Chapter 22 Respiratory (Matching), Respiration
Exhilation
+4mmHg(vs. atmospheric)--> _______________
Inhalation
-4mmHg(vs. atmospheric)-->________________
Compliance
1Distensibility of lungs- how stretchy 2Pulmonary fibrosis- scar tissue(CT proteins) v compliance 3Decresed compliance translates to more energy rewuited fro breathing
Inspiratory reserve volume
A ( the biggest one)
pharynx
A (back of throat)
Boyle's Law
A principle that describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas at constant temperature P1v1=p2v2
it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells
After blood becomes oxygenated
greater than the pressure in the atomosphere
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ________.
Terminates in alveoli. A) Type II cells B) Alveolar duct C) Type I cells
Alveolar duct
Repiratory Zone
Alveoli, repiratory brochioles and alveolar ducts.
tidal volume
Amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs during a normal breath
angiotension converting enzyme
Angiotensin I is converted in the lungs by (fill in the blank)(ACE) into angiotensin II. (three words)
larynx
B (front of throat)
Tidal Volume
B (smallest section)
P=1/V
Boyle's law equation
Gas exchange
Breathing, transport of gases, and exchange of gases with tissue cells; Provides O2 for cellular respiration and removes its waste product, CO2
Resistance to Flow(bronchioles)
Bronchoconstriction Bronchodilation
trachea
C
Expirartory reserve volume
C (under tidal)
Brochoconstriction
Constriction, or blockage, of the bronchi that lead from the trachea to the lungs. Causes: irritant, histamines
Air that does not participate in the exchange of gases
D (bottom)
Residual volume
D (bottom)
Main (primary) bronchus
D (my right side)
bronchiole smooth muscle spasms
During an acute asthma attack, the obstruction is caused by _______.
Epinephrine
During an allergic reaction, which of the following would aid respiration?
carina of trachea
E (my left side)
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
ERV + RV
F=deltaP/R
F=flow (delta)P=pressure gradient R= resistance Alveolar surface tension -Draws liquid molecules closer together -Water has a high surface tension, and is always acting to reduce alveoli to smallest possible size - Surfactant decreases cohesiveness of water
voluntary cortical control
Factors that influence the rate and depth of breathing include ________.
aveoli
From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood?
conduction zone
How we get air to the respiratory zone
due to insufficient exocytosis in the type II alveolar cells
In babies born prematurely, pulmonary surfactant may not be present in adequate amounts ______.
type II alveolar cells
In children with infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS), the walls of the alveoli cling to each other and make them difficult to inflate. It is common in babies born prematurely. What cells in these infants are NOT fully developed and are NOT doing their job?
intrapleural pressure is equal to intrapulmonary pressure
In pneumothorax, the lung collapses because ______.
Acidosis
Increase respirations A low pH in blood indicates a high level of carbon dioxide, which in turn increases the urge to ventilate the lungs.
pontine respiratory centers
Influence and modify activity of VRG Smooth out transition between inspiration and expiration and vice versa Transmit impulses to VRG modify and fine-tune breathing rhythms during vocalization, sleep, exercise
Respiration
Inhalation and exhalation of air.
The total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration
Inspiratory capacity is ________.
pressure within the alveoli of the lungs
Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________.
ciliated mucous lining in the nose
Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the ________.
segmental bronchi
No exchange of gases occurs here
it flattens out
Part complete When the diaphragm contracts, _______.
Pleural Membrane/Pleura
Pleural membrane. A thin layer of tissue that lines the pleural cavity, the space that surrounds the lungs and lies underneath the chest wall. -help define mediastinum
Where the respiratory zone of the lungs begins .A) Type II cells B) Type I cells C) Respiratory bronchioles D) Segmental bronchi
Respiratory bronchioles
pons and medulla
Respiratory control centers are located in the ________.
No exchange of gases occurs here. A) Type II cells B) Type I cells C) Respiratory bronchioles D) Segmental bronchi
Segmental bronchi
As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required.
Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation.
cervical plexus
Serves as the origin of the phrenic nerve
Alveoli
Single cell layer thick -Type 1 -Type 2 -Macrophages in lumen Clustered at ends of repiratory brochioles and alveolar ducts Repiratory membrane=barrier between alveoli and blood -type 1 cell, endothelial cell, fused basement membranes
Restrictive disease
Spirometry results reveal a vital capacity of two liters which is well below the predicted value of five liters. This suggests which disorder?
True
Strong emotions and pain, acting through the limbic system and hypothalamus, send signals to the respiratory centers that modulate respiratory rate and depth.
interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid
Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________.
Inspiration capacity (IC)
TV + IRV
Vital Capacity (VC)
TV + IRV + ERV
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
TV + IRV + ERV + RV
False
The inflation (Hering-Breuer) reflex is a potentially dangerous response that may cause overinflation of the lung.
Vital Capacity
The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the ________.
as the direct initiator of the cough reflex
The nose serves all of the following functions EXCEPT ________.
less than the pressure in the alveoli and less than atmospheric pressure
The pressure in the pleural cavity is _______.
ventral respiratory group (VRG)
The urge to breathe comes from the------------- in the medulla oblongata. This urge is accelerated during hypoxia and can be suppressed by certain drugs
Minute Ventilation (VE)
The--------- is calculated by multiplying the breaths per minute by the tidal volume, so in this case, 10 breaths/minute × 500 ml/breath = 5000 ml/minute.
exchanged during normal breathing
Tidal volume is air ________.
True
To produce the pressure gradient responsible for inspiration, thoracic volume must first increase in order to decrease intrapulmonary pressure relative to atmospheric pressure.
Composed of simple squamous epithelium. A) Type II cells B) Type I cells C) Respiratory bronchioles D) Segmental bronchi
Type I cells
The respiratory membrane is composed of fused basement membrane of the capillary walls and ________. A) Type II cells B) Alveolar duct C) Type I cells
Type I cells
Composed of cuboidal cells. A) Type II cells B) Alveolar duct C) Type I cells
Type II cells
Secrete a fluid containing surfactant. A) Type II cells B) Type I cells C) Respiratory bronchioles D) Segmental bronchi
Type II cells
Restrictive Disease
Using spirometry, a patient discovers their forced expiratory volume (FEV) after the first second is 40%. What does this suggest?
release of histamine and inflammatory chemicals in the airway walls
What could be involved in causing bronchiolar constriction during an asthma attack?
Stimulation of stretch receptors in the lungs
What inhibits/reduces the respiratory rate?
Pressure Gradient
What is the driving force for the movement of air into the lungs?
rising CO2 levees
What stimuli is the most powerful respiratory stimulant to increase respiration?
simple squamous epithelium
What type of epithelial tissue forms the walls of the alveoli?
alveolar macrophages
Which cells would be most effective in the disposal of inspired microorganisms that may enter the alveoli?
pontine respiratory group
Which center is located in the pons?
A person with a decreased FVC and a normal FEV1 has a restrictive disorder.
Which findings consistently matches pulmonary function with problems with ventilation?
the internal intercostal, oblique, and transversus muscles
Which muscles are activated during forced expiration?
rising CO2 levels
Which of the following arterial blood levels is the most powerful respiratory stimulant?
tidal volume
Which of the following describes the volume of air exhaled during passive breathing?
surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity
Which of the following is responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall?
Lung
Which of the following is the leading cause of cancer death for both men and women in North America?
It is a passive process that depends on the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration
Which of the following is true regarding normal quiet expiration of air?
C-shaped cartilage rings
Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea?
intraplueral pressure
Which pressure is the result of the natural tendency of the lungs to decrease their size (because of elasticity) and the opposing tendency of the thoracic wall to pull outward and enlarge the lungs?
internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract
Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract or relax during forced expiration, for example blowing up a balloon?
tidal volume (TV) and inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Which volumes are combined to provide the inspiratory capacity?
the surface tension of the liquid in the alveoli would be greater and the alveoli would collapse
Without surfactant, _______.
trans pulmonary pressure
__________ pressure, the difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures, prevents the lungs from collapsing.
chronic bronchitis
a condition in which the bronchi in the lungs are constantly swollen and clogged with mucus
respiratory bronchioles
branches of the terminal bronchioles that subdivide into several alveolar ducts ;where respiratory part of the lungs begins
Atelectasis
collapsed lung; incomplete expansion of alveoli
Hilum
depression in an organ where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave -The indentation on the medial surface of each lung through which pulmonary and systemic blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and leave is called the __________.
Boyle's Law
describes how air moves into and out of the lungs during inspiration and expiration. By changing the volume of the thoracic cavity, the pressure changes in the lungs. Increasing volume of the thoracic cavity leads to a decreased pressure, causing air to flow into the lungs (down its pressure gradient) and thus causing inspiration
transpulmonary pressure
difference between intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressure -Thoracic cavity expands (inhilation) -^ intrapulmonary pressure "follows" v intrapleural pressure -Lungs expand
hypercapnia
excessive carbon dioxide in the blood
Hemoglobin
is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen
Ventilation
movement of air in and out of the lungs
pulmonary ventilation
movement of air into and out of the lungs
Transcytosis
moving substances into, across, and then out of a cell endocytosis and exocytosis
partial pressure of oxygen
not a physical factor that influences pulmonary ventilation?
intrapulmonary pressure
pressure within the lungs pressure must be less than atmospheric(negative pressure) if pressure is= then there is NO FLOW!
intrpleural pressure
pressures must remain negative to prevent lung collapse?
intrapulmonary pressure
pressures rises and falls with the phases of breathing but eventually equalizes with the pressure of the air in the environment?
Type 2 cells
secrete pulmonary surfactant
Type 1 cells
simple squamous epithelial cells
terminal bronchioles
smaller than 0.5 millimeter and these mark the end of the conducting zone
Brochodilation
sympathetic response via norepinephrine and epi
alveolar ducts
the subdivisions of the respiratory bronchioles, which terminate in the alveolar sacs that resemble clusters of grapes.
Respiratory Membrane
where gas exchange occurs between the air on the alveolar side and the blood on the capillary side; the alveolar and capillary walls form the respiratory membrane