Chapter 7 (Evolution)

How did the discovery of fossils contrast with what the ancient Greeks believed about species?

The Greeks believed species were permanent and unchanging, however, fossil discovery showed that species do change slowly.

Evolution drives natural selection. True or false?

True

What are the two main points that Charles Darwin made in the Origin of Species?

-He presented the concept of evolution -How evolution occurs, through natural selection

List two factors that influence the diversity of a population's gene pool

-Microevolution -Natural selection

What are the two common misconceptions about evolution by natural selection?

-That individuals evolve -All physical aspects are passed onto offspring

Would you expect the DNA sequences of humans to be closer to a tiger or a jellyfish?

A tiger, because it's a mammal and has similar bone structures to humans

What evidence is provided for a scientist to place a species accurately in a phylogenetic tree?

Appearance on the fossil record, analysis of DNA/proteins

A dairy farmer decides to breed her dairy cow that produces the most milk on a daily basis. This technique of breeding for a trait we find advantageous is known as which of the following?

Artificial Selection

A rancher uses a particular chicken for breeding purposes because, on average she observed that this chicken laid more eggs than other chickens. Would this be an example of natural selection or artificial selection?

Artificial Selection is the act of selective breeding. It's not naturally occurring. It's the individual pushing for more utility. This would be artificial.

What are the three domains?

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

The distribution of species is known as

Biogeography

In biology class, a student observes a whale flipper and a human arm. He makes the observation that the bone organization is similar. What conclusion is supported by this evidence?

By using comparative anatomy, the student can see that the bones have been constructed similar

Who is the famous scientist that published his idea that all life is connected through a shared evolutionary history. What was the title of his famous scientific publication?

Charles Darwin. On the Origin of Species By Means of Natural Selection

A group of species descended from a common ancestor is known as a

Clade

levels of taxonomy (largest to smallest)

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

You discover a new single celled organism that is able to survive in frigid conditions. You observe that is has a nucleus. Which domain?

Eukarya

What is the unifying theme of biology?

Evolution

Individuals with traits that make them highly competitive within their environment will actually have fewer offspring over time. True or false?

False, individuals with traits that make them suited for competing have more offspring

Microevolution accounts for the creation of new species. True or false?

False, macroevolution does this

In its simplest terms, speciation refers to the extinction of a species. If false, please correct the statement

False, speciation is the evolutionary form of a new species

A class will include which of the following

Family

All the variations of all the genes in a population are known as its

Gene pool

What is the genus and species of homo sapiens

Homo and sapiens

Students usually view mutations in a negative context. Explain how this can be inaccurate

In rare cases, mutation can enhance the survivability of a species.

Who was the first to suggest that species evolved through physical changes that allowed them to better succeed in their environment

Lamarck

Which scientist suggested that the Earth is in fact very old and gradually changing through processes?

Lyell

Evolution on it's smallest scale is known as

Microevolution

A common misconception regarding evolution is that organisms evolve. What actually evolved?

Molecules

A common misconception among students is that evolution is natural selection and vice versa. How would you correct that misconception of those students?

Natural selection has to deal with heritable traits while evolution is more broad and generationally based

It is often said that natural selection selects for certain traits and removes others. Explain.

Natural selection selects traits that enhance survival

A corn farmer applies a pesticide to his crops each year. After several years, he notices that the pesticide seems to have less of an effect. The population of insects is now more resistant to the pesticide. Would this be an example of artificial or natural selection? Briefly explain what you think would happen to the insect population if the farmer applied a different pesticide the next year.

Natural selection. If he applied a different pesticide, the flies would die off

What did Darwin conclude from the following observations -Overproduction -Limited resources

Overproduction has the probability of producing too great an amount of offspring, and that limits resources for survival. Limited resources means hunting gets more competitive which results in natural selection

What is the significance that the discovery of fossils had on scientific thought?

Scientists began to determine that the Earth might be older than initially thought

Which of the following best describes Darwinian fitness?

The change in a population's gene pool over generations

In 1859, Charles Darwin published "On The Origin Of Species by Means of Natural Selection." What did Darwin introduce the scientific community to in this publication?

The concept of evolution by natural selection

Taxonomy

The scientific study of how living things are classified

A phylogenetic tree represents a hypothesis about the evolutionary history of an organism. True or false?

True

A reproductive barrier is a mechanism that prevents members of different species from mating with one another. True or false?

True

A very common misconception about evolution is that individuals evolve. True or false?

True

Darwin published his research on evolution only in response to Alfred Russel Wallace preparing to publish his research on natural selection. True or false?

True

Natural selection is the primary driving force behind evolution. True or false?

True

The antibiotic penicillin is almost completely useless today due to the evolution of bacteria with resistance to penicillin. True or false?

True

A zoo has two separate lion habitats with six in one and eight in the other. Are the lions in those habitats members of the same population?

Yes, a population is a group of individuals of the same species living in the same place

Would you expect evolution by natural selection to occur faster in a population that reproduces quickly or slowly?

Yes, with more variables being added and subtracted it would occur faster.

The analysis of clades is called

cladistics

Microevolution

evolutionary change within a species or small group of organisms, especially over a short period.

Comparative anatomy evidence for evolution

features similar between different organisms Homology: arms, flippers, wings. Vestigial structures: structures that once served as a purpose but are no longer used (wisdom teeth)

A phylogenetic tree really represents a _______ about the evolutionary history of a species

hypotheses

Macroevolution

large-scale evolutionary changes that take place over long periods of time

When genes become more or less frequent within a population over time, this small scale change is known as

microevolution

A population that is capable of breeding to produce healthy and fertile offspring is known as a

species

Biogeography evidence for evolution

study of distribution of species over geological period. High number of marsupials in Australia due to the island barrier. Wallace's Line: imaginary line amongst Asian island. Animals on Asia, organisms in Australia. Know Known line: deep sea oceanic trench.

A domain is

the broadest taxonomic category, of which there are three (Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya)

Speciation is

the formation of new species in the course of evolution