Chapter 3 - Mastering Biology
Polymers that contain sugars ...
(a) may store hereditary information. (b) may store energy. (c) may protect cells.
If a strand of DNA has the nitrogen base sequence 5'-ATTTGC-3', what will be the sequence of the matching strand?
3'-TAAACG-5'
If a DNA double helix is 100 nucleotide pairs long and contains 25 adenine bases, how many guanine bases does it contain?
75
_____ is the most abundant organic compound on Earth.
Cellulose
Which of the following is an example of a dehydration reaction?
DNA molecules are replicated in a cell by building new DNA molecules from nucleotides.
Once you eat a cookie, enzymes in your digestive tract begin to break down the cookie into smaller molecules. Which two statements are true regarding this process?
Hydrolysis reactions are breaking the macromolecules in the cookie down into smaller molecules; Water is required for the reactions that break the macromolecules in the cookie down into smaller molecules.
What happens to the shape and function of a protein if one of the amino acids is replaced with a different type of amino acid?
It depends on the role of the amino acid that is altered. One amino acid might be replaced with no measurable effect on the protein's function; replacing another might cause a total loss of function.
Which two statements are true about dehydration synthesis?
Monomers or polymers are joined to form longer chains, An OH group from one component and an H atom from the other form a water molecule.
What kind of effect does R-dopa have on Parkinson's disease?
None.
L-dopa is used to treat _____.
Parkinson's disease
Dr. Haxton told one of his students, "To move in the bloodstream, fats need the help of phospholipids." What would a good student say?
Yes. Nonpolar molecules aren't compatible with water
Glycogen is _____.
a polysaccharide found in animals
Proteins are polymers of _____.
amino acids
The building blocks of proteins are called __________.
amino acids
The primary structure of a protein is like the arrangement of beads on a string. In this analogy, the beads are _____.
amino acids
Enantiomers are molecules that _____.
are mirror images
A function of cholesterol that does not harm health is its role _____.
as a component of animal cell membranes
The large diversity of biological molecules depends on atoms of the element __________. This element can make stable bonds to itself and to atoms of other elements. Without this element, the large macromolecules that make up most of the molecules in living organisms would not be possible.
carbon
Plant cell walls consist mainly of __________.
cellulose
Which of these is a polysaccharide?
cellulose
When proteins lose their folded structure (called denaturation) they do not function properly. This unfloding of protein structure can be caused by
change in pH; heat
What is another name for a condensation reaction?
dehydration
Geometric isomers are molecules that _____.
differ in the arrangement of their atoms about a double bond
DNA has the appearance of a _____.
double helix
Large proteins, like DNA polymerase and hemoglobin, are often composed of several polypeptides that are linked together. The _____ level of protein structure describes how the polypeptides are joined to create a larger complex.
fourth
A page is to a book as a ___________ is to the genome.
gene
A specific stretch of DNA that codes for the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is called a __________.
gene
Which of the following is the largest unit of DNA organisation
genome
Which of the following pairs of molecules share the same molecular formula but differ in structure?
glucose and fructose
Which of these are monomers?
glucose, amino acid
The secondary structure of a protein results from _____.
hydrogen bonds
The two strands of a DNA double helix are held together by _____ that form between pairs of nitrogenous bases.
hydrogen bonds
What is the name of the process during which a bond between two monomers is broken?
hydrolysis
All lipids share this characteristic.
lipids generally don't dissolve in water
What do fats, steroids, and waxes have in common?
low solubility in water
glucose + glucose —> _____ by _____.
maltose + water ... dehydration synthesis
Which of these is a source of lactose?
milk
A sugar, a phosphate, and a base are the components of a __________.
nucleotide
DNA is composed of building blocks called _____.
nucleotides
Which of these is rich in unsaturated fats?
olive oil
What type of bond joins the monomers in a protein's primary structure?
peptide
Tertiary structure is NOT directly dependent on _____.
peptide bonds
A nucleotide is composed of a(n) _____.
phosphate group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar
Your body contains thousands of different types of proteins, each with a specific function. A protein's function is largely determined by its _____.
shape
Which of the following make up the backbone of a polynucleotide strand?
sugar and phosphate
A protein's alpha helices and beta sheets fold together to create an overall shape at the _____ level of protein structure.
third
How many polynucleotides are found in one molecule of DNA?
two
A dehydration reaction is the process in which __________.
water molecules are formed when polymers are synthesized from monomers