise

Respiration

Inhalation and exhalation of air.

The total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration

Inspiratory capacity is ________.

pressure within the alveoli of the lungs

Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________.

ciliated mucous lining in the nose

Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the ________.

segmental bronchi

No exchange of gases occurs here

it flattens out

Part complete When the diaphragm contracts, _______.

Pleural Membrane/Pleura

Pleural membrane. A thin layer of tissue that lines the pleural cavity, the space that surrounds the lungs and lies underneath the chest wall. -help define mediastinum

Where the respiratory zone of the lungs begins .A) Type II cells B) Type I cells C) Respiratory bronchioles D) Segmental bronchi

Respiratory bronchioles

pons and medulla

Respiratory control centers are located in the ________.

No exchange of gases occurs here. A) Type II cells B) Type I cells C) Respiratory bronchioles D) Segmental bronchi

Segmental bronchi

As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required.

Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation.

cervical plexus

Serves as the origin of the phrenic nerve

Alveoli

Single cell layer thick -Type 1 -Type 2 -Macrophages in lumen Clustered at ends of repiratory brochioles and alveolar ducts Repiratory membrane=barrier between alveoli and blood -type 1 cell, endothelial cell, fused basement membranes

Restrictive disease

Spirometry results reveal a vital capacity of two liters which is well below the predicted value of five liters. This suggests which disorder?

True

Strong emotions and pain, acting through the limbic system and hypothalamus, send signals to the respiratory centers that modulate respiratory rate and depth.

interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid

Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________.

Inspiration capacity (IC)

TV + IRV

Vital Capacity (VC)

TV + IRV + ERV

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

TV + IRV + ERV + RV

False

The inflation (Hering-Breuer) reflex is a potentially dangerous response that may cause overinflation of the lung.

Vital Capacity

The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the ________.

as the direct initiator of the cough reflex

The nose serves all of the following functions EXCEPT ________.

less than the pressure in the alveoli and less than atmospheric pressure

The pressure in the pleural cavity is _______.

ventral respiratory group (VRG)

The urge to breathe comes from the------------- in the medulla oblongata. This urge is accelerated during hypoxia and can be suppressed by certain drugs

Minute Ventilation (VE)

The--------- is calculated by multiplying the breaths per minute by the tidal volume, so in this case, 10 breaths/minute × 500 ml/breath = 5000 ml/minute.

exchanged during normal breathing

Tidal volume is air ________.

True

To produce the pressure gradient responsible for inspiration, thoracic volume must first increase in order to decrease intrapulmonary pressure relative to atmospheric pressure.

Composed of simple squamous epithelium. A) Type II cells B) Type I cells C) Respiratory bronchioles D) Segmental bronchi

Type I cells

The respiratory membrane is composed of fused basement membrane of the capillary walls and ________. A) Type II cells B) Alveolar duct C) Type I cells

Type I cells

Composed of cuboidal cells. A) Type II cells B) Alveolar duct C) Type I cells

Type II cells

Secrete a fluid containing surfactant. A) Type II cells B) Type I cells C) Respiratory bronchioles D) Segmental bronchi

Type II cells

Restrictive Disease

Using spirometry, a patient discovers their forced expiratory volume (FEV) after the first second is 40%. What does this suggest?

release of histamine and inflammatory chemicals in the airway walls

What could be involved in causing bronchiolar constriction during an asthma attack?

Stimulation of stretch receptors in the lungs

What inhibits/reduces the respiratory rate?

Pressure Gradient

What is the driving force for the movement of air into the lungs?

rising CO2 levees

What stimuli is the most powerful respiratory stimulant to increase respiration?

simple squamous epithelium

What type of epithelial tissue forms the walls of the alveoli?

alveolar macrophages

Which cells would be most effective in the disposal of inspired microorganisms that may enter the alveoli?

pontine respiratory group

Which center is located in the pons?

A person with a decreased FVC and a normal FEV1 has a restrictive disorder.

Which findings consistently matches pulmonary function with problems with ventilation?

the internal intercostal, oblique, and transversus muscles

Which muscles are activated during forced expiration?

rising CO2 levels

Which of the following arterial blood levels is the most powerful respiratory stimulant?

tidal volume

Which of the following describes the volume of air exhaled during passive breathing?

surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity

Which of the following is responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall?

Lung

Which of the following is the leading cause of cancer death for both men and women in North America?

It is a passive process that depends on the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration

Which of the following is true regarding normal quiet expiration of air?

C-shaped cartilage rings

Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea?

intraplueral pressure

Which pressure is the result of the natural tendency of the lungs to decrease their size (because of elasticity) and the opposing tendency of the thoracic wall to pull outward and enlarge the lungs?

internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract

Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract or relax during forced expiration, for example blowing up a balloon?

tidal volume (TV) and inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Which volumes are combined to provide the inspiratory capacity?

the surface tension of the liquid in the alveoli would be greater and the alveoli would collapse

Without surfactant, _______.

trans pulmonary pressure

__________ pressure, the difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures, prevents the lungs from collapsing.

chronic bronchitis

a condition in which the bronchi in the lungs are constantly swollen and clogged with mucus

respiratory bronchioles

branches of the terminal bronchioles that subdivide into several alveolar ducts ;where respiratory part of the lungs begins

Atelectasis

collapsed lung; incomplete expansion of alveoli

Hilum

depression in an organ where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave -The indentation on the medial surface of each lung through which pulmonary and systemic blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and leave is called the __________.

Boyle's Law

describes how air moves into and out of the lungs during inspiration and expiration. By changing the volume of the thoracic cavity, the pressure changes in the lungs. Increasing volume of the thoracic cavity leads to a decreased pressure, causing air to flow into the lungs (down its pressure gradient) and thus causing inspiration

transpulmonary pressure

difference between intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure -Thoracic cavity expands (inhilation) -^ intrapulmonary pressure "follows" v intrapleural pressure -Lungs expand

hypercapnia

excessive carbon dioxide in the blood

Hemoglobin

is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen

Ventilation

movement of air in and out of the lungs

pulmonary ventilation

movement of air into and out of the lungs

Transcytosis

moving substances into, across, and then out of a cell endocytosis and exocytosis

partial pressure of oxygen

not a physical factor that influences pulmonary ventilation?

intrapulmonary pressure

pressure within the lungs pressure must be less than atmospheric(negative pressure) if pressure is= then there is NO FLOW!

intrpleural pressure

pressures must remain negative to prevent lung collapse?

intrapulmonary pressure

pressures rises and falls with the phases of breathing but eventually equalizes with the pressure of the air in the environment?

Type 2 cells

secrete pulmonary surfactant

Type 1 cells

simple squamous epithelial cells

terminal bronchioles

smaller than 0.5 millimeter and these mark the end of the conducting zone

Brochodilation

sympathetic response via norepinephrine and epi

alveolar ducts

the subdivisions of the respiratory bronchioles, which terminate in the alveolar sacs that resemble clusters of grapes.

Respiratory Membrane

where gas exchange occurs between the air on the alveolar side and the blood on the capillary side; the alveolar and capillary walls form the respiratory membrane