Chapter 4 Consciousness The stages of Sleep

What is narcolepsy?

"sleep seizure"

N2(R and K Stage 2) Sleep spindles

-As people continue to drift further into sleep, the body temperature continues to drop -Heart rate slows, breathing becomes more shallow and irregular -the EEG will show the first signs of sleep spindles, brief bursts of activity lasting only a second or two

How does REM sleep in early infancy differ from adult REM sleep?

-Babies spend nearly 50 percent of their sleep in REM as compared to adults' 20 percent -the brain-wave patterns on EEG recordings are not exactly the same in infant REM when compared to adult REM recordings, and infants can and do move around quite a bit during REM sleep

Several interesting things can happen in N1 or this non-REM stage of sleep

-If people are awakened at this point, they will probably not believe that they were actually asleep -experience vivid visual events called hypnogogic images or hallucinations

What are the symptoms of narcolepsy?

-the person may slip suddenly into REM sleep during the day (Experiencing strong emotions) -excessive daytime sleepiness that results in the person falling asleep throughout the day at inappropriate times and inappropriate places

List the 5 helpful hints/steps to take to help them sleep

1. Go to bed only when you are sleepy 2. Don't do anything in your bed but sleep 3. Don't try too hard to get to sleep 4. Keep to a regular schedule 5. Don't take sleeping pills or drink alcohol or other types of drugs to slow down the nervous system

This terminology describes how many stages and what are they?

4 stages: (NREM) in addition to REM and wakefulness

Apnea is a serious problem. From what to what percent of adults in the U.S. suffer from apnea?

5 to 25 percent of adults

R (R and K REM)

After spending some time in N3, the sleeping person will go back up through N2 and then into a stage in which body temp increases to near-waking levels, the eyes move rapidly under the eyelids, the heart beats much faster, and the brain waves resemble beta waves

N1 (R and K Stage 1): Light Sleep

As theta wave activity increases and alpha wave activity fades away, people are said to be entering N1 sleep, or light sleep

What kind of pattern will a person who is wide awake and mentally active show on the electroencephalogram (EEG)?

Beta waves

Which waves signals wakefulness?

Beta waves

The EEG reflects brain activity during what?

Both waking and sleep

Many sleep disorders are more common in which gender?

Boys than in girls because boys sleep more deeply than do girls due to high levels of the male hormone testosterone

How is N3 characterized?

By the presence of delta activity, which is much slower and accounts for the larger, slower waves

Which age group has more nightmares?

Children tend to have more nightmares than adults do bc they spend more of their sleep in the REM state

What is the only real precaution that the families of people who sleepwalk should take?

Clear the floors of obstacles and to put not easy-to-reach locks on the doors

What sleep is when body growth occurs?

Deep sleep This may explain why children in periods of rapid growth need to sleep more and also helps explain why children who are experiencing disrupted sleep (domestic violence) suffer delays in growth

Symptoms of circadian rhythm disorders?

Disturbances of the sleep-wake cycle such as jet lag and shift work

What is REM sleep associated with?

Dreaming and 90 percent of dreams actually take place in REM sleep

What is the machine which allows scientists to record the brain-wave activity as a person passed through the various stages of sleep and to determine what type of sleep that person has entered?

Electroencephalograph

Definition of a night terror?

Essentially a state of panic experienced while sounds asleep. People may sit up, scream, run around the room, or flail at some unseen attacker -people can also become unable to breathe -most people don't remember what happens

What happens to growth hormones during N3 stage?

GH are released from the pituitary gland and reach their peak The body is at its lowest level of functioning Eventually, the delta waves become the dominant brain activity for this stage of sleep

N3 (R and K Stages 3 and 4): Delta waves roll in

In the third stage of sleep, the slowest and largest waves make their appearance. These are called delta waves

When you whole body gives a big "jerk" what do experts believe is the explanation?

It has something to do with the possibility that our ancestors slept in trees: The relaxation of the muscles as one drifts into sleep causes a "falling" sensation, at which the body jerks awake to prevent the "fall" from the hypothetical tree

What is sleep apnea?

Loud snoring every night, the person stops breathing for 10 secs or more -when breathing stops there is sudden silence followed shortly by gasping for air

What are the causes of insomnia?

Many-both psychological and physiological

AASM guidelines also combine NREM stages 3 and 4 into a single stage called?

N3

After a physically demanding day people tend to spend more time in which sleep?

NREM deep sleep

What is the disorder called that affects 1 in every 2,000 persons?

Narcolepsy

A rare disorder, know as what is more likely in children and likely to disappear as the child grows older?

Night terrors

What are the differences between nightmares and night terrors?

Nightmares are usually vividly remembered immediately upon waking. A person who has had a nightmare, unlike a person experiencing a night terror, will actually be able to awaken and immediately talk about the bad dream

What is the most telling difference between nightmares and night terrors?

Nightmares occur during REM sleep rather than deep non-REM sleep which is the domain of night terrors, which means that people don't move around in a nightmare as they do in a night-terror

Symptoms of nocturnal leg cramps?

Painful cramps in calf or foot muscles

In past research you might encounter the sleep stages labeled as what compared to how they are labeled now?

Past research- wakefulness, REM, NREM stages 1-4 More recent studies- W, R, N1, N2, and N3

Some people have a rare disorder in which the brain mechanisms that normally inhibit the voluntary muscles fail, allowing the person to thrash around and even get up and act out nightmares? this is called what?

REM behavior disorder which is a fairly serious condition usually seen in men over age 60 it can happen in younger men and in women

An emotionally stressful day leads to increased time in which sleep?

REM sleep -Perhaps the dreams people have in REM sleep are a way of dealing with the stresses and tensions of the day, whereas physical activity would demand more time for recovery of the body in NREM sleep

What are the 2 kinds of sleep?

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep

in stage R (R and K REM) when a person is still asleep but in what stage is referred to as paradoxical sleep?

Rapid eye movement sleep (REM)

Describes the 4 stages of sleep?

Sleep Stage N1-Theta waves Sleep Stage N2- Spindles (bursts of activity) Sleep Stage N3-Deep non-REM (delta and theta waves) Deep non-REM (delta waves)

Much of existing sleep research is based on what?

Terminology describing sleep stages that dates back to the 1960s

What stage of sleep is the person in in N3?

The deepest stage of sleep, often referred to as slowwave sleep (SWS) or simply, deep sleep

Why are more sleep disorders more common in childhood?

The fact that children do sleep so deeply may explain why certain sleep disorders are more common in childhood

What is a much more common occurrence?

The hypnic jerk

What is insomnia?

The inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or get a good quality of sleep

What happens to the muscles in non-REM sleep?

The person's body is free to move around (including kicking one's bed partner)

What happens to the muscles in REM sleep?

The voluntary muscles are inhibited meaning that the person in REM sleep moves very little

Researchers believe that people's experiences of ghostly visits, alien abductions, and near-death experiences may be most easily explained by?

These hallucinations- (Hypnogogic images or hallucinations)

Which waves are still predominate in this stage and what happens if people are awakened?

Theta waves They will be aware of having been asleep

What happens when a person in REM sleep is awakened?

They almost always report being in a dream state

What happens when you taking sleeping pills to help you sleep?

They force you into deep sleep and do not allow you to get any REM or lighter stages of sleep -if you try to sleep without these drugs the next night-you will experience REM rebound

As children age what happens to their nightmares?

They have fewer nightmares bc they have less opportunity to have them. Some people still suffer from nightmares as adults

What happens to delta waves during this stage?

They increase during this stage from about 20 percent to more than 50 percent of total brain activity

What are NREM dreams like?

They tend to more like thoughts about daily occurrences and far shorter than REM dreams

Symptoms of restless leg syndrome?

Uncomfortable sensations in legs causing movement and loss of sleep

The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) has published updated guidelines for the recording and scoring of sleep activity, which includes changes in some of the terminology. What are the new guidelines?

Uses R in place of REM, N instead of NREM, and W, instead of wakefulness

How can these differences of REM sleep be explained?

When infants are engaged in REM sleep, they are not dreaming but rather forming new connections between neurons

Do people have dreams in other stages?

Yes, in other NREM stages but REM dreams tend to be more vivid, more detailed, longer, and more bizarre than the dreams of NREM sleep

What is REM sleep?

a relatively psychologically active type of sleep when most of a person's dreaming takes place

REM has activity that resembles what?

alert wakefulness but has relatively no muscle activity except rapid eye movement

As the person relaxes and gets drowsy, slightly larger and slower waves occur called what?

alpha waves

What are nightmares?

are bad dreams, and some nightmares can utterly be terrifying.

What would happen if a person is deprived of REM sleep?

as would occur with the use of sleeping pills or other depressant drugs a person will experience greatly increased amounts of REM sleep the next night, a phenomenon called REM rebound.

Why are sudden REM attacks especially dangerous?

bc of the symptom of cataplexy, or a sudden loss of muscle tone this sleep paralysis may cause injuries if the person is standing when the attack occurs

What age does the infants brain near its adults size and what happens?

by age 5 or 6, the proportion of REM sleep has also decreased to a more adultlike ratio of REM to non-REM. sleep is perchance to grow synapses

What is it called when you use your bed as a cue for sleeping is a kind of learned called ?? or the pairing of cues and automatic responses?

classical conditioning

How often do the REM periods of sleep occur?

every 90 mins

Symptoms in hypersomnia?

excessive daytime sleepiness

Symptoms of night terrors?

extreme fear, agitation, screaming while asleep

What can sleep apnea cause?

heart problems as well as poor sleep quality

What does the evidence of today suggest about REM sleep?

no one particular stage of sleep is the "one" in which this memory process occurs; rather, the evidence is mounting for sleep in general as necessary to the formation of memory

Symptoms of people deprived of REM sleep?

paranoid, seemingly mentally ill from lack of this one stage of sleep -this is called REM myth bc later studies failed to reliably produce the same results

The infants brain is highly ------ and much of brain growth and development takes place during REM sleep.

plastic

Symptoms of somnambulism?

sitting, walking, or performing complex behavior while asleep

What is the condition that the body is unable to act upon these dreams under normal conditions because the voluntary muscles are paralyzed during REM sleep?

sleep paralysis

What is non-REM sleep?

sleep spans from lighter stages to a much deeper, more restful kind of sleep

Real ------ or ------ occurs in about 20 percent of the population and is at least partially due to heredity?

sleepwalking or somnambulism

what do people do if they have apnea to prevent it or lessen it?

some people can benefit from wearing a nasal opening device, losing weight, or using a nasal spray to shrink the nasal tissues, others must sleep with a device that delivers a continuous stream of air under mild pressure, called a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) device, others undergo a surgery in which the uvula ( the little flap that hangs down at the back of the throat and some soft tissues surrounding it are removed)

who else can experience apnea and why?

some very young infants can experience a kind of apnea due to immaturity of the brain stem. These infants are placed on monitors that sound an alarm when breathing stops although sleep apnea in infants is associated with sudden infant death syndrome, or SIDS, it is NOT necessarily caused by it: many infants who die of SIDS were never diagnosed with sleep apnea

Snoring is fairly common when what two things get blocked?

the nose and throat

What is one treatment that seems to have more success than any kind of sleep medication?

the use of cognitive-behavior therapy- a type of therapy in which both rational thinking and controlled behavior are stressed

The alpha waves are eventually replaced by even slower and larger waves called?

theta waves

What are the physiological causes of insomnia?

too much caffeine, indigestion, or aches and pains

Symptoms of enuresis?

urinating while asleep in bed

What are beta waves?

very small and very fast

What are the psychological cases of insomnia?

worrying, trying too hard to sleep, or having anxiety

What is it called when you have a dream in which you are trying to run or move, and can't?

you are partially aware of sleep paralysis