Chapter 7
75) Alan remembers that he was writing an important report for his manager when he heard about the 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Center. The fact that Alan remembers when he learned about the 9/11 attacks is an example of ________ memory. A) sensory B) flashbulb C) implicit D) working
B
79) ________ amnesia occurs when an individual has a memory for some material but cannot recall where he or she encountered it. A) Retrograde B) Source C) Anterograde D) Dissociative
B
129) ________ is defined as memory loss that occurs without other cognitive difficulties.
Amnesia
1) The process by which we encode, store, and retrieve information is known as A) perception. B) memory. C) rehearsal. D) cognition.
B
127) As a four-year-old, Rick witnessed the murder of his uncle. However, he pushed this memory into the unconscious and never let it bother him. As an adult, while watching a documentary about unsolved crimes, Rick suddenly remembers this incident. Rick's recollection is an example of a(n) ________.
repressed memory
120) During the winter session at the University of Michigan, Claire would always wear a particular perfume. She does not use it much nowadays, but each time she uses it she is immediately reminded of the winter session. In this scenario, the perfume's smell acts as a(n) ________.
retrieval cue
1) Memories of which we are not consciously aware of but that can affect subsequent performance and behavior are called ________ memories. A) internal B) subliminal C) subconscious D) implicit
D
106) In ________ amnesia, memory is lost for events preceding an injury or accident; in ________ amnesia, memory is lost for events following an injury or accident. A) retrograde; anterograde B) anterograde; retrograde C) retroactive; proactive D) proactive; retroactive
A
108) Rhonda can't remember anything about the first several minutes immediately following a car crash in which she was injured. Rhonda is experiencing ________ amnesia. A) anterograde B) retrograde C) retroactive D) proactive
A
33) "Milk, cereal, candy." Your roommate begins reciting items as you get ready to leave to the store. He continues to list a few more items. Finally, he wraps up
"Spaghetti sauce, dish liquid, and ice- tea mix." You forget a few things, but the spaghetti sauce, dish liquid, and ice-tea mix are in the bag. Your memory for these items reflects the ________ effect. A) primacy B) recency C) list memory D) serial order : B
110) Dr. Peter Ziemer is seeing a new patient, Mrs. Aaronson. She is experiencing memory losses. Dr. Ziemer tests her language and problem-solving abilities. He also asks her if she has a history of alcohol abuse. What might the language and problem-solving tests tell Dr. Ziemer? What would the answer to the alcohol-abuse question tell him? A) The language and problem-solving tests would help Dr. Ziemer determine whether Mrs. Aaronson suffers from Alzheimer's disease on the one hand, or some form of amnesia on the other. The answer to the alcohol-abuse question would let Dr. Ziemer know whether Korsakoff's syndrome is a possibility in her case. B) The language and problem-solving tests would help Dr. Ziemer determine whether Mrs. Aaronson suffers from Alzheimer's disease on the one hand, or Korsakoff's syndrome on the other. The answer to the alcohol-abuse question would let Dr. Ziemer know whether anterograde amnesia is a possibility in her case. C) The language and problem-solving tests would help Dr. Ziemer determine whether Mrs. Aaronson suffers from Korsakoff's syndrome on the one hand, or some form of amnesia on the other. The answer to the alcohol-abuse question would let Dr. Ziemer know whether Alzheimer's disease is a possibility in her case. D) The language and problem-solving tests would help Dr. Ziemer determine whether Mrs. Aaronson suffers from anterograde amnesia on the one hand, or retrograde amnesia on the other. The answer to the alcohol-abuse question would let Dr. Ziemer know whether Korsakoff's syndrome is a possibility in her case.
A
74) Some psychologists consider classical conditioning to be a form of implicit memory. Which of the following is probably the best reason for suggesting that classical conditioning is a type of implicit memory? A) Classical conditioning occurs outside awareness. B) Classical conditioning requires conscious awareness. C) Classical conditioning is one mechanism whereby we learn actions and skills that we can recollect intentionally. D) Classical conditioning allows us to learn from experience.
A
8) Iconic memory and echoic memory are types of A) sensory memory. B) short-term memory. C) semantic memory. D) declarative memory.
A
101) Identify the theory of forgetting that has been correctly matched with its description. A) Decay—Material that was learned later disrupts the retrieval of information that was learned earlier. B) Interference—Information in memory disrupts the recall of other information stored in memory. C) Cue-dependent forgetting—Forgetting occurs because other information in memory disrupts the retrieval of the information one is trying to remember. D) Retroactive interference—Information learned earlier disrupts the recall of newer material.
B
103) In ________ interference, information learned earlier disrupts the recall of information learned more recently; in ________ interference, recently learned information disrupts the recall of information learned earlier. A) retroactive; proactive B) proactive; retroactive C) regressive; progressive D) progressive; regressive
B
104) Owen has trouble remembering a friend's new phone number; he keeps recalling the old number instead. Completing a rental application, Pippa finds she can't recall one of her previous addresses as she's had several addresses since. Owen is experiencing ________ interference; Pippa is experiencing ________. A) retrograde; anterograde interference B) proactive; retroactive interference C) proactive; proactive interference, as well D) retroactive; proactive interference
B
100) Which of the following is the best reason that we have trouble remembering the license plate number of a car that we just passed 10 minutes ago? A) Working memory lasts only a minute or so. B) License plate numbers are too difficult to remember easily. C) We probably never encoded the number in the first place. D) The memory, though present, is too difficult to retrieve except under special circumstances, such as hypnosis or substantial amounts of stress.
C
102) Which of the following statements is true of the decay theory of forgetting in psychology? A) It was proposed as an additional mechanism to explain forgetting. B) It assumes that memory traces disintegrate over time. C) Most research suggests that decay is a key process in forgetting. D) In decay, information stored in memory disrupts the recall of other information stored in memory.
C
105) ________ is a progressive brain disorder that leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in cognitive abilities. A) Korsakoff's syndrome B) Klinefelter syndrome C) Alzheimer's disease D) Blount's disease
C
99) Drew is unable to recall whether Lincoln's head faces left or right on the penny. Which of the following is probably the best explanation for Drew's memory failure? A) The information is difficult to retrieve because it is stored along with so many other pieces of information in Drew's long-term memory. B) The information was learned so long ago that it is no longer stored in Drew's long-term memory. C) The information was not encoded, because Drew never really paid attention to Lincoln's head on the penny. D) The information was immediately displaced from Drew's working memory after it was encoded.
C
107) Omar experienced a dissociative-fugue state. He suddenly snapped out of it in front of the pet-supplies display in a discount store; he had no memory whatsoever of his previous life in Greensboro, NC. Omar's amnesia is best described as A) proactive. B) anterograde. C) retroactive. D) retrograde.
D
109) Pierre has been an alcoholic for several decades. Now in his 50s, his intellectual abilities are intact, but he suffers from memory deficits and hallucinations. Based on this information, you suspect that Pierre may be afflicted with A) proactive interference. B) Alzheimer's disease. C) anterograde amnesia. D) Korsakoff's syndrome.
D
24) Which of the following statements is TRUE of working memory? A) Sensory memory is referred to as working memory. B) Working memory avoids the use of cognitive resources of information. C) Working memory stores information on a relatively permanent basis, although it may be difficult to retrieve. D) Working memory permits us to keep information in an active state briefly so that we can do something with the information.
D
26) Which of the following best describes the effect of stress on working memory capacity? A) Stress has no effect on the capacity of working memory. B) Stress increases the capacity of working memory only marginally. C) Stress increases the capacity of working memory dramatically. D) Stress can reduce the effectiveness of working memory by reducing its capacity.
D
123) ________ allows people to remember new information better and faster because of material they already have stored in memory.
Priming
116) While trying to mentally plan the route to her new college, Salma determines the time she is likely to take to reach based on previous travel experience. She is engaging the visual and the verbal stores of her working memory, and the ________ part of her memory integrates and coordinates information from these subsystems.
central executive
114) A(n) ________ is a meaningful group of stimuli that can be stored as a unit in short-term memory.
chunk
119) Dr. Sally acquired her neurosurgery degree at an online college based in the West Indies. Unfortunately, during her first brain surgery, she inadvertently destroyed her patient's hippocampus, impairing his process of ________, whereby memories are stabilized in long-term memory.
consolidation
125) The notion that memory is based on ________ was first put forward by Frederic Bartlett, a British psychologist.
constructive processes
128) In ________, forgetting occurs when there are insufficient retrieval cues to rekindle information that is in memory.
cue-dependent forgetting
113) You have just listened to your current favorite song on your iPod. You can still hear traces of the final chorus, even though the song has just ended. For a few seconds, the song will be represented in auditory sensory memory, or ________ memory.
echoic
111) While a computer's hard drive may be likened to the memory process of storage, its keyboard is analogous to the process of ________.
encoding
124) When recalling his memory of the 1986 Space Shuttle Challenger disaster, Miguel says, "I was sitting in the college cafeteria with three of my friends preparing notes for my second-semester examinations. We were discussing an experiment, the details of which I cannot remember, when a classmate came up to us and told us that the shuttle blew up." This is an example of a(n) ________.
flashbulb memory
122) "It's like riding a bike; once you know how, you don't forget." This adage suggests that procedural memories do not require conscious attempts at recall; that is, procedural memories are often ________.
implicit
130) Trey is studying German vocabulary for an upcoming test. He forms an image corresponding to an English word that sounds similar to the German word he is trying to learn. Trey is using the ________ technique.
keyword
121) Marie, a professor, understands that her students will perform better on a test if they take more time to understand the concepts in a chapter instead of simply memorizing them. This implies that Marie is an advocate of the ________ theory of memory retrieval.
levels-of-processing
115) When faced with a list of terms to memorize in one of his college courses, Brendan creates an acrostic—a sentence in which successive words begin with the same letter as the corresponding list word. Formal organizational strategies such as this are termed ________.
mnemonics
117) Although Natasha has been out of practice for some time, she can still spin a basketball on her little finger. She is able to do so because the information related to this activity is stored in her ________ memory.
nondeclarative
126) Memories often consist of a reconstruction of previous experience because ________ are used to organize information.
schemas
112) According to the three-system memory theory, the second stage, also known as the ________, stores information according to its meaning, rather than as mere sensory stimulation.
short-term memory
118) Rhoda is thinking about her family reunion from last summer. This reminds her that a close friend is attending the same college in which her cousin is enrolled; her thoughts then turn to the reading assignments she has neglected in one of her classes. The process of ________ describes how one memory brings up another in our network of mental representations.
spreading activation
1) "I know it! It's um . . . um . . . It starts with 'G'," begins a trivia-game contestant excitedly. The contestant is falling prey to the ________ phenomenon. A) tip-of-the-tongue B) flashbulb memory C) motivated forgetting D) retrograde interference
A
1) Who among the following is using his or her working memory? A) Juanita, who recalls the steps of her mother's recipe while cooking her favorite dish B) Omar, who tries to recall the name of an old colleague C) Pierre, who recalls some memories of the first time he met his spouse D) Yakub, who explains how he can play the guitar even after years of no practice
A
13) In the process of chunking, information is grouped and stored in A) short-term memory. B) sensory memory. C) semantic memory. D) procedural memory.
A
15) We look up a number in the phone book, push the book away, and then begin to dial the number. Why do we discourage an interruption during this process? A) Information lasts only 15-25 seconds in short-term memory. B) Information lasts only 5-6 seconds in short-term memory. C) Information can only last a minute or so in short-term memory. D) Short-term memory can only hold one or two chunks of information.
A
2) Which of the following sequences best reflects the order in which memory processes occur, from first to last? A) encoding → storage → retrieval B) storage → retrieval → encoding C) encoding → retrieval → storage D) storage → encoding → retrieval
A
23) As you work on a complex multiplication problem in your head, the numbers you are manipulating are in your ________ memory, and the multiplication tables you are drawing from are in ________ memory. A) working; long-term B) working; sensory C) long-term; working D) sensory; working
A
28) Taking calls while driving should be avoided because A) it is likely to burden our working memory and make us less aware of our surroundings. B) information is less likely to get stored in short-term memory and people are less likely to recall it as well. C) it is likely to stress our working memory and cause us to choke. D) information is unlikely to be transferred from short- to long-term memory.
A
32) The recency effect refers to the fact that A) items presented late in a list are remembered better than items presented in the middle of a list. B) the first several items on a list are remembered better than the items in the middle of the list. C) rehearsed items are more likely to be remembered than unrehearsed items. D) the most personally relevant items on a list are most likely to be remembered.
A
40) Which of the following is an example of semantic memory? A) Ryan is aware that "beleiv" is the incorrect spelling of "believe." B) Megan remembers how to ride a bike even though she has not ridden one in a long time. C) Fay has little memory of her 18th birthday celebrations. D) Cooper has fond memories of his first kiss with his girlfriend.
A
43) Activating one memory triggers the activation of related memories in a process known as A) spreading activation. B) elaborative rehearsal. C) network priming. D) rote learning.
A
45) Which of the following is TRUE of the neuroscience of memory? A) In the process of consolidation, memories become fixed and stable in long-term memory. B) The process called consolidation shows that certain neural pathways become easily excited while a new response is being learned. C) The initial encoding of information aided by the amygdala is passed along to the hippocampus where it is actually stored. D) The engram is the physical memory trace in the brain that corresponds to a memory.
A
49) The brain scans of taxi drivers in London show differences in the shape of the hippocampus compared to non-taxi drivers. According to Woollett and Maguire (2009) and Jiang, Miao, and Chen (2017), the differences are consistent with the idea that A) particular areas of the hippocampus are involved in the consolidation of spatial memories. B) the hippocampus uses a significant amount of cognitive resources during its operation as it processes information. C) stress can reduce the effectiveness of the hippocampus by reducing its capacity. D) the hippocampus plays little role in memory formation.
A
5) Which of the following sequences best reflects the order of stages in the three-stage model of memory? A) sensory memory → short-term memory → long-term memory B) short-term memory → sensory memory → long-term memory C) short-term memory → working memory → long-term memory D) working memory → short-term memory → long-term memory
A
55) What is a retrieval cue? A) It is a stimulus that makes recalling information in long-term memory easy. B) It is the term for the physical memory trace in the brain that corresponds to a memory. C) It is a mental representation of clusters of interconnected information. D) It is a strategy for organizing information in a way that makes the information more likely to be remembered.
A
56) An old song playing on the radio may remind you of events that occurred when the song was current. The song is acting as a(n) A) retrieval cue. B) mnemonic. C) flashbulb. D) schema.
A
60) "Discuss several factors that contributed to the economic collapse of late-2008," asks a question in the midterm paper of an economics course. Such a question is a test of ________ memory. A) recall B) procedural C) recognition D) nondeclarative
A
64) The levels-of-processing approach suggests A) that specific information will be retained for longer when the level of information processing is deeper. B) the existence of the three separate memory stores sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. C) that the lesser the intensity of the initial processing of information, the more likely we are to remember it. D) that when the initial level of processing of specific information is shallow, the information will be retained for longer.
A
69) Julia is puzzled over a fill-in-the-blank question in her sociology test paper. To answer the question correctly, Julia has to use ________ memory. A) explicit B) implicit C) subconscious D) implied
A
76) Identify a true statement about flashbulb memories. A) They can be easily recalled and with vivid imagery. B) They are remarkably accurate, even years after the initial event. C) They are a result of special encoding mechanisms for emotionally charged events. D) They are generally less accurate than memories for more mundane events because of the emotion surrounding the original event.
A
83) A schema is A) a conceptual framework for interpreting a situation. B) a form of proactive interference. C) an important result of decay. D) an item that has been forgotten.
A
84) The formation of schemas is based on an individual's A) understanding of a situation. B) capability of testing his or her explicit memory. C) spreading activation. D) working memory capacity.
A
88) The unconscious process whereby disturbing memories are prevented from entering awareness is called A) repression. B) denial. C) projection. D) suppression.
A
89) Shauna always remembered her childhood as a happy one. While interning at an organization that worked for the welfare of women, she witnessed a case of child abuse that triggered a traumatic memory from her childhood. Shauna claims to have had no memory of the trauma until this trigger. This scenario exemplifies the concept of A) repression. B) encoding. C) constructive process. D) chunking.
A
90) Which of the following alternatives best expresses psychologist Elizabeth Loftus' position on the validity of repressed memories? A) Repressed memories are often false. They reflect confusion regarding the source of a memory. B) Repressed memories are often false. They reflect an impairment of implicit memory mechanisms. C) Repressed memories are often false. They reflect a failure of maintenance rehearsal. D) Repressed memories are often true. They reflect the operation of defense mechanisms protecting us from unpleasant or disturbing thoughts.
A
95) Which of the following statements is true of forgetting? A) Forgetting helps keep unwanted and unnecessary information from interfering with retrieving necessary information. B) Forgetting prevents us from forming general impressions and recollections. C) Research on forgetting shows that the initial decline in memory is gradual, followed by a rapid decline over a short time period. D) The first attempts to study forgetting were made by Georg Elias Muller.
A
98) Jerry is at a party. He is introduced to three different people in the span of a moment. Later, he is approached by the first person he met and cannot remember her name. Which of the following is most likely the source of Jerry's difficulty? A) Jerry failed to encode the woman's name. B) Jerry's working memory capacity was exceeded by the number of people he met. C) Jerry experienced interference in retrieving the woman's name. D) Jerry failed to rehearse the woman's name sufficiently.
A
10) A research participant is required to report as much of a poem as he can remember, immediately after having read the poem once. We would expect the greatest number of recall errors in lines A) at the beginning of the poem. B) in the middle of the poem. C) at the end of the poem. D) anywhere in the poem.
B
12) Tommy is repeating a series of digits in the order in which he heard an experimenter read them. The experimenter is testing the capacity of Tommy's ________ memory. Tommy should be able to repeat about ________ digits correctly. A) short-term; four B) short-term; seven C) sensory; four D) sensory; seven
B
18) ________ rehearsal occurs when information is considered and organized in some fashion. A) Primary B) Elaborative C) Rote D) Maintenance
B
19) According to contemporary memory theorists, which of the following statements is true of short-term memory? A) Short-term memory holds a relatively full and detailed—if short-lived—representation of the world and has complete representation capabilities. B) Short-term memory is like an information-processing system that manages both new material gathered from sensory memory and older material that has been pulled from long-term storage. C) Short-term memory is an independent way station into which memories arrive, either to fade or to be passed on to long-term memory. D) Short-term memory operates as a kind of snapshot that stores information—which may be of a visual, auditory, or other sensory nature—for a brief moment in time.
B
22) On your computer desktop, you can see all sorts of different files. Each file is immediately accessible because you are actively working on them, and you can open them whenever you want. These files are in fact very similar to the kind of information held in A) long-term memory. B) working memory. C) sensory memory. D) procedural memory.
B
25) Which of the following accurately describes the processing of information in working memory? A) Working memory is the initial, momentary storage of information, lasting only an instant. B) Working memory uses cognitive resources during its operation, which makes us less aware of our surroundings. C) Stress can increase the effectiveness of working memory by reducing its capacity. D) Working memory is a set of permanent memory stores that actively manipulate and rehearse information.
B
29) The primacy effect refers to the fact that A) the most important items in a list are remembered better than the less important items. B) items presented early in a list are remembered better than items in the middle of the list. C) items presented late in a list are remembered better than items presented earlier. D) items in a list which have the greatest emotional impact are those with the greatest likelihood of recall.
B
3) Material in memory storage has to be located and brought into awareness to be useful. This process is known as A) potentiation. B) retrieval. C) encoding. D) storage.
B
36) Mark is trying to remember the zip code for Round Rock, Texas. Mark is testing his explicit memory, which is also known as ________ memory. A) sensory B) declarative C) procedural D) implicit
B
38) ________ memory is the memory for general knowledge and facts about the world, as well as memory for the rules of logic that are used to deduce other facts. A) Episodic B) Semantic C) Nondeclarative D) Procedural
B
42) Identify an accurate statement about the relationship between the memory modules of long-term memory. A) Both episodic and semantic memory are components of procedural memory. B) Declarative memory and procedural memory are the major components of long-term memory. C) Both declarative and semantic memory are types of episodic memory. D) Sensory and semantic memory are the major types of procedural memory.
B
46) As a child, Lucas was slapped by a monkey that was trying to snatch his food. Ever since this episode, Lucas has been frightened of monkeys. However, he plans to visit a famous zoological park. Which of the following is most likely to happen if Lucas comes across a monkey in the park? A) The initial encoding of information aided by the hippocampus will be passed along to the amygdala. B) The amygdala will be reactivated, and the initial unpleasant memory will be brought back. C) The hippocampus will undergo a change in its shape based on the intensity of his experience. D) The amygdala will learn a new response and get excited.
B
50) Why is the term engram generally discouraged by psychologists studying memory? A) Psychologists do not believe it is possible to identify the physical brain bases of a memory. B) The term might indicate that there is a single site or process in the brain corresponding to a particular memory. C) Any given memory probably involves many simultaneous brain processes and locations because a stimulus contains a single sensory aspect. D) The term engram typically involves physical memory that corresponds only to sensory memory.
B
59) Three-year-old Jane had learned the names of fruits from a picture book. She was taken to a grocery store and asked to identify apples and melons kept in the store. Which of the following memory tasks would be used by Jane to identify the fruits? A) rehearsal B) recognition C) consolidation D) recall
B
61) ________ is a memory task in which individuals are presented with a stimulus and asked whether they have been exposed to it in the past or to identify it from a list of alternatives. A) Recall B) Recognition C) Rehearsal D) Chunk
B
66) According to the levels-of-processing theory, which of the following students should retrieve information more successfully on classroom tests? A) Grant, who attempts to memorize his notes B) Irene, who pays close attention to what is taught in class C) Noel, who reads the content in his text loudly D) Giselle, who underlines the important content in the text
B
72) Which of the following statements is true of implicit memory? A) Implicit memory is unlikely to exist side by side with explicit memory. B) Implicit memory can be studied through experiments that use priming. C) Implicit memory is insignificant in determining prejudice and discrimination. D) Implicit memory refers to memories of which people are consciously aware.
B
73) ________ is a phenomenon in which exposure to a word or concept later makes it easier to recall related information, even when there is no conscious memory of the word or concept. A) Rehearsal B) Priming C) Chunking D) Flashbulb
B
78) Christopher clearly remembers that he was practicing his dialogues for his school play when he heard that the governor of his state had been assassinated. This is an example of a(n) ________ memory. A) nondeclarative B) flashbulb C) implicit D) procedural
B
85) How does use of a schema improve memory? A) A schema improves memory for details. B) A schema provides a framework to use in interpreting a situation. C) A schema helps avoid making errors in remembering the details of a situation. D) A schema prevents the erosion of implicit memories.
B
87) Loftus and Palmer (1974) conducted an experiment in which participants estimated the speed of a car described as either contacting or smashing into another. To which of the following conclusions regarding eyewitness memory is this study most relevant? A) The presence of a weapon attracts witnesses' attention, impairing their memory. B) Eyewitnesses' confidence is only weakly related to eyewitness memory. C) Eyewitness memory can be heavily influenced by leading questions. D) Child eyewitnesses are especially suggestible.
B
92) Which of the following best encapsulates autobiographical memory? A) Autobiographical memory is just as inaccurate as other types of memory. The different periods of one's life are remembered with equal ease. B) Autobiographical memory is just as inaccurate as other types of memory. Some periods of one's life are recalled more easily than are others. C) Autobiographical memory is more accurate than other types of memory. The different periods of one's life are remembered with equal ease. D) Autobiographical memory is more accurate than other types of memory. Some periods of one's life are recalled more easily than others.
B
1) Unlike sensory memory, short-term memory A) receives information from the working memory. B) holds a relatively full and detailed representation of the world. C) has incomplete representational capabilities. D) stores information for less than a second.
C
16) Rehearsal refers to the A) inability to recall information that one realizes one knows. B) grouping of information that can be stored in short-term memory. C) repetition of information that has entered short-term memory. D) memory task in which individuals are presented with a stimulus and asked whether they have been exposed to it in the past.
C
17) In rehearsal, as long as a piece of information is repeated, it A) is retained in sensory memory. B) undergoes a high level of analysis and processing. C) is maintained in short-term memory. D) acts as a retrieval cue for recalling purposes.
C
27) The distinction between long- and short-term memory A) is somewhat artificial. B) has failed to gain empirical support in memory research. C) is supported by the effects of certain kinds of brain damage. D) is supported by the distinction between declarative memory and procedural memory.
C
31) You examine the schedule for your favorite soccer team. The team plays 16 games each season. Later, you try recalling that schedule for a friend who likes the same team you do. Chances are, you will recall opponents at the beginning of the schedule particularly well. This is an example of the ________ effect. A) list B) consolidation C) primacy D) depth-of-processing
C
34) When you try to list all the classes you've ever taken in college, chances are you will recall your last few classes particularly well. What is this phenomenon called? A) chunking B) primacy effect C) recency effect D) memory consolidation
C
39) Knowing how to serve a badminton birdie is an example of a(n) ________ memory. A) episodic B) declarative C) procedural D) semantic
C
4) When answering such questions as "Who was your date to the junior prom?" or "Which costume did you wear last Halloween?" you are relying most explicitly on the memory process of A) encoding. B) potentiation. C) retrieval. D) storage.
C
41) Having done "21 for 21" shots, Deanna barely remembers her 21st birthday. That is, her ________ memory is sketchy. A) procedural B) semantic C) episodic D) working
C
44) The parts of the brain's limbic system that play a central role in the consolidation of memories are A) the frontal lobe and the prefrontal cortex. B) the brain stem and the corpus callosum. C) the hippocampus and the amygdala. D) the thalamus and the hypothalamus.
C
48) Long-term potentiation refers to the process whereby A) the number of synaptic and dendritic connections between neurons increases with experience. B) memories become fixed and stable in the long term. C) neural pathways become activated more easily as learning occurs. D) disturbing memories seem to gain in intensity over time.
C
52) Karima is trying to remember the name of the author of a book she recently read. She says that she knows the name, but she is not able to recall it. This phenomenon, called the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon, is mainly caused when A) information processing takes place at a deep level. B) one receives a stimulus to recall information stored in one's long-term memory. C) one is unable to retrieve information from one's long-term memory. D) the working memory has reduced capacity because of stress.
C
54) Working professionals are likely to have a vocabulary of about 75,000 words. They are likely to know about aspects related to different departments in their organization. They may also be aware of the knowledge required to be an expert in their field of work. In addition, they are likely to have no difficulty remembering their childhood. These professionals are able to remember such details because A) they receive retrieval cues for all of these memories on a daily basis. B) this information is stored in their sensory memory. C) the capacity of their long-term memory is vast. D) these memories are catalogs in their working memory.
C
57) Chad is puzzling over a difficult question on a multiple-choice sociology test. He re-reads the question, scans the options beneath the question, and glances at other questions on the test. Most likely, Chad is looking for A) mnemonics. B) flashbulb memories. C) retrieval cues. D) a miracle.
C
6) ________ memory refers to the initial, momentary storage of information that lasts only an instant. A) Working B) Long-term C) Sensory D) Short-term
C
62) The levels-of-processing approach A) assumes that the longer the material is in working memory, the deeper will be its memory traces. B) is primarily concerned with a type of memory called "procedural. C) suggests that thinking about material leads to better memory than maintenance rehearsal. D) holds that meaningless material produces greater depth of processing than material that can easily be fitted into meaningful contexts.
C
65) According to the levels-of-processing theory, recall depends on the degree to which information is initially processed. Hence, to enhance memory and ensure maximum retention, one should A) highlight the information so that it stands out in comparison to other information. B) repeatedly read aloud the information. C) focus on the meaning of the information and relate it to what one knows. D) visualize the pages containing the information and then "read" the material contained in them.
C
68) Identify the example that illustrates the concept of explicit memory. A) jumping out of the path of an oncoming automobile B) having a feeling of vague dislike for an acquaintance without knowing the reason behind that feeling C) trying to remember a phone number that was learned earlier D) taking a call while driving
C
70) Bart remembers the release date of his favorite movie director's upcoming project. Which of the following forms of memory would have helped Bart? A) implicit memory B) external memory C) explicit memory D) internal memory
C
82) ________ is a process in which memories are influenced by the meaning we give to events. A) Nondeclarative process B) Consolidation C) Constructive process D) Long-term potentiation
C
9) Iconic memory, a type of sensory memory, reflects information associated with the A) olfactory system. B) gustatory system. C) visual system. D) auditory system.
C
91) Middle-aged Mrs. Lovett is recalling her first Christmas as a young newlywed at her in-laws' Wyoming ranch. This is a(n) ________ memory. A) procedural B) implicit C) autobiographical D) nondeclarative
C
93) Which of the following is likely to be determined by culture? A) short-term memory capacity B) working memory C) the strategies used to practice learning information D) the strategies used to answer memory tests
C
94) In the context of the potential influence of a written language on the recall ability of a culture's members, research has A) revealed that a written language tends to decrease people's memory ability. B) shown that a written language tends to increase people's memory ability. C) revealed that a written language probably has little influence on people's memory ability. D) not yielded a definitive conclusion as yet.
C
97) Arjun is a psychology student. He attempts to replicate Hermann Ebbinghaus's work on forgetting. In his experiment, Arjun decides to read the first 10 pages of a book. If Arjun were to try and remember what he read in the first few pages of the book a couple of hours later, what is he most likely to find? A) that he remembers everything he read in the first 10 pages of the book B) that he remembers most of what he read in the first 10 pages of the book C) that he has forgotten most of it, although he remembers a news article from the previous day D) that he remembers what he read in the first page, but he may not be able to recall the following pages
C
14) When you tell an acquaintance your telephone number, you do not recite the digits one by one at a constant rate, as in "3, 3, 7, 2, 3, 4, 8, 3, 9, 2." Rather, you might say, "3, 3, 7 . . . 2, 3, 4 . . . 83, 92." This exemplifies ________, a strategy to enhance ________ memory. A) consolidation; sensory B) consolidation; short-term C) chunking; sensory D) chunking; short-term
D
20) ________ memory is defined as a memory system that holds information temporarily while actively manipulating and rehearsing that information. A) Declarative B) Semantic C) Long-term D) Working
D
35) Ana is very good at remembering names. Even though she graduated from high school almost 15 years ago, she still remembers the names of her classmates and teachers. Ana's memory for names is an example of A) implicit memory. B) sensory memory. C) procedural memory. D) declarative memory.
D
37) Although it has been 5 years since he last played basketball, Robert can still shoot consecutive hoops with ease. Robert's memory is an example of A) explicit memory. B) sensory memory. C) episodic memory. D) nondeclarative memory.
D
47) Estelle remembers the night she was mugged and brutally beaten. This memory probably involves not only her hippocampus, but also her A) cerebellum. B) hypothalamus. C) thalamus. D) amygdala.
D
53) Mickey is about to take his psychology finals. Just before the exam, the person sitting next to him asks him the name of the physiologist who worked on classical conditioning. Mickey suddenly realizes that he cannot quite remember the name, but he knows that it starts with a P and is two syllables long. Mickey is experiencing A) repression. B) simple decay. C) retrograde amnesia. D) the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
D
58) Ralph is preparing a report on his academic field trip to a manufacturing plant. He is trying to remember each event of the trip in the order in which it occurred to prepare an accurate report in a presentable form. Which of the following memory tasks is Ralph using? A) rehearsal B) recognition C) consolidation D) recall
D
63) Which of the following is TRUE of the levels-of-processing theory? A) At deep levels of processing, information is processed in terms of its physical and sensory aspects. B) At shallow levels of processing, information is analyzed in terms of its meaning. C) When the initial level of processing of specific information is shallow, the information will be retained for longer. D) At an intermediate level of processing, information is translated into meaningful units.
D
67) A typical multiple-choice question on a psychology test is an example of both a ________ and an ________ test of memory. A) recall; implicit B) recall; explicit C) recognition; implicit D) recognition; explicit
D
7) Which of the following is TRUE of sensory memory? A) The precision of sensory memory is low due to its brief duration. B) Sensory memory is the memory store in which information first has meaning. C) Sensory memory permits us to keep information in an active state briefly so that we can do something with the information. D) Sensory memory can store an almost exact replica of each stimulus to which it is exposed.
D
77) Which of the following is TRUE of flashbulb memories? A) The less distinctive a stimulus is, the more likely we are to recall it later. B) A distinctive stimulus always helps us remember the source of the information. C) Flashbulb memories contain every detail of an original scene. D) The details recalled in flashbulb memories are often inaccurate.
D
80) "I don't know who told me first, but I heard that Kenny..." Lana begins, sharing gossip on the phone with a friend. Lana is experiencing A) anterograde amnesia. B) retrograde amnesia. C) dissociative amnesia. D) source amnesia.
D
81) During a conversation, Jerry told his friend that their favorite rock band was going to perform in their city. However, he could not remember the medium through which he got the information about the show. Jerry was experiencing A) anterograde amnesia. B) retrograde amnesia. C) dissociative amnesia. D) source amnesia.
D
86) Dr. Tranh has given so many lectures that he gives little thought to what he expects might happen. He assumes students will assemble, take notes, and occasionally ask a question. That Dr. Tranh finds the process so routine reflects the development of A) a semantic association. B) explicit memory. C) a retrieval path. D) a schema.
D
96) Which of the following statements best describes the forgetting function that Ebbinghaus discovered? A) Material is forgotten at a relatively constant rate once it has been learned. B) Nothing is ever really forgotten. C) Material is forgotten at a relatively slow rate at first, then the rate of forgetting speeds up. D) Material is forgotten relatively rapidly at first, and then the rate of forgetting slows down.
D
