Combo with "Ethics in America Terms" and 6 others

Robert Noziak

American philosopher who was a colleague of Rawls at Harvard. He compared income tax to forced labor and stated that redistribution of wealth is only justifiable when it is resolving a past injustice.

John Locke

Beieved that since humans can reason, they can understand Natural Law and are responsible for enforcing it.

Individual Relativism

Belief that what is right or wrong varies from person to person

Natural Law Theory

Beliefs based on the idea that moral standards originate from human nature and the universe, and that deviation from the natural norm is wrong.

Rita Manning

Believe that a caring person will try to resolve conflicts through compromise Care approach tries to seek alternative solutions to satisfy all

Thomas Hobbes

Believed humans, in their natural state without gov't or social order, would be in a constant state of war Humans surrender their natural liberties to gov't in exchange for order and safety

Biblical morality and social-contract theory share which of the following traits?

Both are at least partially based upon contracts between entities

Retributive and distributive justice are similar in which of the following ways?

Both are concerned with the relationship between society and individuals

John Locke

British philosopher, believed humans are not born with any ideas as the mind is blank slate at birth. Said individuals have certain natural rights, The right to live without being harmed, the right to make their own choices, and the right to own property. Those ideas influenced our forefathers in the Declaration of independence (life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.

The Prophets denounce evil in which of the following manners?

By angrily declaring that their flock has sinned, will be punished severely by God, but then forgiven—if they repent and mend their ways

felicific calculus

Calculates the quantity of happiness that an action would produce / gauge of moral rightness Calculates the value of consequential pleasure or pain to an individual according to its intensity, duration, certainty or uncertainty, propinquity or remoteness, fecundity (make fruitful), and purity. to calculate its value to a number of people, one must consider these factors and add a seventh factor: its extent, that is, the number of people who will be affected by the act. When the interests of the community are affected, a complex process of balancing pleasure and pain are followed.

A manager is told at a high-level meeting that she must fire three people as part of a company-wide cost-cutting program designed to raise the company's stock price by lowering operating expenses. For the manager, which of the following two ethical issues are in conflict?

Fidelity and Institutional Responsibilities

Moral Egoism

It is always moral to act in the manner that benefits self-interest. It is always good for society when individuals focus on benefiting themselves.

Kant would object to Bentham's and Mill's "greatest happiness principle" in which of the following ways?

It is based on the results of actions

St. Thomas Aquinas

Just War Tradition

Moral Objectivism

Moral judgements are objectively true or false (Divine Command Theory)

David Gauthier

Moral principles can be interpreted as the outcome of self interest bargains

Cultural Relativism

Moral rightness is determined by the rules developed by that particular culture. Beliefs and morals can change over time

Immanuel Kant

Moral rules are consistently binding on everyone at all times. Treat people the way they would consent to you treating them the same way.

Ethical Egoism

Moral standards override obligations (promotion of self well-being)

Immanuel Kant

Morality is a matter of following absolute rules. Sense of Duty is the guiding principle

J.S. Mill

Morality is to act in a manner that brings the greatest state of happiness to all those affected by our conduct,

Restorative Justice

Opposite of Retributive: it deals with the healing and reconciliation after the crime

In A Theory of Justice, Rawls replaces Hobbes, Rouseau, and Locke's "state of nature" with what?

Original position

Aristotle

Our capacity to reason can be exercised in the pursuit of knowledge and in practical living (ethics)

Martin Luther King

Pacifist (Non-violence) - Civil Rights Movement of the 1950's and 1960's American civil rights movement was working for the cause of justice

If the God of the Bible commands "thou shalt not kill," but then assists the Israelites in their conquest of Canaan, often wiping out whole peoples, we are faced with which of the following situations?

Paradox

Ned Noddings

Parent-child relationship

Aristotle

Particular Justice Distributive and rectifications (restorative) justice Amends unfair division between 2 individuals

Negative Act

Possibility of having several alternative actions available to an agent that could be morally right

Deterrence

Potential criminals try to avoid crime to avoid being imprisoned or killed

Ross

Prima Facia obligations must be weighed and compared

WD Ross

Prima Facie Duties (self evident moral principles)

Ross

Prima facie obligations (duties) are not absolute Obligation is the duty you have and is determined after weighing up obligations Prima Facie duties can be overridden when necessary Problems with Prima facie duties is intellectual immaturity or lack of thought

What system of ethics holds that ethical standards are constructs of society?

Relativism. And this-worldly.

Relativists

Rely more heavily on persuasion than on truth

Science

Representive governments rely on the free and unrestricted flow of information. Which os the following social activites relies on the free and unrestricted flow of information in order to properly operate?

Stage 4

Respect for the rules of the group - focuses on what's necessary to promote the cohesiveness of society (ex: breaking the law is unethical behavior)

Stage 6

Rights and Justice - concerned mostly with justice - being an ideal ethical thinker needs you to distance yourself from a situation to assess it clearly

Abortion

Roe VS. Wade = States can not prevent a woman from having an abortion during the first trimester of pregnancy. Second Trimester it is the womans choice however the state may intervene to save the mother life. Third Trimester the state may protect the baby except at the right of loss of the mother.

J.S. Mill

Rule Utilitarianist.

J.S. Mill

Rule is the correct moral action is the one that produces the most desirable results Actions are judged to be right or wrong based solely on the virtue of their consequences. only happiness or unhappiness matters and no one's happiness or unhappiness is more important than any other person's. Holds actions right in proportion where they promote happiness and wrong where they promote reverse

states that the morally right action is the one that is in accordance with a moral rule whose general observance would create the most happiness.

Rule utilitarians

Ayn Rand

Russian Philosopher that was a moral egoist who had a philosophy of objectivsm which means doing anything for another person will sacrifice happiness unless there is a reward involved.

Ignorance

Socrates believed that all wrong doing is a result of this

Unity of Virtues

Socrates' idea that a person who knows that virtuous action will benefit them will act virtuously in all areas of life.

State of Nature

The condition of people living in a situation without man-made government, rules, or laws.

Restorative

Type of Justice. Violation is seen as again the person and not the State and solutions are sought between the offender, victim, and community in an attempt to encourage healing and reconciliation

Internal

Type of Justice. Within individual professions, a set of rules are established to guide behavior (doctors)

Martin Luther King

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)

covenant

a contract or agreement between two parties to complete a task

human nature

a generalized blueprint for the kind of entity you are

Kohlberg's six stages of moral development

a hierarchy that tracked how people can move from lesser to a more sophisticated ethical reasoning

Stoicism

a philosophy based on the idea that absolute law rules the universe and that humans cannot change fate.

What is the Problem of Evil

a question of how to reconcile the existence of evil with that of a deity who is omnipotent, omniscient, and omnibenevolent.

Moral virtue

a relative mean between extremes of excess and deficiency - ini general a life of moderation in all things except virtue

Self-knowledge

according to Socrates this is the sufficient condition to the good life

If a senator takes a much larger percentage of her donations from large corporations than from individuals, then the question of whom she is representing—large corporate donors or her constituents, regardless of donation—is one of

accountability

It is the value of the consequences of the particular act that counts when determining whether the act is right.

act utilitarians

Standard of Happiness

actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness

Vices

bad character traits

intuitionism

based on intuition rather than facts

Deontologists

believe that right and good consist in obedience to objective moral duties

What two topics are prominent in metaethics?

(1) metaphysical issues: concerning whether morality exists independently of humans, and (2) psychological issues: concerning the underlying mental basis of our moral judgments and conduct.

Sophists

-traveled Greece giving lectures -taught about virtue and excellence

Aristotle disapproved of suicide to escape poverty, love or anything painful. He said that these acts were not courageous, but implied that suicide with other more virtuous motives might be.

...

Both argued that ethical behavior depends on maximinzing irrationallity

...

Only Plato argues for the dominace of reason as a necessary prerequisite for ethical behavior

...

all pleasures are of equal value

...

utility is measure by their personal preferences.

...

Thomas Hobbes

..., English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679)

Existentialists

believe there are no universal rules for right and wrong. Full freedom to make own choices but must take all responsibility and risk for actions Rejects absolute moral law such as Divine Command Theory

Jeremy Bentham

believed that moral justification came from utility and good institutions produce good consequences (Hedonistic Utilitarianism)

Kant

believed that morality consisted on acting on the basis of duty alone - the consequences of our actions are often out of our control

Thomas Hobbes

believes that all acts are ultimately self-serving, even when they seem benevolent, that in a state of nature, prior to any formation of government, humans would behave completely selfishly

metha-ethics, what is ?

branch of ethics which seeks to understand the nature of the ethical properties, statements, attitudes and judgments

Some feminist ethical philosophers would substitute or augment the notion of justice with that of

care

principle of universalizability

categorical imperative- only moral actions are those that are universally accepted (kant)

Diogenes claimed

citizenship not of any country but of the world.

normative hedonism

claim that all and only pleasure has worth or value and all and only pain has disvalue - happiness should be pursued

motivational hedonism

claim that only pleasure or pain motivate us - most significant form of psychological hedonism

Epicureanism / hedonism

emerged under Epicurus, asserted that happiness was the purpose of life. According to hedonism achieving happiness involves avoiding pain and increasing pleasure.

Epictetus

former slave who received an education in the doctrine of Stoic philosophy - believed ethical wisdom can be obtained by keeping a moral purpose in harmony with nature

John Locke

founder of Liberalism - believed that everybody must be moved by a desire for his or her own happiness or pleasure.

Standards of disclosure

four basic possible standards: Full Disclosure Standard, Subjective Standard, Customary Practice or Professional Standard, Reasonable Person Standard

Autonomy (from medical perspective)

freedom to accept or refuse treatment

five general principles the 15 laws of nature come from

humans pursue only their own self-interest; all people are equal; three natural causes of quarrel; natural condition of perpetual war; motivation for peace

Virtue

includes a good habit, a mean, and a disposition to act within reason

Stoic philosphy

live according to nature - according to rational principles which involve an emphasis on character and self-mastery - reason links all of society

Golden Mean

maintaining balance and not going to the extreme in either direction is the key to happiness - Aristotle

David Hume

maintains that moral values are relative to our natural human feelings and the urgent needs real situations - our ction should be guided by our feeling good about ourselves while promoting social well-being. Experiences of morality drawn from peoples experiences

autonomy

make our own decisions

Puffery

making exagerated claims about products

Transcendence

means to be beyond the experience.

what is divine command theory

meta-ethical theory: All command by God = morally good

Preemption

military action taken first in self-defense where an attack is imminent. Moral judgment on preemption difficult and would depend on circumstances of each case

rule utilitarianism

set of rules that produces the greatest amount of good for the most people

nihilist

skeptic

contractionism

social contract

Transcendental idealism

the concept that appearances should be view only as representations and not as things themselves (both mind and understanding create reality).

distributive justice:

the fair or equitable division of goods in a community.

The Books of Law

the first 5 books of the Old Testament

Golden Mean

the idea of avoiding extremes - you shouldn't do anything to excess

conflict of interest

when someone's work stands to serve an interest in conflict with his or her obligations as a professional

John Locke

writings profoundly influenced the development of democracy in the U.S. and throughout the world

Leviathan

written by Hobbes - morality consists of Laws of Nature

Thucydides

wrote the History of the Peloponnesian War

Ethics

Reasoning, Rules, and Logic

Prima Facie Duties

Self evident moral principles (WD Ross)

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Social Contract Anti Distribution of Wealth

Thomas Hobbes

Social Contract Theory wrote "Leviathan" without government, world would be in constant state of war

Intuitionist

Something that is self-evident doesn't require proof

Autonomy

The ability to make one's own decisions

Hippocratic Oath

To benefit rather than harm

Immanuel Kant

Transcendental Idealism "Respect for Persons"

Best Interest Principle

We should do what for the best interest of the child (in a case for abuse, the child is removed)

Psychological Egoism

actions are guided by motivations that advance self-interest

Contractiaranism

agreement which validates moral principles agreed upon

Ecocentrism (eco-holism)

all living things are equal: humans, plants, and animals

Divine Command Theory

all moral obligations originate from God

The Art of Living

by Epicetus (on respectful actions)

Categorical Moral Reasoning

locates morality in certain duties and rights

Consequentialist Moral Reasoning

locates morality in the consequences of an act

Humean

looks at the motives

Involuntary Euthanasia

no given consent

Collateral Damage

noncombatants killed due to attack on military target

Strong Paternalism

overriding an autonomous decision to protect someone from self-harm

Kant

people have dignity because they are rational agents

Anthropocentric

places human interests above interests of other living things (animals/plants)

Disablement

placing criminals in prison or execution

Teleological Reasoning

reasoning from the "telos" (the goal, end)

Common Sense Morality

suggest the special parent-child relationship imposes strong moral duty on a parent to raise and care for the child

Moral Isolationism

the end moral reasoning

Telos

the point, the end, the goal

Preference-Utilitarianism

utility is measured by personal preferences

Retributive Justice

Aims to prevent further criminal activity

Transcendental Idealism

Appearances are viewed as only representations and not the things themselves. Mind and understanding create reality (Kant)

Jean Paul Sartre

Atheistic Existentialist

Pythagoras

Cosmologist

Economic Inequality

Distribution of wealth and resources

Robert Nozick

Distributive Justice = Tax Tax = Forced Labor Therefore, DJ = Slavery

Kantians

Do the respectful thing

Feminist Ethics

Emerged in 1960s and analyzes/addresses sexual inequalities

Kantians

Follow Kant's beliefs and the Universal Law

Principle of Forfeiture

Killing people in self-defense is allowable

Aldo Leopold

Land ethic reflects conviction of responsibility for the land

Speciesism

Limits moral worth to humans only (Peter Singer)

Locke

Majority rules

Plato

Lying is wrong unless it is done for the good of society

Ayatallah Khameini

Man has no natural rights and we are to submit to God's commands

Justice

Medical Profession Principle. Confidentiality; fair allocation of resources

Non-Maleficence

Medical Profession Principle. applies to acts done and not done (omitted)

Autonomy

Medical Profession Principle. be informed and empowered to make decisions

Beneficence

Medical Profession Principle. doing good

privacy

Mental health professionals, clergy, journalists, physiians and lawyers al have confidential relationships with various people they work with or for. This shows our society's acknowledgement of the importance of which of the following?

What are the three modern ethical theories?

Metaethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics.

What theory concentrates on the origins and constructs of ethics, including God, society, and satisfying emotion?

Metaethics.

Preemtion

Military action in self-defense

Immanuel Kant

Moral Law based on Categorical Imperative

Buddism

Moral code does not have a divine origin. Dalai Lama asserts that morality helps people achieve happiness many times through reincarnation. Happiness to self and others derives from being loving, compassionate, patient, forgiving, and responsible.

Hinduism

Moral guidance based on a principle called ahimsa. Which is the principle of nonviolence. Ahism involves both behavior feelings towards others, so hatred for another violates ahisma. Emphasis is on being detached from pain and desire and choosing actions that cause the lease amount of harm.

Just War Theory

Moral if: 1) Declared by authority 2) Fought for just cause 3) Appropriate for provocation (Thomas Aquinas)

according to Midgley

Moral isolationism leaves no room for moral reasoning or argument. It prevents people from giving out opinions or comments."

a hypothetical imperative

""If I want to be treated well, then I will have to treat others well"" This statement is an example of which of the following"

St. Thomas Aquinas

"Conscience is the dictate of reason...he who acts against his conscience always sins."

Retributive Justice

"Eye for an eye; Life for a life."

a categorical imperative

"Taking another person's life is unethical"" This statement is an example of which of the following

Aristotle

Basis of ethics in psychology - organized personality will and reason operate in harmony

Gauthier

Egoists encounter strategy-payoff conflicts for the benefit of their long-term interests

A doctor's primary dictum—"do no harm" could be considered to be part of which of the following ethical notions or systems?

Consequentialism

Aristotle

Considers women morally inferior

Stage 2

Egoism and exchange relationships - thinking is based on self-interest and how it can be achieved within relationships

Aristotle

Goal for all humans is happiness - rational activity possessed with Arete

To the ancient Israelites, the ultimate basis of law was

God

Immanuel Kant

(1724-1804) Deontological Ethics; non-consequentialist. 1. happiness is not an intrinsic good, it can be evil. 2. the only intrinsic good is good will (using reason to determine your duty and doing it regardless of consequences. 3. an action is right only if it is done from duty, not self-interest or inclination. 4. what is our duty?

Epicurus

(341-270 B.C.): This philosopher played the major role in developing the philosophy of himism. According to him, and other proponents of this philosophy, people should attempt to seek pleasure and happiness by avoiding painful situations.

Intellectual Virtues

- Scientific Knowledge - Intuitive Reason - Practical Wisdom - Skill - Wisdom

Moral Virtues

- Self-control - Bravery - Self-Respect - Gentleness - Truthfulness - Generosity

Karma

A persons actions determine what happens to them in the future and in future reincarnations.

Thomas Jefferson

..., Virginian, architect, author, governor, and president. Lived at Monticello. Wrote the Declaration of Independence. Second governor of Virgina. Third president of the United States. Designed the buildings of the University of Virginia.

4 main principles derived from Common Morality

1) Beneficence 2) Nonmaleficence 3) Justice 4) Autonomy (from medical perspective)

Reasons for War

1) Defending 2) Protecting Resources 3) Gaining Territory 4) Settling Disputes

Types of Punishment

1) Disablement 2) Deterrence 3) Rehabilitation

Categories of Moral Though

1) Practical Reason (how to act) 2) Pure Reason (what exists)

Opinions on Abortion

1) Right-to-Life (immoral) 2) Woman is in control of her own body (moral)

Types of Existentialists

1) Theistic 2) Atheistic (Jean Paul Sartre)

2 Ethical Issues w/ War

1) When is it ok to resort to war 2) What are the moral limits in waging war

Commandments

1-4 relate to actions of individuals and God 5-10 govern relationships between individuals

Three types of punishment in the American justice system

1. Disablement - placing a convicted criminal in prison or executing a criminal 2. Deterrence - Potential criminals attempt to avoid being imprisoned or executed, so they do not commit crimes 3. Rehabilitation - Prisoners get an education or learn a trade to be used once released from prison to avoid the lure of criminal activity.

Just War Theory

1. It is declared by a competent authority. 2. It is fought for a just cause. 3. It is fought with the right intentions. 4. It is appropriate for the provocations. 5. It is used as a last resort. 6. There is a reasonable chance for success.

A Priori Concepts

1. Space 2. Time 3. Causality 4. Substance

St. Thomas Aquinas

13th Century Christian philosopher. Wrote "The Five Ways," which outlined five proofs for the existence of God.

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

sophists

1st relativists

Kant

If something is inherently wrong, it's always wrong regardless the outcome

Confucianism

3 Key principles Li - propriety, reverence, courtesy, ritual or ideal standard of religious, moral, and social conduct Provides the structure for social interaction Jen - virtue of goodness and benevolence Makes it a moral system Chun-Tzu - True gentleman; Man who lives according to the highest ethical standards. Self-respect, generosity, sincerity, persistence, and benevolence Son - he is always loyal; Father - he is just and kind; Official - loyal and faithful Husband - righteous and just; Friend - faithful and tactful

Feinberg

4 Principles to determine legitimacy in government intervention in individual freedom. The Harm Principle. The Offense Principle. The Paternalism Principle. Legal Moralism.

Joel Feinburg

4 principles to determine legitimacy of government 1) Harm Principle (prevent harm) 2) Offense Principle (prohibit offensive actions) 3) Paternalism (prevent people from harming selves) 4) Legal Moralism

Jean-Jacques Rosseau

A French philosopher who believed that humans were innately good and corrupted by society, and general will--power rests in the citizens.

Immanuel Kant

A German philosopher who believed in categorical imperatives, duty as the highest virtue, and that human beings were ends, not means, and to treat them as such was wrong.

Thucydides

A Greek historian who wrote The History of the Peloponnesian War, which presented a mixture of facts and fact-based fictionalization. In it he raises questions of the ethics of war. He equated freedom with happiness and courage.

Voluntary Euthanasia

A competent and completely informed patient consents to being euthanized.

Categorical Imperatives

A concept developed by Kant. In deciding whether an action is right or wrong, a person should evaluate the action in terms of what would happen if everybody else in the same situation acted the same way.

Carol Gilligan

A feminist psychologist who asserted that men and women have different approaches to moral decisions. Men have an ethics of justice, and focus on applying rules and minimizing emotions, while women have an ethics of care, and consider responsibilities, relationships and emotions. Both approaches are valuable to society.

Thucydides

A greek historian that wrote "The History of the Peloponneasian War". Raised questions about the ethics of war.

Not doing harm

A group of citizens form a knitting circle. This is an example of

Preventing harm

A group of citizens pledges to abstain from littering and hold without fail to this pledge. This is an example of

Doing good

A group of citizens volunteers time to rebuild a home destroyed in a hurricane. This is an example of

Sophists

A group of traveling teachers from the fifth century BC who were paid to lecture on a variety of topics. They can be considered the first relativists, and gained a reputation for being untrustworthy thanks to their reliance on persuasion over truth.

"If I want to pass the Ethics in America test, then I will have to study." This statement is an example of which of the following?

A hypothetical imperative

Martin Luther King

A just law is a man-made code that squares with the moral law or the law of God Any law that degrades human personality is unjust All segregation statutes are unjust because segregation distorts the soul and damages the personality

Aristotle

A philosopher and Plato's student who concentrated on empirical knowledge. He believed that change is necessary and natural, and everything has a purpose. He wrote Nicomachean Ethics, and that balance was the key to happiness.

Nel Noddings

A philosopher who studied the ethics of care, who asserted that studying how people care for those around them leads to understanding how to care for people in society.

Transcendental Idealism

A philosophical concept. Appearances should be viewed as only representations, not the things themselves--both the mind and understanding create reality.

Hinduism

A polytheistic religion in which moral guidance is based on principles like ahimsa (nonviolence), dharma (caste duties) and karma (consequences). It emphasizes detachment from pain and causing as little harm as possible.

Pythagoras

A pre-Socratic philosopher, mathematician and cosmologist who wrote nothing himself, but is historically thought to have believed in the magic of numbers and reincarnation.

Islam

A religion based on the Koran, which incorporates elements of Christianity and Judaism but declares itself to be the fulfillment of both through its prophet, Mohammed.

Christianity

A religion founded by Jesus Christ, based on the Bible, that teaches that humanity is fallen and can only find salvation through faith in Christ and his substitutiary sacrifice.

Veracity

A scientist who has faked results has interfered with which of the following?

Professional code of ethics

A solider asks his unit clergyman to pray that he will kill many of the enemy. The clergyman refuses. On which of the following grounds did the clergyman most likely refuse?

Who is Epictetus ?

A stoic philosopher Fate: Suffering: Happiness

The Moral Law theory is based on which of the following claims?

A system of morality is inherent in the universe. Human beings can understand the system of morality inherent in the universe. Human beings are capable of obeying the system of morality inherent in the universe.

Aquinas

A sysytem conception of natural law originated with which of the following ethical philosophers/

Intrinsic Value

A value that is a good thing in itself and is pursued for its own sake.

Just War Theory

A war is justified when: 1. It is declared by a competent authority 2. It is fought for a just cause 3. It is fought with the right intentions 4. It is appropriate for the provocation 5. It is used as a last resort 6. There is reasonable chance for success. Just war tradition stems from the Catholic Church and St. Thomas Aquinas is linked to the first three justifications.

Thomas Jefferson

Ability (legitimacy) to govern is derived from the consent of the people The idea of justice is embedded in the political framework of the society Society ruled by laws not men

Golden Mean

According to Aristotle, happiness as achieved by balance.

the results of a process by which individuals collectively agree upon a cohert view of what is just

According to Ralws, reflective equilibrium is

liberty extends up to the point of inflicting harm on another

According to the "harm principle"

a mistaken, short-term impression of humans who do not know (and can not know) all of God's plan

According to the Book of Job, if God is all powerful, all knowing and wholly good, then evil must come from

A convenant

According to the Old Testament, the Israelites were bond to God by which of the following

father

According to the Old Testament, the Israelites were to God as a child is to a

when faced with a choice, we must first consider the likely consequences of potential actions and, from that, choose to do what we believe will generate the most pleasure

Act Utilitarianism

Psychological Egoism

Actions are guided by motivations that advance their interest

Utilitarianism (Consequentialism)

Actions are morally acceptable if good consequences outweigh bad consequences

Plato

Actions are ok if they are reasonable, rational, and necessary

The original position is a contract in which every citizen

Agrees to regarding rights and duties.

Thomas Jefferson

All men are equal, had the right to life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness Rights are Self-Evident - they are inalienable and do not have to be proven Believed that it is government's duty to secure self-evident rights of its citizens

FOIA

Allows access to records held by government agencies on themselves and demand incorrect records to be changed

Ethical Relativism

Allows for rightness or wrongness to vary from person to person; society to society

Hedonists

Also known as Epicureans after their original teacher, these believed that happiness was the purpose of life, and anything that reduced pain and increased happiness was therefore good.

Distributive Justice

Also known as social justice, the extent to which institutions ensure that benefits and burdens are distributed fairly among society.

Dialectic

Also known as the Socratic Method, a method of argument in which one person asks the other questions to try to get them to realize their own answers or the flaws in their argument.

John Rawls

American philosopher who wrote "Theory of Justice" which refuted utilitarianism because he believed each person should have basic liberties. Freedom of speech for all. He said "Injustice is simply inequalities that are not to the benefit of all.

Robert Nozik

An American philosopher who addressed the issue of distributive justice, but stated that wealth redistribution was only justifiable if it was resolving a past injustice.

John Rawls

An American philosopher who revived the social contract theory and discussed distributive justice. He believed in basic individual liberties and reducing inequalities to benefit the less-advantaged (but at a pinch the former trumps the latter).

John Locke

An English philosopher who asserted that individuals have certain natural rights, like living without being harmed by others, make their own choices, and own property, and that the purpose of the government was to protect those rights.

Thomas Hobbes

An English philosopher who believed that humans live fearfully in a world full of insecurity and violence, and that submission to rulers is the only way to have harmony in a society. Wrote the Leviathan.

Bentham

An act is only morally wrong if it reduced overall happiness

Deontology

An approach to ethics that judges the morality of an action based on the action's adherence to rules.

Allegory of the Cave

An extended metaphor created by Plato. It describes a group of prisoners in a cave, chained so their backs are to the entrance. They believe that the shadows (sensed reality) before them are reality, until someone manages to get free, turn around and see the source of the shadows (the real world, which can only be experienced intellectually).

Ideal City

An imaginary city conceptualized by Plato, with three classes of citizens (workers, guardians and soldiers), ruled with wisdom, courage and temperance.

Nonvoluntary Euthanasia

An incompetent patient or one who has not given consent undergoes euthanasia.

Buddhism

An offshoot of Hinduism with saints instead of gods, and which emphasizes moral behavior to achieve happiness through many cycles of reincarnation.

Autonomy

Animals are often excluded from etical considerations on the grounds that they lack which of the following characteristics?

is a major concept in the field of environmental ethics and environmental philosophy, where it is often considered to be the root cause of problems created by human interaction with the environment, however; it is profoundly embedded in our culture and conscious acts

Anthropocentrism

That the unborn generations have rights

Anti-abortionist and environmentaltis share which of the following ethical commitments?

What ethical theory involves specific issues such as abortion, environmentalism, war, homosexuality, capital punishment and similar topics.

Applied

Royce

Approached ethics from a deontological perspective. The highest duty is Loyalty, or commitment in general to the idea of duty. Aspects of Loyalty: autonomy, justice, and benevolence

under some condintions, an act that causes harm many be perimssible if a good end is brought about. One act may have two effects, one intended and one unintended

Aquinas' "princple of double effect" states which of the following

Jeremy Bentham

Argued that service to society generates more pleasure than service to self. Believed behavior is wrong if it reduces overall happiness. Long term happiness to the community is preferred over short term personal happiness.

what is the golden mean

Aristole's ____________ is the desirable middle between two extremes, one of excess and the other of deficiency. A Greek belief in a triad of principles which infuses life i.e. Symmetry, proportion, harmony.

Aristotle

Aristotle - Philosopher and student of Plato. He was an authority of nearly every subject. Two of his key beliefs were A. Everything has a purpose B. Change is both necessary and natural. Physical pleasure derived from money, work, and sex fail to bring ultimate happiness. Aristotle equates virtue to happiness, and he distinguishes between two types of virtues-moral excellence & intellectual excellence.

"The Doctrine of the Mean" was conceived by

Aristotle and means that one should avoid extremes in behavior and action.

Judaism

As the oldest monotheistic religion. Judaism places importance on history, laws and religious community and is responsible for influencing both Islam and Christianity

Epicurus

Asserted that the universe was created by an accidental collision of atoms rather than by Greek gods. Upon death people's souls and body's would dissolve back into atoms therefore hedonists felt free to enjoy life to the greatest extent without worry of retribution from the gods.

What philosopher believed that happiness is the basis of philosophy. To be happy one must grow in the knowledge of God not by satisfaction of goods.

Augustine of Hippo

John Locke

Believed in majority rule. If society is not happy with government, they have the right to revolt. The state of nature is a virtual natural government in which all take part in the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. Believed private property should be protected by the government Believed that property interest can be obtained through an investment of labor

Rand

Believed individuals exist for their own Self-interest Self-interest to achieve greatest happiness - highest moral purpose in life Believed one should never sacrifice himself to others nor sacrifice others to himself Must exist solely for oneself Propounds that one should never serve another (Problem with her philosophy) We are dependant on government, parents, etc

Aristotle

Believed moral excellence is a result of habit and support of good laws We become brave by doing brave acts We become just by doing just acts We become temperate (moderate) by doing temperate acts

Epictetus

Believed only virtues and virtuous activities are good Believed only evil is vice and actions motivated by vice.

Dworkin

Believed rights can be overridden if there is a legitimate right to protect the rights of others Rights could be breached to save one's life (abortion could be right to save the mother's life)

Nietzsche

Believed that a person that was intellectually disabled was inferior to someone with high intellect It is right and natural for intelligent person to exploit or suppress intellectually disabled person Believed superior people could dominate and exploit the weak (Slave Morality)

Aquinas

Believed that faith and reason could exist together and that theology and science were not contradictory. Created the Theory of Natural Law.

Epicurus

Believed that it was possible to lead a calm and enjoyable life by carefully managing the appetites Hedonists believe that happiness can be attained by maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain

Thrasymachus

Believed that laws are made by the ruling party in its own interest. In making the laws, ruling class defines Justice "Might makes Right"

Carol Gilligan

Believed that men have ethics of justice and focus on applying rules while minimizing emotions and female ethics consider responsibilities and relationships when making decisions. Women's decisions appeal to emotions such as sympathy, love and concern.

Thomas Hobbes

Believed that obligations to tell the truth were voluntarily assumed and so need not be always followed Believed a person should only accept moral rules and duties as it benefited him/her

John Locke

Believed that our ideas and knowledge are limited because they are sourced from our experiences

David Hume

Believed that our moral actions were guided by our feelings (not reason)

Aristotle

Believed that to lead a good life, people have to fulfill their natural goals

J.S. Mill

Believed the government has a moral right to limit freedom (liberty) when danger of people harming each other State has limited authority to interfere with personal freedom as long as individual's actions are not harming others; when the state interferes with purely personal conduct, it usually interferes wrongly Individual can do as they wish as long as they do not harm others Competent individuals can take part in dangerous activities as they are aware of risks The right to autonomy is enshrined in medical ethics

Thomas Hobbes

Believed the most pervasive right is that of Self Preservation Person may do whatever is necessary to save his life and obtain the means to live Passions that incline men to peace are fear of death, desire of commodious living, hope by their industry to obtain them.

Thomas Aquinas

Believed: Natural Law Theory Laws stem from God Humas=naturally rational Doctrine of Double Effect Just War Theory

John Locke

Believed: Social Contract Empiricism (knowledge acquired by testing evidence) Tabula Rasa Natural Rights Life, Liberty, Property

Dworkin

Believes that rights can be overridden if there's a legitimate right to protect rights of others

Jane English

Believes the relationships between grown-up children and parents should be based on mutual friendship Rather than reciprocal favors

that all pleasures were equivalent in value

Bentham, unlike Mill, argued

Christianity

Bible instructs that personal salvation occurs through faith and that God is merciful and all knowing.

St. Thomas Aquinas

Capital punishment is morally acceptable because it is necessary to protect the common good

Adam Smith

Capitalism Moral Egoism "Wealth of Nations"

Virginia Held

Caring for other people's feelings and needs may be better indicators of what morality requires in specific situations than abstract rules of reason.

What imperative states that for an action to be worth it must be universal to all beings and it must be done with a sense of moral duty?

Categorical

must be consistently willed as a universal law

Categorical Imperative

Immanuel Kant

Categorical Imperative 2 (Respect the Persons) Human have intrinsic worth and so can not be manipulated or used as a means to an end Humans have dignity and have to be respected since they represent rational moral law itself Moral agency involves honoring the fundamental worth and dignity of people and treating them with respect. Moral agency presupposes that people are rational, autonomous beings They can make or follow laws as necessary and recognize others as autonomous

Kant created what imperatives

Categorical and hypothetical

Mercy, Grace, Forgiveness

Christian ethics then to empahasize which of the following

Rawls

Coined the phrase "Perfect Procedural Justice" - means that a fair outcome is stated in advance

Marx

Communist Manifesto of 1848

Environmental Racism

Condition where an unusually high percentage of polluting industries and hazardous waste facilities are located in poor minority communities

If the legal responsibility of a CEO is to maximize profit for her company's shareholders, and that responsibility entails "externalizing" as many costs as possible, such as health care and pension costs for that company's employees, then the CEO is faced with which of the following?

Conflict of duties

You are on a lake in a boat with your father and mother—neither of whom can swim. You can swim quite well. The boat capsizes during a storm, and your parents float off and sink in opposite directions. You can only save one. You are faced with a particularly terrible version of which of the following problems?

Conflict of duties

Covenant

Contract between God and His people

Marx

Cosmopolitan "of the world" character - "In place of old wants, satisfied by the production of The country, we find new wants, requiring for their satisfaction the products of distant lands"

Socrates

Critic of Sophists Believed people didn't knowingly do wrong Virtue=Knowledge

Aristotle

Crito - First appearance of what will be called Social Contract Theory

Relativism that is determined by society, such as acceptance of homosexuals, matricide, abortion, etc. is:

Cultural relativism

does not mean that morality is set in stone. Beliefs can change over time and just because it is acceptable at one point in time does not make it morally right.

Cultural relativism

believed that justice stems from just laws. Therefore, to deliberately break the law, even by going abroad to do so, would result in injustice.

David Hume, Humean

The 3 branches of ethics

Descriptive, normative, meta-ethics

Bentham

Devised an algorithm called the hedonistic or felicific calculus

Descriptive Ethical Relativism

Different people have different moral beliefs but no stand on whether Beliefs are valid or not

Aristotle

Disapproved of suicides to escape poverty, love, or anything painful (cowardice) Suicides with more virtuous motives such as courage may be ok

Epictetus

Discipline of asset Discipline of desire - must be managed and kept in check to avoid disappointment Discipline of action

Homosexuality

Disobeys the will of god and is considered unnatural. Sexual organs are used for procreation so homosexual acts are an unnatural use of the body.

J.S. Mill

Distinguishes between higher and lower pleasures Disapproved of Paternalism Exception: only if for a short period of time where actor was not aware of circumstances Once awareness, intervention must cease

refers to the distribution of burdens and benefits in society

Distributive justice

states that whatever God permits is right.

Divine Permission Theory (DPT

Scripture and "God's Will," and divine commands such as "murder is wrong," are called ...

Divine command theory or voluntarism.

Hippocratic Oath

Doctors take oath to do no harm, assisting in suicides is wrong

Aristotle

Doctrine of the Mean (Virtue is a mean) Correct course of action is the mean or average Constantly shifting science as human behavior and motivations vary Ex: Courage - Extreme / Foolhardiness - Cowardice Actions can be determined according to circumstances of each situation promoting equity promoted a f air and equitable outcome for parties involved Develop virtues that lead to rational, practical actions; this enables us to respond with the right emotions and the right actions. To fail to respond is a defect, to over-respond is an excess

The New Testament's ethics differs from that of the Old Testament in that it

Does not follow the dietary laws in the Old Testament and is not limited to one's family or ethnic group.

Martin Luther King

Drew from Biblical tradition, Aquinas, Hobbes, Locke, Jefferson, and Kant Believed that God's law is higher than civil law Right to justice is a moral right entitled to all Obligation to do justice overrode the possibilities of violence and threats to order

Normative Ethical Relativism

Each culture or group's beliefs are right within their culture. Cannot Validly judge another culture's values from the outside

Rehabilitation

Educating or training prisoners to be used when they are released so they do not fall back into criminal activity.

Which of the following most closely approximates the three parts of the soul, according to Plato?

Emotion, reason, appetites

Thomas Hobbes

English Philosopher developed a theory that humans live fearfully in a natural world full of insecurity and violence. Wrote a book called Leviathan. Felt insecurity forces people into surrendering their rights to a leader and forming a social contract. Failure to submit to a rule will result in conflict and savagery.

Prominent stoic philosopher

Epictetus

our ability to achieve happiness is whilly under our own power and only the pursuit of viture is morally good

Epictetus stated that

The earliest proponent of social-contract theory was

Epicurus

David Hume

Ethical course of action is guided by our feelings

Belmont Report

Ethics guiding biomedical and behavioral research involving humans Respect for Persons - all volunteers are treated as individuals and are entitled to protection Informed consent Information Comprehension Beneficence - do not harm Justice - fairness in distribution

Living well and doing well

Eudaimonia requires which of the following

Socrates

Even if you are wronged, do not commits a crime

Arete

Excellence

arete

Excellence in attaining and practcing the virtues is described by which of the following Greek terms

Rousseau

Excessive inequality destroys freedom through loss of liberty

What philosophy holds that we are fully responsible for what becomes of us, that we are hurling ourselves toward our own future, and we are responsible for our own ethics, not God.

Existentialism, especially the works of Sartre

Utilitarianism

Features external and internal sanctions

David Hume

Feelings of pleasure when we act virtuously; Feelings of pain when we act viciously. Experience teaches us to avoid vicious acts

Thucydides

First recorded political and moral analysis of a nation's military policies

Stoics

Followers of Zeno, Greeks who believed that absolute laws and destiny ruled the universe, and that since humans could not change fate, they were happiest when they simply accepted it and lived with self-control.

Confucianism

Follows the Silver Rule - Do not do to others what you would want other to not do to you Taught a pragmatic and utilitarian system

An attacker gives up his right to life. Self-defense theory is covered by what philosophy:

Forfeiture

Stage 3

Fostering good interpersonal relationships - thinkers take the needs and interests of others into account - it is important to make others happy

Zeno

Founded Stoicism Absolute laws rule the universe

Epicurus

Founder of Hedonism/Epicureanism Happiness=purpose of life

Plato

Founder of the Academy and writer of the Republic.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

French philosopher who believed humans are innately good but that society, with its desires and greed corrupts them. Believed citizens could act as legislators to determine the laws and legislation of society. According to the concept of general will power rests with the citizens and society and becomes highly democratic. France banned his controversial writing and he fled to Switzerland

Epictetus

Fundamental rule - understanding that some things are in our control and some things are not.

Immanuel Kant

German Philosopher who was one of the greatest influences on Western Philosophy. His work attempts to answer three primary questions 1. What can I know 2. What should I do 3. What can I hope for.

Gottfried Leibniz

German philosopher and mathematician who thought that our universe was the best of all possible worlds.

Sex

God forbid it outside of marriage. Utilitarianism believes if it increases the overall happiness of unmarried couples it is morally acceptable. Aristotle and the Dalai Lama focus on long term happiness which might not be achieve through sex outside of marriage.

Eternal law

God's device to govern the whole community of the universe towards the common good

Immanuel Kant

Good will - morality of our actions depends on our intentions, rather than the results Universal Law and Moral Rules are absolute, regardless of circumstances

Examples of categorical imperatives

Good will, respect for every person as a human

John Stuart Mill

Government only has the moral authority to limit a person's liberty when harm may occur otherwise people should be allowed freedom to behave as desired.

J.S. Mill

Greatest Happiness Principle

Rule Utilitarian

Greatest good for greatest # but obey correct moral principles

Act Utilitarian

Greatest good for greatest number despite laws

Epicurus

Greatest pleasure attained through simplicity and moderation to achieve tranquility

Epicurus

Greatest pleasures attained through simplicity and moderation to achieve tranquility & serenity True happiness comes from life of simplicity and moderation devoted to health & peace of mind Theorized that upon death we no longer exist - should not fear gods Work is a source of pain rather than pleasure so we should only do what is necessary to meet our essential needs

Epictetus

Greek Stoic Philosopher who was born a slave

"Arete"

Happiness in Grrek

Plato

Happiness is not the result of appearance of justice but of the very nature of justice Those who are just in this sense will reap numerous rewards and avoid punishment in the afterlife

Hedonism (Epicureanism)

Happiness=the purpose of life -Increase pleasure and avoid pain (Epicurus) -the universe is an accidental collision of atoms

J.S. Mill

Harm Principle

A soldier receives an order from his commanding officer to commit torture in order to get information a prisoner of war is assumed to have. If the soldier refuses to follow the order because he believes it to be illegal, that soldier most likely disobeys the order for which of the following reasons?

He ranks his duty to his professional code of ethics above his duty to his fellow troops.

believed a person should only accept moral rules and duties if it benefited him/her.

Hobbes

the nation-state

Hobbes "Leviathan" is a metaphor for which of the following?

that obligations to tell the truth were voluntarily assumed and so need not be always followed.

Hobbes believed that

Deterrence

Making potential criminals attempt to avoid being imprisoned or executed by not committing crimes.

Environmental Ethics

Human responsibility to nature

Immanuel Kant

Humanity or End in Itself Formulation: "Act in such a way that you always treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never simply as a means, but always at the same time as an end"

What imperative covers actions that are not universal or not in keeping with a sense of duty?

Hypothetical

Confronted with the criticism that "feminist ethics" cannot be true ethics since it is exclusionary, a feminist ethical philosopher would likely say

I. Ethics need not be universal II. Ethics has never been universal until very recently

Which of the following are Rawls's principles of justice?

I. People have an equal right to as much political liberty as possible without infringing upon others' political liberties. II. That social and economic inequalities should be adjusted to the greatest benefit to the most disadvantaged and that there should be equality of opportunity.

A government is planning a secret military assault. A reporter who is a member of that government's nation learns of this assault. The question of whether the journalist should report what he knows entails questions of

I. Professional code of ethics II. Right to information III. Confidentiality

If a newspaper does not print certain stories because of pressure from advertisers who are uncomfortable with those types of stories, then that paper is falling short in its

I. Professional code of ethics II. Veracity III. Function in providing the right to information

"Somatic" gene therapy changes genes for medical purposes only in the body of the person being treated. "Germline" gene therapy, however, affects genes in the sperm, eggs, and stem cells, and thus can affect the medical situation of future generations. Which of the following ethical issues is brought up by germline gene therapy?

I. Professional ethics II. Obligations to strangers III. Autonomy IV. Informed consent

In a situation in which a physician must either give chemotherapy or do surgery, she cannot simply "do no harm." According to traditional medical ethics, what must she then consider?

I. The consequences of each action II. The desire of the patient

In the late 1980s and 1990s, the usual double-blind, placebo-controlled tests of anti-HIV drugs were sometimes waived. Which of the following tenets was involved in the decision?

I. Veracity II. Professional code of ethics III. Balancing harms

A photojournalist doing a shoot on a bridge sees a person jump off the bridge into the water to drown himself. If the journalist decides to shoot the picture rather than try to save the person, the journalist is privileging

I. her professional duty over her duty to help a stranger III. the right of the public to information over the confidentiality of the stranger IV. her responsibility to her newspaper over her responsibility to the stranger.

The hierarchy of pleasures

I. prevented all pleasures from being treated equally. II. ranked intellectual and moral pleasures above the physical.

Consequentialist theories of ethics can consider the consequences of an action for

I. the actor II. the acted-upon

The balancing of financial commitments to one's spouse, one's children, and one's parents is one of

II. Conflict of duties III. Distributive justice

The problem utilitarianism has historically had with notions of distributive justice is that

II. social utility requires that some individuals suffer for the greater good III. those individuals who must suffer do not have to give their consent to suffer

The phenomenon that most people knowingly allow starvation to occur across the world, but would most likely give food to a family member starving right in front of them means that people are

III. more likely to help a family member than a stranger IV. more likely to act to help someone in need that is right in front of them

Stoicism

Idea that absolute law rules the universe and humans cannot change fate (Zeno)

Plato

Ideal gov't: not a democracy or communist state, but rather a state ruled by highly educated individuals forced to live in poverty with no possessions

Martin King

If laws are unjust then it's justifiable to disobey them

Epictetus

If people conform to whatever nature sends them, they make the best of things to their ability and take the rest as it comes.

Consequentialists

If the good consequences of an action outweigh the bad consequences, the act is morally right. Defines rightness of an act based on its outcome

Rawls

Imagine yourself in an original position behind a veil of ignorance . Behind this veil, you know nothing of yourself and your natural abilities, or your position in society. You know nothing of your sex, race, nationality, or individual tastes. Behind such a veil of ignorance all individuals are simply specified as rational, free, and morally equal beings. You do know that in the "real world", however, there will be a wide variety in the natural distribution of natural assets and abilities, and that there will be differences of sex, race, and culture that will distinguish groups of people from each other." Thus, the key is that people make decisions based on what is good for their community as a whole, and without regard to their own self-interest (since they operate behind a veil of ignorance and don't know enough about what would benefit them)

Immanuel Kant

Immorality is a product of individuals trying to create a different standard for themselves compared to the rest of humanity

because they, the Athenians, have the power to do so.

In Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War, the Athenians believe that they have the right to dominate the Melians

Thucydides

In matters of foreign war there is a lack of moral rules and so the stronger country can dominate the weaker one

Enchiridion

In philosophy, the collection of compiled and edited teachings of Epictetus, a guide to moral conduct based on principles and precepts of Stoicism.

Friedrich Nietzsche argued that an individual created his own morality. This ties in with the "becoming" of a superman. This creation of morality distinct from society is:

Individual relativism

Moral relativism is split into two categories:

Individual relativism and cultural relativism.

Aristotle

Individuals must not be coerces into making decisions, they must exercise free will

Involuntary Euthanasia

Intentionally killing a patient against his or her will, considered murder.

Active Euthanasia

Intentionally killing a patient by legal injection, smothering or some other method.

Active Euthanasia

Intentionally killing a patient by lethal injection, smothering or some other method.

Passive Euthanasia

Intentionally withholding medical treatment to allow a patient to die.

Passive Euthanasia

Intentionally withholding treatment to allow a patient to die

Moral Egoism

It's always moral to act in a manner that benefits self-interest. Happiness of achieved by focusing on own happiness (Adam Smith)

Which of the following philosophers could fairly be called "Utilitarians"?

Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill

The hedonic (or "felicific") calculus was worked out by

Jeremy Bentham in order to reduce moral choices to a universally applicable algorithm

The prophets

Jesus is most similar to which of the following Old Testament groups

Confucius

Jesus' Golden Rule, do unto others as you would have them do unto you, was anticpated by which of the following philosophers?

Which philosopher, greatly influenced by Kant, wrote A Theory of Justice?

John Rawls

Economic Inequality

John Rawls said economic inequality is justified only when it benefits everyone. For example to encourage people to be more productive. Jean Rousseau believed that an excessive degree of inequality destroys freedom if wealthy citizens act as tyrants in a society.

Thrasymachus

Justice is bad for the person doing the just act but good for someone else - the stronger, who would punish The person if he or she failed to act to benefit the stronger. People just want to avoid consequences imposed upon them by the stronger

Plato

Justice: all social classes (rulers, soldiers, people) performing their duties and roles satisfactorily And did not try to usurp (take without legal claim) the roles of others

This philosopher believed in reason, universal application of morals applied by a sense of duty.

Kant

What philosopher might say, "I ought never to act except in such a way that I could also will that my maxim should become a universal law."

Kant

it takes the consequences of action into account in moral judgement

Kant would object to Mill's ethics in which of the following ways?

deontological

Kant's ethical system is

The categorical imperative was

Kant's notion that certain actions are necessary in all circumstances

kingdom of ends

Kant's notion that one should act as thought one were recommending ones's act as an unbreakable, eternal and universal law to fully rational free agents is called the

Immanuel Kant

Kingdom of Ends formulation: "All maxims as proceeding from our own (hypothetical) making of Law ought to harmonize with a possible kingdom of ends"

Islam

Koran believed to have been written by the prophet Mohammed under the direction of God. Muslims are instructed to be generous and obedient and to avoid being greedy or prideful.

Leopold

Land Ethics - reflects a conviction of individual responsibility for the health of the land

Thomas Jefferson

Laws are made for the common good, concern for welfare or happiness of citizens is institutionalized in the political system Intermingling of the ethical and the legal in the political theory makes ethical and legal issues intertwined in the American mind. Revolution is justified when a government becomes destructive of its citizen's rights to life, liberty, and the Pursuit of happiness.

Plato

Liberty and Freedom - Happy medium between Slavery and License (excess liberty-chaos) Liberty achieved when people have hand in making laws and enforcing them Laws are not unduly restrictive, unreasonable, and irrational

The word eudaimonia most closely translates as which of the following?

Living well and Doing good

The only source of legitimate political authority is the consent of the governed. Which of the following philosophers believed this?

Locke

Deontologist

Looks at motivation and duty rather than outcome (kant)

Though he accepted the Ten Commandments, Jesus valued which of the following as the "Greatest Commandment"?

Love

Socrates

Most influential thinkers of all time. Considered Sophists empty and manipulative. He never wrote any books. Plato was one of his students. Socrates employed a questioning technique, later termed the "Socratic Method" or dialect. Socrates held that people never knowingly do wrong; wickedness results from ignorance. He was seen as a threat to society and was condemned for his teachings. When given the choice of renouncing his work or death, Socrates opted for a cup of poisoned hemlock.

Epictetus

Most prominent Stoic that told his students "live according to nature". He was a Roman slave often tortured by his master exemplified the Stoic philosophy by refusing to moan during beatings because he accepted his fate in life.

Genesis,Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy

Name the first 5 books of the Old Testament

Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John

Name the four authors of the Gospels

the denial of a shared basic human nature and the lack of natural rights

Natural law is incompatible with which of the following claims?

John Locke

Natural law obliges people to preserve not only themselves but other as well, as long as their own Preservation is not threatened. People can expect assistance from others in preserving themselves.

St. Thomas Aquinas

Natural law tradition, the Biblical law tradition, and Artistotle philosophy are united. Believed God's will is affected by reason and God uses reason as base for his will Believed that all things subject to God are rules to some extent by God's eternal law

Bentham

Negative Act Utilitarianist

Socrates

No ruler acts for his own interest but the best interest of his subjects (In response to Thrasymachus).

In Plato's view can moral abstractions be altered?

No. Plato's view was that moral and ethical ideas existed as abstract concepts such as math. Humans can't change numbers and math (1+1 will always equal 2) and he believed morals existed in the same realm.

What is the more "practical" ethical theory, concentrating on our standards of behavior and duties to others?

Normative

A group of citizens gets together for a weekly film series. This is an example of

Not doing harm

Medieval philosophers believed morals were "eternal law." Would this be a worldly/relativism view or an other-worldly/objective view?

Objective view/other-worldly. Medieval philosophers relied on superstition and religion to define morality.

What system of ethics holds that ethical standards exist as absolutes outside the physical in a sort of spiritual realm?

Objectivism. And other-worldly.

is concerned primarily with retributive hustice, whereas Jesus is primarly concerned with distributive justice

One major difference between the Gof of the Old testament and Jesus in the New Testament is that the Old Testament God

Socrates

One of the most famous thinkers of all time, not for his beliefs, but his dialectic method of teaching. He never wrote anything himself, but was memorialized in the works of his student, Plato. For him, virtue and knowledge were the same, and all wickedness stemmed from ignorance. The Athenian government saw him as a threat and had him executed.

Achieving righteousness through faith and the doctrine of original sin originated with

Paul

achiving enternal life and the importance of the Holy Spirit

Paul argues which of the following

His own

Pauls command not to divorce devires from what authroity

Libertarianism

People have rights 1) No Paternalist Legislation (seat belts, helmets, etc.) 2) No Moral Legislation (gay marriage laws, abortion laws) 3) No Redistribution of Income from Rich to Poor

Greatest Happiness Principle

People long for a state of being in which they are as happy as possible. Defines Utilitarianism

Thrasymachus

People want appearance of justice, not justice itself

Greek Views

People=the center of everything world=playground

Plato

Philosopher and mathematician, student of Socrates. Taught Socrates work at the Academy which was considered the first university. First writing was "Socratic dialogs". Most famous work is "The Republic". Was unhappy with democracy and tyranny of Greek Govt. His ideal republic "utopian thinking". Three classes of citizens A.Philosopher-Kings B. Soldiers C. Workers or Producers. Some people are less virtuous than others, which is why govt. is necessary. "The Republic" explained that the world may not acknowledge or reward virtue, but ultimate happiness can only be achieved through virtue.

Notions such as "Truth," "Beauty," "Justice" and so forth are considered to be eternal "forms" by which philosopher?

Plato

The notion that "justice" simply means "might makes right" was put forward by which Greek writers?

Plato and Thucydides

that suicides reflected 'unmanly cowardice' and would consider lying to be a wrongful act unless it was done for the good of society.

Plato believed

Organization of social classes in an ideal society

Plato believed the organization of the soul of a good person is similiar to this

Suicide

Plato disapproved of suicide unless you face hardship, disgrace or extreme stress. Aristotle agreed that suicide to "fly from evil' is acceptable. However it is not ok to when used to escape from poverty or love. Jews and Christians believe God prohibits suicide. "You shall not murder" Kant thought suicide was always an immoral act.

What philosopher likened ethics and morals to spirit-like objects that exist as abstractions? Such as math (1+1=2)

Plato.

Epicurus

Pleasure is the first good; it is the basis of every choice we make for or against something Pleasure is the standard by which we judge what is good. Pleasure means freedom from pain in the body and from trouble in the mind Physical pleasure and pain Mental pleasure (acquiring knowledge, listening to music - appeal to the senses) Mental pain (types of fear)

Affirmative Action

Policies and programs (preferential treatment)

Aristotle

Political Teachings Justification of slavery - some people are so inferior they are better under rule of kind master Condemnation of Usury - money is meant to be used for exchange, not to increase interest

Feminism

Political theory that proposes that men and women are equal Goal is to change society and liberate women from male oppression

David Hume

Possession of virtues is in self-interest of possessor and promotes social harmony Understanding of virtues and vices is not driven by self-interest but by benevolence and sympathy Once cannot completely ignore the pleasure and pain another was experiencing Morality based on motives Believes justice stems from just laws. Deliberately breaking laws, even going abroad to do so is unjust

Aristotle

Principle of Justice - individual should not be discriminated against for irrelevant reasons

Intuitionist

Principle of Self-Evidence - does not need proving, it is obvious to person

Bentham

Principle of Utility

Socrates

Propounded that one should never commit a crime or disobey the State.

Epicurus

Prudence is the greatest virtue for it enables us to live pleasantly, managing our desires.

Aristotle

Prudence or practical intelligence results in individual making decisions based on desires

Conflicts of interest

Public funding of elections has been proposed in order to eliminate which of the following problems that lawmakers and executive branch officials currently face?

Rawls

Published A Theory of Justice. He reasoned that it was right for governments to redistribute wealth in order to help the poor and disadvantaged. He argued for a just distribution of society's resources by which a society's benefits and burdens are allocated fairly among its members.

Disablement

Punishing a convicted criminal by imprisonment or execution, so that he or she can no longer commit crimes.

Stage 1

Punishment and reward - thinking is animalistic - actions are in ways that anticipate reward and avoid punishment

Veil of Ignorance

Rawls' means of "shielding" the eyes from things that mights bias one against an argument--race, gender.

Ayn Rand

Reality exists independent of consciousness. Facts are always facts. (objectivism)

To Kant, what is the basis for morality?

Reason

Immanuel Kant

Reason is the central concept key to making moral judgments

Immanuel Kant

Reason is the foundation of Moral Law Ethics does not come from higher authority nor does one need to weigh competing interests

What topics comprise metaphysical ethics issues?

Relativism and Objectivism.

17th Century British philosopher ________ likened morals to spiritual "relationships" rather than spiritual objects.

Samuel Clarke

David Hume

Scottish philosopher whose sceptical philosophy restricted human knowledge to that which can be perceived by the senses (1711-1776)

Rawls

Self-interested individuals in the Original Position behind the veil of ignorance would want economic equality. Economic inequality would lead to vice-like behavior such as envy and arrogance.

Skeptics such as _____________ did not deny moral values only that they were divine or willed by God.

Sextus Empericus

Three cultural relativists:

Sextus Empiricus, Michel Montaigne, and William Graham Sumner

issues addressed in the History of the Peloponnesian War

Should a whole society be responsible for the actions of a few? What are the justifications of any actions against an enemy?

Plato

Social Classes: Rulers - wisdom, Soldiers - courage, People - moderation, temperance

John Locke

Social Contract Primary objective is the protection of Private Property (person's body, freedom, and fruits of labor) Physical property is most at risk under natural law so civil law is needed primarily to protect lands and industry. Believed primary reason men leave state of nature and enter into civil society is to obtain protection of life, liberty, and property Fundamental rights of citizens are life, liberty, and property, and the role of law is to protect those rights

Thomas Hobbes

Social Contract Theory - The members of society agree to live by a set of rules formed by the group. Sovereign Power - Absolute Monarch. The citizens survival depends on accepting authority of the monarch because revolution cannot be justified on the grounds of individual liberty.

Stage 5

Social Contracts - think in terms of laws because of majority agreements

Double Effect

Some harm results from a good action. Ex: chemo is harmful but necessary

Aristotle

Some rules (moral laws) are inviolable and absolute such as murder and theft

Accountability

Some worry about increasing amount of military outsourcing because of which of the following?

Extrinsic Value

Something that is valued for the effect that it causes.

Aristotle

Sophist Observation & Experience

Protagoras

Sophist "Man is the measure of all things"

Thucydides

Sophist Discussed Ethics of War

Plato

Sophist & Utopian Some less virtuous than others

Rational

Soul. Capability of reason

Spirited

Soul. Will

Appetitive

Soul. Will power

Socrates

Speaker in Plato's Republic

Peter Singer

Speciesism

Singer

Speciesism - equality should apply to animals as well as humans Extends utilitarianism principles to animals because they experience pleasure (max) and pain (min)

Utilitarianism

States that the moral course of action is the one which maximizes the total well-being of all humans Two absolutes in the world - Pleasure and pain Moral law follows the Principle of Utility (what motivates human beings) We all have equal rights Decisions not based on rank, status, wealth, race, gender, or personal relationships Good has priority over Right (justice) Ethical decisions determined by "The greatest good for the greatest number of people" Good equals happiness (pleasure) and bad equals pain (displeasure which has no value) Maximized good takes into account all those who are affected by the actions under consideration.

Divine Permission Theory

States whatever God permits is right

Epicetus

Stoic "Live according to nature"

What philosophy believes the virtuous life is the only way to attain happiness and that vice leads to unhappiness. (Also, objectivism/other-worldly)

Stoicism

Views on Suicide

Stoics: acceptable when reasonable Utilitarian: Moral is it increases happiness of everyone involved Kant: Suicide is always immoral Plato: wrong unless encouraged by gods Aristotle: ok if to fly from evil. wrong if to escape love/poverty

Cosmogony

Study of the origin of the universe

Cosmology

Study of the physical world

Epictetus

Suicide was a viable option for those who could no longer endure what life had in store for them

Plato

Suicides reflecting cowardice was immoral; Suicide permitted by the Gods was moral

Extraordinary Treatment

Surgery, medication, dialysis, oxygen, CPR or any other treatment needed to care for an unhealthy patient, in contrast to ordinary treatment, which are basic essentials like food or water.

Sophists

Teachers that taught for money. Emphasized persuasive skills rather than honest analysis of issues. Protagoras was one of them. Sophists are considered the first Relativists.

Principle of Utility

That principle which approves or disapproves of every action whatsoever, according to the tendency Which it appears to have to augment or diminish the happiness of the party whose interest is in question: or what is the same thing in other words, to promote or to oppose that happiness

The Melian Dialogue

The Athenians, in a frank and matter-of-fact manner, offer the Melians an ultimatum: surrender and pay tribute to Athens, or be destroyed

Feinberg

The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law

"If the God of the Bible is omnipotent and omniscient, why then does He allow evil to occur?" This question is a statement of which of the following?

The Problem of Evil

Tranquility

The Stoics beleived that happiness consisted of which of the follwing?

St. Thomas Aquinas

The Summa Theologica

Denotological

The Ten Commandments are which of the following?

Ethics

The academic discipline of analyzing morality, based on reasoning, rules and logic.

Distributive justice

The allocation of public funds in the annual ferderal budget is a clear statement of the executive and legislative branch's collective view on which of the following?

Divine Command Theory

The belief that all moral obligations originate from God Whatever God commands is right

Relativism

The belief that every point of view and standard of behavior is equally valid.

Autonomy

The capacity to take actions that are intentional, understood and chosen freely. Valued highly by Kant and Aristotle.

Retributive justice

The debate over the death penalty is primarily a matter of which of the following?

positive act of omission

The dictume "do no harm" is a

this is a a feminist theory

The ethics of care is the approach to ethics is based on relationships

Compensatory Justice

The extent to which people are fairly compensated for their injuries by those who have injured them.

Retributive Justice

The fairness of punishments.

there is enough time to use the calculus in real-life situations

The felicific calculus assumes that

Moral Egoism

The idea that it is always moral to act in a way that promotes self-interest. Supported by the founder of capitalism, Adam Smith, and Ayn Rand.

Utilitarianism

The idea that the consequences decide the morality--if the good consequences outweigh the bad, then the action is right, or vice versa.

Social Contact Theory

The idea that the right to rule and obligation to obey are based upon an agreement between an individual and society. Thomas Hobbs, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau wrote about the social contract theory. They felt people join the society for the purpose of security and societal order.

Determinism

The idea that thoughts, behaviors and decisions have to happen because of previous events and the laws of nature.

Natural Law theory

The laws discovered in nature stem from the eternal God. Human beings are naturally rational, so it is moral for humans to behave rationally. Based on the idea that the moral standards guiding human behavior originate in human nature and in the universe. Deviating from the norm is immoral, sinful, evil and harmful.

Thomas Hobbes

The laws of nature are rules of reason that indicate the best way to further our self-preservation People avoid war and seek peace as a means to self-preservation People are lead to war by their reason also as a means for self-preservation

Jeremy Bentham

The man who modified Epicurus's ideas into British Utilitarianism. His ideas led to the Philosophical Radicals, a group of social reformers, and inspired John Stuart Mill, who wrote in favor of individual freedom and female equality.

Rawls

The medical code of ethics is closest to which of the following philosopher's theories?

Socrates

We behave the way we do because we are seeking happiness, the ultimate human good

Empirism

The notion that reliable knowledge is acquired by testing ideas against sensory evidence.

Judaism

The oldest monotheistic religion, it is based on the Old Testament or Hebrew Bible, and influenced both Christianity and Islam. It places emphasis on history, laws and religious community.

Feminism

The philosophical and political discourse geared toward exposing, analyzing, and addressing sexual inequality. It emerged because it was believed philosophical research omitted woman and that there was a masculine bias in philosophical research so a woman's morals was either neglected or distorted.

The notion of perfect Forms, of which the Good is one

The relation of Plato's The Allegory of the Cave to his ethical sys tem is which of the following

Dharma

The righteous duties of a person toward people and gods.

Cosmogony

The study of the origin of the universe.

Viture

The word arete translates to

Children do not have as much liberty as adults because of which of the following?

Their minds are not developed enough to make moral choices, so their parents must use coercion at times for their children's own good.

who is AQUINAS philosopher?

Theologian of the dominican order, who was influenced by Aristole

Utilitarianism or Consequentialism

Theory that actions are moraly acceptable if good consequences outweigh bad consequences. Similarly, if bad consequences outweigh good consequences then an action is morally wrong.

Emotivism

There are no moral truths. Our moral judgments are an expression of our feelings. Merely an expression of approval or disapproval; not reasoned or true or false

Locke, Hobbes, and Rousseau agreed that

There was an original condition of humanity called the "state of nature" and civil society changed the state of nature.

Who determined there were four cardinal virtues (prudence, temperance, fortitude, justice) and three theological virtues (faith, hope, and charity)?

Thomas Aquinas

Who said, "Good is to be done and promoted and evil is to be avoided?"

Thomas Aquinas. This concept has to do with the blending of virtue, theology, law, reason, and revelation. It's an idea that the very basis of ethics is God and we are to follow God's will. It's a reckoning of law with God.

Policy of Deterrence

Threatening to retaliate in order to discourage attack

Care Ethic

Through mutual interdependence, emotions empower the individual's cognitive ability Compassionate and sensitive perspective / outside the scope of rules and duties

Heteronomy

To act according to desires I haven't chosen myself

St. Thomas Aquinas

To determine good or evil, one must look to the results. Good if promoting God and His honor. Natural Law - humans have a rational nature, are subject to God's eternal law, and have a share of God's eternal reason. The rational human participation in eternal reason is natural law. Through our natural reason, we can discern good and evil and know the difference between right and wrong

Total Utility

Total Pleasure - Total Pain =

Eudaimonia

True, Aristotelian happiness, which extends through a lifetime.

Rawls

Two Principles of Justice Each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive basic liberty compatible with a similar Liberty for others. Social inequalities are to be arranged so that they are both a. reasonably expected to be to everyone's advantage b. attached to positions and offices open to all

Reparative

Type of Justice. Ability to make up for past discrimination or injustices through preferential treatment

Corrective

Type of Justice. Attempts to restore the balance after wrongful acts

Distributive

Type of Justice. Fair distribution of (resources) burdens and benefits (according to need) to society. Example: Slavery in U.S. and apartheid in South Africa both unjust based on race

Retributive

Type of Justice. Fairness of punishments. Form of criminal justice where punishment should be proportionate to the crime "Eye for an eye" Punishment, deterrence, protection of community

Procedural

Type of Justice. Relates to the assessment of agreements, contracts, and processes to ascertain their fairness and correctness

Natural

Type of Justice. Rightness is determined by the strong

Redistributive

Type of Justice. Take form the rich and give to the poor (Robin Hood style)

Compensatory

Type of Justice. The extent to which people are fairly compensated for their injuries by those who have injured them. Example: Smokers suing tobacco companies

Socrates

Unity of Virtues: A person who knows that acting virtuously will be to his own good will act virtuously In all areas of life - personal, social, military, and religious

Aristotle

Universal Justice Allows for the correction of individual

Immanuel Kant

Universal Law Formulation: "Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law"

Categorical Imperatives

Universal Moral Laws

Categorical Imperative

Universal moral laws that act as the basis for practical reason and help people behave morally. Kant believed a behavior conforms to categorical imperative if it is moral for all human beings.

Jeremy Bentham

Utilitarianism

Act

Utilitarianism type. Does not assess moral rightness or wrongness because it depends on the circumstances

Rule

Utilitarianism type. Individuals should follow the correct moral rules based on the test of total well-being

Rawls

Veil of Ignorance

Aristotle

Virtue is reduced if other goods are lacking such as friendship and power

St. Thomas Aquinas

Virtue must be perfected through training Those prone to vice must be restrained from doing evil through force and fear. The means by which this force, fear, and retraining is accomplished is human law. Human law, if it is just, is derived from natural law (do harm to no man) Evil-doers should be punished, but the human law may determine many different ways to punish

Thomas Hobbes

Virtues such as modesty and equity promote social harmony - benefits possessor and recipients Virtuous behavior stems from our own self-interest

Socrates

Virtuous Souls is good. Vicious Soul is bad. Virtue is knowledge. Ignorance is why we act without virtue. No one acts contrary to what he perceives as good.

Hinduism

Virtuous acts will benefit us all by ensuring a favorable rebirth Believes transgression of souls, and how a person lives determines how a person will be reborn

Just War Tradition

War is just if declare by competent authority, is for just cause, fought with right intentions, fought as a last resort, and proportional to provocation

Allison Jagger

Western ethics shortchange women in 5 ways They take only small account of women's interest and rights Excludes moral conundrums that arise in a woman's world Defines women as morally underdeveloped compared to men Overvalues male traits such as independence Undervalues feminine traits such as emotions Prefers culturally male methods of moral reasoning

Passive Euthanasia

When medical treatment is intentionally withheld resulting in eventual death

Active Euthanasia

When someone deliberately kills a patient

Thucidides

Where there's lack of moral rules, the stronger country can dominate the weaker (Peloponnesian War)

Plato insisted on an absolute moral goal (the Good), whereas Artistole insisted that moral rules or beliefs that hold most of the time are often the best that can be achieved

Which of the following is a major difference between Plato's ethics and Aristole's?

Neither beleived that women were equal to men in moral abilities

Which of the following is a major similartity between Plato and Aristole?

Libertarianism

Which of the following is not distinctive feature of an apporoach to feminist ethics?

rule utilitarianism>Mill; act utilitarianism>Bentham

Which of the followng pairings of philospher and ethical theory or nation is accurate?

Aristole

Which philosopher is most closely assoicaited with the "Doctirine of the Mean:?

A metaphysical philosopher of the Middle Ages who believed in libertarian ideals such as separation of church and state and who also believed that the simplest explanation is most likely the correct one:

William of Ockham

One medieval philosopher who believed in divine commands was ...

William of Ockham

The notion that women are innately less morally developed (or developable) than men is denied by which of the following?

Wollstonecraft

social mores, especially education, made most women inferior to men as moral actors

Wollstonecraft argued that

Patriarchy

Women are subordinate to men Men hold a disproportionately large share of power Economic, legal and social status of women has been historically patriarchy

Carol Gilligan

Women have ethics of care and emotion but is is equal to the ethics of men (Justice)

Gilligan

Women's basic moral orientation was to care for others (personally, not humanity in general) and to attend to their needs Believed women's decisions are based on the relationships they build rather than on logical principles Women lean more towards the love and care mentality when it comes to morality Men mostly follow justice mentality

Thucydides

Wrote History of Peloponnesian War (Athens vs Sparta)

Thomas Hobbes

Wrote Leviathian

Martin Luther King

Wrote famous Letter form Birmingham Jail Explained he could simultaneously urge people to obey the law and break the law Agreed with St. Augustine that "an unjust law is no law at all" Greatest stumbling block was not KKK but white moderate more devoted to order than justice Unjust law is no law at all and should not be obeyed

Plato

Wrote the Republic

Socrates

You must always obey the state (contract between citizen and state)

John Stuart Mill

advocates that moral values are relative to likely social consequences - we must act in a way as to help bring about the greatest good for the greatest number of people (Standard of Happiness)

To Socrates, self-interest and virtue were always

aligned with each other as long as the subject has all the knowledge needed to truly know what is in the subject's true self-interest.

Ecocentrism

also known as eco-holism or deep ecology

Moral Egoism

always acceptable to do what we believe is in our own self-interest

Act utilitarianism

an action is morally obligatory if it produces the most good for the most people

unconditional

an agreement between two parties, but only one of the parties has to do something

conditional covenant

an agreement that is binding on both parties for its fulfillment

Contractarianism

an agreement which validates the moral principles agreed upon

John Rawls

an american philosopher in the liberal tradition - had theory of justice as fairness

paradox?

an argument that produces an inconsistency, typically within logic or common sense.

feminist ethics

an attempt to revise, reformulate, or rethink traditional ethics to the extent it depreciates or devalues women's moral experience

justice

applied to determine on what basis scarce resources will be distributed or alternatively on what basis burdens will be distributed

Kant believed that humans should never be treated only as a means to an end because people

are rational, autonomous actors that should be treated equally

What is THEODICIES?

attemp to resolve the evidential problem of evil by reconciling the traditional divine characteristics of omnibenevolence, omnipotence, and ominscience with the occurrence of evil or suffering in the world.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

claims that humans are naturally self-interested and they are not naturally selfish or motivated by pride

three natural reasons people fight according to Hobbes

competition over material good; general distrust; glory of powerful positions

If a judge has a large investment in a company involved in a case that is due to come before him, and the judge does not "recuse" (i.e., remove) himself from the case, then that judge is guilty of

conflict of interest.

social contract theory

consent is the basis of government - people have agreed to be ruled that governments are entitled to rule

Procedural Justice

contracts/processes t0 ascertain fairness and correctness

natural virtues

courage, magnanimity, ambition, friendship, generosity, fidelity, gratitude

When God promises Abraham that his progeny will live in the land of Israel as Abraham and his progeny worship God and follow his laws, this is known as the

covenant

Patriot Act

criticized for giving excess powers to law enforcement agencies to interfere in the privacy of individuals

substantive ethics

defining rights opposed to giving rules. firm basis in reality

Kant's ethical system was

deontological, because it was based on the notion of a priori moral tenets that are eternal

Descriptive ethics

describes the ethical standards of a person, community, culture, etc. (controversial topics)

Voluntary Active Euthanasia

direct action that causes death (lethal injection)

Whistle blowing

disclosing information to outside sources without permission of the company regarding unethical practices

disclosure of information

disclosing relevant information regardng a medical diagnosis or treatment

components of informed consent

disclosure of information, comprehension, voluntariness

Immanuel Kant

divides moral philosophy into two domains - justice or law and ethics or virtue

Cultural Relativism

do according to that culture

A group of citizens volunteers time to build houses for the homeless. This is an example of

doing good

Doctrine of Right

duties that form this subject matter are precise, owed to specifiable others, and can be legally enforced

Doctrine of Virtue

duties to adopt certain ends - many are imperfect in that they do not specify how, when, or for whom they should be achieved

Duty of Beneficence

duty to help others in need

Duty of Nonmaleficence

duty to not harm others

Existentialists

each person must chose own way without guidance of universal, objective standards (Founded by Kierkegoad)

applied ethics

philosophical examination, from a moral standpoint on matters of moral judgement.

locke

empiricism (testing ideas)

theory of justice as fairness

envisions a society of free citizens holding equal basic rights of cooperating within an egalitarian economic system

Professional Code of Ethics

ethical responsibilites at work - avoiding conflicts of interest

normative ethics

evaluates people's actions and their moral character (it is concerned with the content of moral judgments or principles, rules, or theories that guide our actions and judgments, and the criteria for what is right or wrong- it argues for particular standards or norms for behavior)

ethical relativism

every point of view is valid (persuation rather than truth)

rawls

everyone has equal rights

Consent Form

evidence of a valid consent

corrective justice

explores when and how to compensate someone for a loss

Distributive Justice

fair division of limited resources according to demand

What is the problem of omnipotence

family of semantic paradoxes which address two issues: Is an omnipotent entity logicaly possible? And what do we mean by omnipotence?

Socrates

felt that ethics was born of human conflict

Environmental Ethics

focuses on human responsibility to nature. It is practical and ethical to protect the future of humanity.

Conventional level

genuin care for others (stages 3 and 4 of Kohlberg's hierarchy)

Enchiridion

guide of moral conduct based on the principles of Stoicism

Doctrine of Double Effect

harm is sometimes endured to cause good: like treatment side effects (Aquinas)

consequentialists

hold that choices and/or acts or intentions are to be morally assessed solely by the states of affairs they bring about

seven features of pleasure

intensity, duration, certainty, propinquity (nearness), fecundity, purity, extent

paternalism

interference of an individual with another person, against their will, and defended that the person interfered with will be better off or protected from harm

artificial virtues

justice, promise-keeping, allegiance to legitimate government

charles murray

libertarian

hedonic calculus

lists seven features of pleasure to which attention must be paid in order to assess how great it is

who is LOCKE

philosophical work, an Essay Concerning Human Understanding and epitemology and metaphysics

Virtue ethics

moral character - a theory of morality that makes virtue the central concern

It is the view of anthropologists and others that we cannot criticize cultures that we do not understand

moral isolationism

theonomy

morality and religion are thought to come from a common source of inspiration and knowledge, a source that religion may refer to as God

autonomy

morality based on religion alone, without any reference to religious ideas

heteronomy

morality depends on religious belief or on a set of values given by a religion

deontoligism

obligation, duty

Post conventional level

people think of their duties towards others in terms of abstract rules that transcend the particular cultures of historical situations that specific people find themselves in (stages 5 & 6 of Kohlberg's hierarchy)

protagoras

people, not nature determine behavior

it means that a fair outcome is stated in advance

perfect procedural justice.(Rawls)

four roles of political philosophy according to rawls

practicality; help citizens orient themselves within their own social world; probe the limits of practicable political possibility; reconciliation

pragmatism

prediction, action, problem solving

promotes actions that fulfill the interests (preferences) of those beings involved

preference-utilitarians

A group of citizens pledge not to drink and drive, and hold without fail to this pledge. This is an example of

preventing harm

Rehabilitation

prisoners spend earnings on education or a trade to use when released so they can avoid criminal activity

The government would like to create a giant database that records all your personal information—from medical history to what books you buy online or take out of the library to where you go every day, based in Global Positioning System chips in your cell phone or car. This program is primarily an issue of

privacy.

informed consent

process by which patients are asked to consent to procedures after being sufficiently informed to make a rational decision

stoic moral virtues

prudence, courage, justice, temperance

Pre-conventional level

selfishness and lack of concern for other (contains first two stages of Kohlberg's hierarchy)

St Thomas Aquinas

puts forth the notion of eternal law as the road map for ethics - the ultimate purpose of life was not happiness here on Earth but eternal bliss in the hereafter

principle of subjectivity

reasons, beliefs, feelings, judgements (kant)

Voluntary Passive Euthanasia

refusal of medical treatment that could save life

John Rawls

refutes Utilitarianism Liberties shouldn't be hindered

Skepticism forms a basis for moral __________

relativism.

virtues

reliable habits you engrave into your identity

SO

removed self regulation of companies

If a judge punishes a starving man for stealing a loaf of bread to feed himself, that judge is favoring

retributive justice over distributive justice, because punishment for breaking a law has been privileged over the just allocation of goods in society.

The main difference between the concept of justice in the Law and in the Prophets in the Old Testament was that in the law, justice was

retributive, whereas in the Prophets, it was distributive

According to Locke, when the social contract has been broken irreparably, the proper response is

revolution

If a representative government begins operating more and more in secret, it is in danger of abrogating the public's

right to information

The relationship between natural law and natural rights is that natural

rights derive from natural law because the universal standards that govern ethics are inherent in human nature, wherever human nature comes from.

nonconsequentialist normative theory

says we should always do the will of God

metaethics

seek to understand nature of ethical properties

Courage

self-mastery according to Kant

Happiness

socrates believed that whatever action a man chooses is motivated for his desire for this

Plato

student of Socrates who suggested the good life is one of intelligence

Ethics

system of moral principles - affects how people make decisionss and lead their lives

retributive justice

talks about what punishments are appropriate for wrongdoing

distributive justice

talks about who should get which benefits and which burdens

The Gospels

tell about the life and ministry of Jesus - in the New Testament

categorical imperatives

tell us what to do irrespective of our desires

hypothetical imperatives

tell you what to do in order to achieve a particular goal

To Plato and Aristotle, the ultimate source of justice is

the soul

teleology

the study of ends or final causes or purposes that things serve

normative ethics

the study of ethical action, investigates how someone ought to act.

Paternalism is unavoidable in the Bible's ethical system because

the ultimate basis of the law and commandment to love is based on a male deity's insistence

Natural Law Theory

the view that there exists an eternal moral law that can be discovered through reason by looking at the nature of humanity and society

plato

the world can only be understood intellectually

Ethics of care

there is moral significance in the fundamental elements of relationships and dependencies in human life (care-givers)

divine command theory

things are morally good or bad, or morally obligatory, permissible, or prohibited, soley because of God's will or command

meta-ethics

this lays the groundwork for normative ethics - it deals with the nature of moral judgment. It looks at the origins of meaning of ethical principles. It studies the nature of morality and questions the abstract meaning of ethical terms

In nature, everything has a purpose; nature and its moral laws are knowable through common sense and reason; since every living thing has a nature that is appropriate to the kind of thing it is, failure to develop this nature to its fullest is an imperfecton. Each thing in nature ought to develop its natural potential as much as possible.

three Aristotelian principles followed by Aquinas

I WANT

to add

primary purpose of the Leviathan

to punish subjects who break the law

Non-Maleficence

type of duty. Not to harm others

Prima Facie

type of duty. apparent, self-evident; do not need proving

Beneficence

type of duty. doing or producing goods as in acts of kindness, helping or charity

Deontology

type of ethical theory which is concerned with moral rules which are generated by non-consequentialist methods - based in the nature of rationality or other principles of duty not consequences - theory of moral obligation

axiological

value

According to Rawls, an ethical situation can be determined with a thought experiment that assumes no social class, race, or hierarchy is involved. This is called the __________.

veil of ignorance

Aristotle

view holds that the good for which all humans aspire is happiness, which is the activity of the soul

John Stuart Mill's notion of liberty

was based on the "harm principle," which was that liberty extended up to the point of inflicting harm on another.

Utilitarianism

way of evaluating moral decisions based on the amount of pleasure that it provides

Hedonistic Utilitarianism

we always ought to perform that act that leads to the most pleasure