CYPLAN 119 Quiz 1

Gentrification

-- process by which higher income households displace significant neighborhoods due to urban developments or renewal --Based on Checker : Environmental gentrification : builds on the material and discursive successes of Environmental Justice movements and appropriates them to serve high- end redevelopments.

New Urbanism

--A reformist urban design movement which promotes environmentally friendly habits by creating walkable neighborhoods containing a wide range of housing and job types. --A planning and development approach which promotes practices such as permaculture, suburban infilling, and increased walkability measures

Reading: Kolbert, "The Anthropocene Debate: Marking Humanity's Impact"

--Anthropocene is a new geological epoch to reflect major geological events that humans have wrought: habitat destruction, invasive species, widespread extinctions, ocean acidification, urbanization --Anthropocene starts in 1800, where air trapped in polar ice shows beginning of growing global cocentrations of CO2 and methane, OR in 1940, atomic tests leaving permanent record of radioactive isotopes

Priority development areas (PDA)

--Areas that have been identified and approved for future growth --ABAG (Association of Bay Area Governments) expects that through 2040 , PDA will accommodate 78% of housing units, 62% of employment growth, on just 5% of the Bay Area's land

Reading: Bullard, The Legacy of American Apartheid and Environmental Racism

--Argument: Housing location often determines discrimination, which reduces mobility, opportunities, environmental benefits and health care access. --Institutional practices, govn policies, private actions have led to waste/dump/hazard sights near POC communities --Race has been found to be independent of class in the exposure to lead, harmful pesticides, location of municipal land fills... etc

Comprehensive/General/Master/Land Use Plan

--Comprehensive land use planning is environmental planning --Guides developed by city planners that account for scientific, aesthetic, and orderly disposition of land, resources, facilities, and services

Climate Action Plan (CAP)

--Detailed and strategic framework for measuring, planning, and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and related climatic impacts --Generally CAPs include elements of mitigation and adaptation

Reading: Steiner, "Fundamental Principles of Human Ecology"

--Ecology a human construct --How we live changes over time and ecology helps us understand the complexities of humans as they change; constantly adapting and transforming places into spaces --Should try our best to fit in without hurting others and our surroundings

Sustainability

--Environmental Science. the quality of not being harmful to the environment or depleting natural resources, and thereby supporting long-term ecological balance. --Some words that described Sustainability that the class thought of: Environment, future, green, energy, resources, efficiency, renewable, necessary --"Our Common Future" Report (World Conference on Environment and Development)

Environmental Discrimination / Racism

--Environmental discrimination: the disproportionate exposure of POC and low income groups to pollution, but also includes biases in natural resource policy, the uneven enforcement of environmental regulations and the exclusionary nature or mainstream environmentalists. --Environmental racism: Any environmental policy, practice or directive that differentially affects or disadvantages (whether intended or unintended) individuals, groups or communities based on race or color.

Reading: Schrock, "Pursuing Equity and Justice in a Changing Climate"

--Equity often left behind in practice relative to environmental and economic imperatives --Analyzed CAPs/SAPs of many cities for presence of equity --Equity goals tend to: be not very present, reflect upper-middle-class priorities, and more focused on making a city more "livable" than equitable --Conclusion: Can CAPs/SAPs represent a renewed front for equity planning efforts? Answer: yes/no. --Under right conditions, i.e. capacity for planners/officials to analyze equity goals, intentional thought on distributional outcomes of planning efforts, and new policy-analytical tools, CAPs/SAPs can result in a new front for inc. equity

Smart Growth

--Follows the logic that dense development is the way to go --Maryland and California have Smart Growth strategies and policies, eg: CA SB 375, and the Sustainable communities and climate Protection Act of 2008, which sets regional targets for GHG emissions, through existing regional transportation and housing allocation processes.

Institutions

--Formal structures that codify patterns of behavior Institutions (formal and informal rules and processes that govern social interaction) -- while conceptually separate from individuals, rely on what/how individuals think, act, and create. --Institutions (particularly government, legal, economic, political, and military) solidify and reinforce racism (especially environmental).

Development Measures

--GDP (Gross Domestic Product): measures sum of national spending/productivity --GPI (Genuine Progress indicator): The GPI enables policymakers at the national, state, regional, or local level to measure how well their citizens are doing both economically and socially. Considers income distribution, crime, resource depletion, etc. --Gini Coefficient : measures degree of inequality in the distribution of family income. GNI (Gross National Income): GDP plus income obtained from other countries (dividends, interests). --HDI (Human Development Index): emphasize that expanding human choices should be the ultimate criteria for assessing development results: i.e. measuring country's life expectancy rate, Such as measuring country's life expectancy rate, that can also be used to question national policy choices, asking how two countries with the same level of Gross National Income (GNI) per capita can end up with different human development outcomes.

Climate Justice

--I.e. Integrating equity into Climate Action Plans --I.e. "Efforts to reduce GHG emissions from the transportation sector also pose the opportunity to create a more equitable, sustainable, affordably and healthy Oakland..." --Think: diesel emissions from port trucks, contracted drivers want rights/ don't have time to fix trucks, the union and environmental group paired up also improving air quality in surrounding Oakland --Different types of equity that can be considered in the lens of climate change: social equity, intergenerational equity, geographic equity, procedural equity, interspecies equity --"Environmental justice is defined as the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies."

Livable Cities

--Include multimodal transportation --San Francisco's livable cities initiative seeks to make downtown more sustainable, achieve a good balance of jobs and housing, and be more accessible via public transit, parking, and traffic mitigation. --Livability is usually geared toward making cities more attractive to educated, upper-middle-class households

Storytelling Institutions

--Institutions that perpetuate a specific narrative that benefits them --Some examples are the government, health care system, military, ect.

Lawful/Unlawful Discrimination

--Lawful discrimination is things such as implicit racism, deeds that prevent homeownership for those of a specific race, lower employment or education levels for those that are POC --Hard to identify and combat because it is more often up to interpretation --In civil rights law, unlawful discrimination refers to unfair or unequal treatment of an individual (or group) based on certain characteristics

Mitigation

--Mitigation is reducing (attempting to reduce) climate change --Example: Providing tax rebates for home solar installation

Reading: Campbell, "Green cities, growing cities, just cities?"

--Planners work within the planner's triangle (have to reconcile growing the economy, distributing growth fairly and equitably, while not causing significant environmental harm) --1st conflict: growth and equity (what property should be used on what parcel of land, property a private commodity but need gov invention to guide use) --2nd conflict: economy and environment (resource conflict, need to extract resources, but need regulation to preserve resources for future consumption)

Adaptation

--Preparedness, Resilience / Planning for Uncertainty, Climate Justice --Examples of adaptation: ensuring low income elderly residents have access to buildings designed to be cool in hot weather, relocating sensitive infrastructure out of flood zones,

Zoning and Discrimination

--Racially restrictive covenants: contractual agreements that prohibit the purchase, lease, or occupation of a piece of property by a particular group of people. Practice began with 1917 court ruling, making racial zoning unconstitutional. --Redlining: identification of an area by neighborhood or zip code where no mortgages are issued resulting in disinvestment as well as financial and social exclusion. --Greenlining/bluelining: mortgages issued under normal, advantageous conditions to areas where banks eager to invest. --Yellowlining: mortgages issued under abnormal conditions based on place

Institutional Racism

--Racism perpetuated by the state, where there is no one obvious person that is culpable --One example of this is predatory loan agreements that have high interest rates but need no credit verification, specifically targeted at minorities --Also disenfranchises communities so they are not able to have power and self determination

Radical vs. Mainstream Planning

--Radical planning is a stream of urban planning which seeks to manage development in an equitable and community-based manner.

Building Codes

--Regulate structures...(Couldn't find anything more on this in the lectures, so found an online definition) --Building Codes: is a set of rules that specify the standards for constructed objects such as buildings and nonbuilding structures.

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

--Spearheaded by the UN and its member states --The proposal contained 17 goals with 169 targets covering a broad range of sustainable development issues by 2030

Resilience

--Strategic Climate Adaptation (resilience). Examples of "resilience" against climate change are the following initiatives: Denver Water, New York City (PlaNYC), and City of Phoenix. --Components of resilience/ adaptation: Scenario Planning, Decision Framework (if happens, then this), Climate Monitoring, and Incremental Implementation (makes plan realistic and practical)

Subdivision Regulation

--Subdivision regulations set standards for streets, drainage ways, sewage disposal, water systems, and other aspects of public welfare. --They consist of review of a proposed division of land against pre-determined standards designed to guarantee adequate streets, utilities, drainage, means of vehicular egress (leaving the development) and ingress (entering the area)

Climate Change and Planning for Sustainability

--Sustainable Development: "...improving the quality of human life while living within the carry capacity of supporting ecosystems." --Climate Action Plans (CAPs) are one way to do this --The Anthropocene: a conceptual model illustrating humanity's direct and indirect effects on the Earth system --Ecological Footprint: measures how fast we consume resources and generate waste --Carbon Footprint: amount of CO2 and other carbon compounds emitted due to the consumption of fossil fuels by a population or individual

Practical Approaches to Achieving Sustainability/Sustainable Development (Agyeman?)

--Sustainable development is often challenging due to resource, property, and development conflicts. --Participants don't always agree on best strategy to achieve sustainability (too many compromises? plan gone too far? not far enough?) --Usually left out of conversation: needs of worlds poor should be given priority and idea of limitations imposed by technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs. --Practical approaches: Use the planner's triangle and sustainability prism, use sustainability plans, use barefoot economics Max Neef addresses these challenges

Reading: Xiang, "Working with wicked problems in socio-ecological systems"

--Wicked problems innately resistant to any "tame" formulations of scientific analysis and linear protocols for professional practice, they defy the conventional approaches and skill sets of planning, management, and policy-making --inadequacy lies in the intellectual roots of the traditional approaches, conquer and divide has been a consistent one (find rational solution to part of problem), this leaves behind much of the wicked problem unanalyzed. --Exploring questions about wicked problems within context of working/substantive real world problems will help garner greater insights and build more innovative ways to solve them

Anthropocene

--conceptual model illustrating Human direct and indirect Impact on the earth system --Addresses who and what is driving anthropogenic climate change Based on Spencer - Urban Global Ecosystem (reading ), he refers the human ecosystem as the Anthropocene that "invokes global and planetary scope warranting a historical overview of globalization , nature and the city"

Equity

--equity usually get lost in relative to economic and environmental planning , which sometimes tend to lean on the dominant group's interest. --Local CAPs and SAPs are recently evaluated whether they are making Equity in climate planning priority or not. (Shrock Reading ) Addressing equity (GSI Fiona presentation): Great Communities Collaborative; a funded community planning advocacy around station planning Types of equity: --Social equity and/or Racial equity Intragenerational equity --Geographic equity --Procedural equity --Interspecies equity

Ecological Footprint

--the impact of human activities measured in terms of the area of biologically productive land and water required to produce the goods consumed and to assimilate the wastes generated EF consumption = EF production + (EF imports - EF exports)

Capital Improvement Plan

A capital improvement plan (CIP), or capital improvement program, is a short-range plan, usually four to ten years, which identifies capital projects and equipment purchases, provides a planning schedule and identifies options for financing the plan.

Wicked Problems

Characteristics of Wicked Problems -no definitive formulation of a wicked problem -no stopping rule ( run out of time, money, patience) -solutions are not true-or-false, but good or bad. -no immediate nor ultimate test of a solution -every solution is a "one-shot operation" -do not have an enumerable set of potential solutions -unique -considered a symptom of another problem -choice of explanation determines the nature of the problem's resolution -Planner has no right to be wrong.

Environmental Justice

Defined as the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies.

Displacement

Gentrification does not always lead to displacement, but majority involves displacement of original character of the area.

Regulatory Planning

Land use planning measures that focus on regulatory tools such as classifications, zoning, site-specific and city-wide development

Intersection/links between equity, justice and sustainability

Planner's Triangle expresses this intersection between equity, justice, and sustainability What's usually left out of the definition of sustainability: 1) the needs of world's poor should be given priority and 2) the idea of limitations imposed by technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs Alternative to GDP: GPI (Genuine Progress Indicator); GPI looks at normal GDP stuff but also figures that represent the cost of negative effects of economic activity (cost of crime, cost of ozone and resource depletion, etc.)

Disaster Planning

Some cities require building to be up to certain codes for environmental, health and natural disaster safety But this changes on a state by state, and even county basis as there are no federally mandated regulations in case of a natural disaster This can then cause massive devastation when flooding happens in a place like Houston, where building codes are lax and almost non existent, especially for environmental concerns

Livability Prism

The livability prism is an extension of the planner's triangle that accounts for livability, gentrification, growth management and greening. ------ Corners of prism: Livability, Ecology, Economy, Equity Between livability and equity: gentrification conflict Between livability and ecology: green cities conflict In middle: growth management conflict

Landscape literacy

a means for recognizing and redressing those injustices through urban planning and design and community development, just as verbal literacy was a cornerstone of the American Civil Rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s