Drugs and Kids Exam 2
does treatment work?
getting treatment is better than no treatment, however there is NO evidence of treatment setting, length, intensity, types of populations, or types of adolescents for settings
what is the guiding good choices program?
a universal substance use prevention program for parents of children in grades 4-8. Evidence based multimedia program that gives parents the knowledge/skills to prevent substance problems and improve family bonding/communication skills. Implemented in diverse urban and rural communities in the US. Various ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds. Workshops delivered in many countries.
did dare work?
about 1-1.3 billion spent per year, was complete failure. No evidence suggested that it decreased drug use in short or long term studies. as of 2007, dare students may have slightly higher drug abuse rates
what is an example of campus marketing campaigns?
ads about drinking on campus, health-related facts, email blasts, posters, etc.
how do adolescents who abuse drugs often describe family interactions?
alienation from family, no/low family cohesion, no cooperation, parents not seen as supportive, parents seen as selfish, neglectful, not affectionate
what are some protective factors for teenage drug and alcohol users?
2 parent household, parents communicate with teen's social system, parent is in charge
what do parents communicate to their children about substance use through their actions?
25% of teenagers have reported that underage drinking has occurred with their parents present, 2 out of 3 say it is easy to get alcohol from their home without their parents knowing, and 2 out of 5 say that it is easy to get alcohol from their friends' parents.
compared to teens who have not seen their parents drunk, those who have are...
2x more likely to get drunk in one month and 3x more likely to use marijuana and smoke cigarettes
what are the effects of the philip morris ads?
57% of college students associate Philip Morris as with cigarettes. Ads were rated less favorably when students were aware the company was selling tobacco, therefore companies avoid brand recognition in these ads. NO association between opinions and smoking patterns—no change in behavior.
what was the impact of the real cost campaign?
89% of youth were aware of the campaign 6-8 months after launch, majority of youth found it to be effective, prevented over 500,000 youth 11-19 from initiating smoking, in first 2 years saved over $53 billion by reducing smoking related costs
describe intensive outpatient
9 hours a week of structured programming, typically over a few days, individual therapy, group therapy, educational groups, psychiatric services, medication
describe partial inpatient
"day hospital", 20 hours a week, structured programming, immediate access to medical and psychiatric services
what is the "new" dare program?
"keepin' it real" program. Refuse offers to substances, explain why you don't want them, avoid situation where substances are used, leave situations where substances are used. Multicultural school based prevention program for 12-14 year olds. 10 lesson curriculum taught by teachers in 45 minute sessions. designed to assess risks of substance use and build decision making and resistance skills.
explain the tips from former smokers campaign
$54 million campaign from 2012, first federally funded anti-smoking effort, national education campaign featuring real people living with the effects of smoking. Emotional stories told by former smokers, increased awareness of dangers, encouraged quitting, motivated non-smokers to educate others on dangers
what are parental values regarding underage substance use?
1 in 4 parents with children aged 12-20 agree that teenagers should be able to drink at home when parents are present, 1 in 4 parents have indicated that they permitted their teenagers to drink under their supervision in the past 6 months, and 1 in 12 parents have allowed their child's friend to drink under their supervision
what is the substance abuse disorder criteria
1. taking the substance in larger amounts or for longer than you meant to 2. wanting to cut down or stop using but not managing to 3. spending a lot of time getting, using, or recovering from the use of the substance 4. cravings and urges to use the substance 5. not managing to do what you should at work, home, or school because of substance use 6. continuing to use even when it causes problems in relationships 7. giving up important social, occupational, or recreational activities because of substance use 8. using the substance again and again even when it puts you in danger 9. continuing to use even when you know you have a physical or psychological problem that could be made worse by the substance 10. needing more of the substance to get the effect you need (tolerance) 11. development of withdrawal symptoms, which can be relieved by taking more of the substance
did the tips from former smokers campaign work?
1.64 million additional smokers attempting to quit and over 200,000 remaining abstinent, increase in people talking about dangers with friends/family from 31.9% to 35.2%. Increase in calls/web visits when ads were running.
what is sustained remission?
12+ months without meeting the criteria (except cravings)
what are the components of guiding good choices?
2 hour sessions over 5 weeks (children come to one session) where parents learn to establish family policy on drug use, teach children resistance skills, create opportunities for adolescents to have meaningful roles in the family, and practice self-control techniques. Interactive skill-based, video-based vignettes, and a family guide are used for teaching.
what is AUDIT?
Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Answer questions on a scale from never to four+ times a week
what are the 4 standardized screening instruments?
CAGE, AUDIT, CRAFFT, and Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence, (plus clinical interviews such as the Addiction severity index)
what is the DSM V?
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Classifies mental disorders, designed for use in multiple clinical and community settings, provides a menu of symptoms and meets diagnostic criteria based on a number of endorsed symptoms from a list.
explain the real cost campaign
FDA launched a campaign in 2014 to prevent tobacco use in teens 12-17.
what is involved in the inpatient services model?
Individual therapy Therapy groups Psycho-education didactic lectures Therapeutic milieu Family sessions Recreational groups (art, physical education) Work assignments or School Relapse prevention skills Autobiographies, share life history AA groups (often the Minnesota Model)
what is a standardized screening instrument?
Interview or self-report measure to identify an unrecognized abuse or dependence in person
what are the 5 r's talking points for brief counseling?
REVIEW screening results, RECOMMEND not to use, RIDING/DRIVING risk counseling, RESPONSE elicit self-motivational statements, REINFORCE self-efficacy
what are the benefits of a standardized screening instrument?
Relatively quick screener that points to need for more in depth assessment, Allows for assessment of larger numbers of individuals, Compare to norms of representative sample, Administered by wide range of individuals (limited training required), Economical, time efficient
explain the truth campaign
american legacy foundation started the truth campaign in 2000. It is the largest national anti-smoking campaign that counters messages from tobacco companies. Most effective effort to reduce youth smoking. Provides facts and info about the tobacco industry/products. Gives teens tools to take control and make informed decisions. Provides teens with an outlet for expression.
what were some characteristics of old cigarette ads
appealed to children (using santa and the flintstones), marketed cigarettes as healthy (using doctors), emphasized their popularity (using celebrities). Connected cigarettes with sex, independence, beauty, happiness, and popularity.
explain the updated truth campaign data
as of 2018 and 2019, those who knew of the truth campaign were 19% less likely to use e-cigarettes than those who did not know about it.
what is the stages of change model?
assesses an individual's readiness to act on a new, healthier behavior. Can be applied to all types of change.
what is early remission?
at least 3 but less than 12 months where the person no longer meets the criteria (except cravings)
what are the targeted risk/protective factors for drug-related information skills?
attitudes and expectations regarding drugs, peer influences based on attitudes and use, and media messages
which parenting style is a protective factor against substance use and other risky behaviors?
authoritative parenting
what are the 4 parenting styles
authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, neglectful/uninvolved
what is the contemplation stage?
back and forth about change, not considering within the next month, but within the next 6 months, sitting on the fence
what other campaigns were running?
be marlboro campaign was running in 50 countries in 2012, encouraging youth to be decisive, trust themselves, and follow inspiration. "Don't be a maybe. Be Marlboro."
premise of stages of change model
behavior change does not happen in one step, people tend to progress through different stages on their way to successful change. Each individual must decide when they are ready to move to the next stage.
what are the two types of control?
behavioral and psychological
what is CRAFFT?
behavioral health screening tool for use with children/adolescents under the age of 21, 3 eye opening questions followed by 6 questions to screen adolescents at high risk for alcohol and other drug use disorders.
describe authoritative parenting
both demanding and responsive. Clear rules and guidelines are established, but failure to follow the rules results in nurturing, forgiving, supportive, teaching. These parents are willing to listen to questions, they are assertive (not restrictive or intrusive), they give their kids high levels of autonomy/independence, and they want children to be assertive, cooperative, and responsible.
what to consider developmentally for treatment
brain development, ability to weigh pros and cons, need for independence, immediate rewards, limited life experience, strength of peers, realistic goals and approach, labeling, flexibility, confidentiality
how are the different parenting styles defined?
by levels of warmth (responsiveness) and control (demandingness)
how are social norms about drinking shifted on college campuses?
changing behavior by changing erroneous beliefs, inform students about the actual drinking behaviors and alcohol related norms on campus. can target higher risk groups (greek life, athletes, prior violators) or the full student body. includes one-on-one counseling, peer counseling, school-wide efforts, focus on high-risk groups, etc.
what are the advantages of web-based programs?
cheaper alternative, reaches many students, consistent message with reduced administrative burden, can track who completed it. Includes education about social norms, prevention strategies, and can be tailored to students based on answers.
describe authoritarian parenting
children are expected to follow rules set up by parents who are obedience oriented. Failure to follow the rules leads to punishment. The parents are overprotective, directive, and have lots of demands. They have limited responsiveness—limited explanation behind rules/punishment/demands. The parents are controlling, intrusive, and give limited autonomy and independence.
why is parental control important?
children become aware of the behaviors that displease their parents, steps can be taken to change the inappropriate behavior, helps to focus children toward certain behaviors that the parents want to see in the child
what is parental warmth?
communication and engagement with child, responsiveness, supportiveness, and nurturance, fostering individuality, self-regulation, and self-assertion, meeting the child's needs and demands
what is being taught to the child in the strengthening families program?
communication skills to improve relationships, hopes and dreams, problem solving, peer resistance, feeling identification, and anger management/coping skills
what are the 8 major themes of substance use impact on parents?
confirming suspicions, struggling to set limits, dealing with the consequences, living with the blame and shame, trying to keep the child safe, grieving the child that was, living with the guilt, and choosing self-preservation (and sometimes denial is added to this list as well)
what is the maintenance stage?
continued commitment to sustaining new behavior, post 6 months to 5 years
what does not work in ad prevention campaigns?
cosmetic effects, humorous ads (because they arouse positive emotions), romantic rejection of smokers, long-term health effects, addiction, celebrities
what are some external barriers to treatment?
cost, time conflicts, logistical reasons, limited treatment options/availability, enforced treatment, accessibility of drugs
what is parental control?
demandingness, expectations of maturity, disciplinary strategies, and supervision
what is being taught to the parent in the strengthening families program?
developmental expectations, positive interactions, attention/praise, positive family communication, holding family meetings for organization and order, effective and consistent discipline
what is the dare program?
drug abuse resistance education program. developed in 1983 by LAPD and LA unified school district, led by police officers as a collaborative effort with schools, parents, and communities. School-based drug and violence prevention program from 5th grade to high school. underlying assumption: abstinence only (students sign a pledge not to use drugs), all DARE officers receive 80 hrs of training. Allows for positive, friendly interactions with officers in a controlled and safe environment.
dsm definition of substance use disorder
each substance is addressed separately under its own disorder (ex. alcohol use disorder, stimulant use disorder, etc.) serverity of the disease varies (mild disorder 2-3 criteria, moderate disorder 4-5 criteria, severe disorder 6+ criteria)
what are the 4 specifiers of substance use disorder?
early remission, sustained remission, on maintenance therapy, in a controlled environment
benefits of structured clinical interviews?
economical, time efficient, can use lay trained interviewers when fully structured
what works in prevention campaigns?
exposure to the ad/message, fear appeals (health problem, tobacco company deception), endangering others and families (second hand smoke, children), peer norms (smoking is unattractive, not cool, most don't smoke), images of refusing cigarettes, graphic portrayal of consequences, negative life circumstances, arousing strong negative emotions, targets behavior to change beliefs, consequences for mood, social acceptance, and social popularity.
What are the CRAFFT questions?
eye opening yes/no questions: during the past 12 months did you... 1. Drink more than a few sips of beer, wine, or any drink containing alcohol? 2. Use any marijuana (cannabis, weed, oil, wax, or hash by smoking, vaping, dabbing, or in edibles) or "synthetic marijuana" (like "K2," "Spice")? 3. Use anything else to get high (like other illegal drugs, pills, prescription or over-the-counter medications, and things that you sniff, huff, vape, or inject)? C - Have you ever ridden in a CAR driven by someone (including yourself) who was "high" or had been using alcohol or drugs? R - Do you ever use alcohol or drugs to RELAX, feel better about yourself, or fit in? A - Do you ever use alcohol/drugs while you are by yourself, ALONE? F - Do you ever FORGET things you did while using alcohol or drugs? F - Do your FAMILY or FRIENDS ever tell you that you should cut down on your drinking or drug use? T - Have you gotten into TROUBLE while you were using alcohol or drugs?
what are some characteristics of behavioral control?
firm/strict, monitoring their child's activities, having structured environments
how do frequent family dinners relate to substance use?
frequent family dinners (5+ times a week) makes a child less likely to use drugs because they increase family knowledge, provide time for parents to share info and values, create positive family relationships, and are linked to protective factors like monitoring, spending time with parents, attending religious services, and improving family relations with parents and siblings
how was DARE funded?
government agencies like dept of justice, dept of defense, etc. as well as private and corporate funding from state legislature, cities, schools, police agencies, and community fund raisers.
explain the above the influence campaign
government-based campaign promoting the message to live "above the influence", encouraging teens to be themselves and avoid negative influences. targets behaviors to "fit in"
what were the goals of the anti-smoking campaigns?
highlight short and long term health consequences, deglamorize smoking's social appeal by using humor/unflattering portrayals, and challenge misconceptions that smoking is widespread among teens.
what is a therapeutic community?
highly structured residential setting, all services provided onsite, main therapist is community itself, treatment is seen as happening 24/7 as part of the living context, run by individuals in recovery and senior residents who act as therapists and role models, residents do all the work to maintain the community, group therapy is main therapy modality, residents hold one another accountable, last phase of treatment is a live-out phase with contact gradually reduced until graduation (1 yr after moving out)
what is in a controlled environment?
in an environment where access to a substance is restricted
what is the influence that older siblings have on substance use
increase risk for use if sibling is using because of modeling and increased availability
describe the universal prevention framework
intended to reach the full population or the general population, everyone can benefit, does not target risk factors
what are some characteristics of psychological control?
intrusive, using guilt/withdrawing love to get obedience
does adult supervision of alcohol increase or decrease the use of alcohol in teens as well as harmful alcohol consequences?
it increases it
what were the effects of the truth campaign?
it reached 3/4 of american youth aged 12-17. It was effecttive in changing perceptions about how common smoking is in peer groups. Teens who were exposed to the campaign correctly estimated the number of peers who smoke while those with less exposure overestimated. The truth campaign also saw an increase in anti-tobacco attitudes and beliefs. Negative attitudes towards smoking rose from 6.6% to 26.4% in the first 10 months of the campaign. There was a decline in smoking prevalence from 2000-2002. 22% of the decline in youth smoking was attributed to the truth campaign. dose response: the more ads one was exposed to, the less likely they were to smoke.
explain the philip morris campaign
launched in 1998, the company created a media campaign for youth smoking prevention, targeting 10-14 year olds. They used print and video ads suggesting that smoking isn't smart and that it's easy to just say no. There were ads targeting the young (think. don't smoke), to parents (talk. they'll listen), and to the public (working to make a difference, the people of philip morris). They publicized the companies efforts to prohibit cigarettes to minors and showed the charity work they were doing.
what percent of adolescents with alcohol/drug problems receive treatment?
less than 10%
what is a teen residential program?
long term inpatient care, typical stay is 30-90 days, provides treatment and programming, similar programming as the inpatient treatment center but with more schooling, not locked like inpatient programs
what is therapeutic boarding school?
lots of overlap with residential treatment programs with some key differences: fewer staff to student, students often have less complex presentation, more academically oriented vs treatment oriented, different licensure processes
how do adolescents who abuse drugs often describe family communication?
low levels of trust, acceptance and understanding, lack of communication (high levels of conflict due to closed/unclear communication), negative contact/hostility, lying/evading the truth, avoidance, and limited open discussion with parents about drugs
What is the preparation stage?
making small changes in preparation for a change in the next month, getting ready, testing the waters, some experience with change/wanting to change
what was the strategy behind the truth campaign?
market the message as a brand, expose the tobacco industry and its manipulative tactics, re-direct teen's need for rebellion to the tobacco industry, avoid preaching/directing/judging smokers, national multiethnic campaign designed to engage teens in innovative ways
how can too much parental control impact the child?
may limit opportunities for the child to make decisions for themselves or let their needs be known
what are the targeted risk/protective factors for personal self-management skills?
media portrayal and psychosocial
what is the addiction severity index?
most widely used assessment instrument in addiction, administered in 1 hour or less, assesses level of severity/impact in different domains of life.
what was the dare curriculum in the 5th grade?
motivate students to avoid substances, improve ability to make prosocial decisions, resist peer pressure to use substances, develop and practice refusal skills, topics include: tobacco, drug abuse, inhalants, alcohol, and peer pressure
what are some assessment considerations to take?
multimodal, multi-informant assessment (history of present and past use, medical and psychiatric assessment, social/developmental/family histories, cultural history, multiple reporters), role and function of the substance in the person's life (heterogeneity, type of drugs, nature/course/duration/severity of problem, views about drugs and impact on functioning), treatment (history of treatment and relapse, info on what did/did not work, motivations and reasons for treatment, views on abuse, addiction, and treatment), psychiatric comorbidity (assess whether substance abuse is primary or secondary to other mental health problems, understand the cultural differences in comorbidity), cultural and historical factors (select assessments valid for population and period, consider definition/scoring of abuse by culture and period, sensitive to threshold issues)
describe the philip morris anti-smoking ads
no clear message, colorful with giant graphics, very very ineffective.
was the meth project effective?
no. it did not contribute to changes in meth use and increased social stigma
What is the precontemplation stage?
not currently considering change, not intending to start a new behavior in the near future (within 6 months), may be unaware of need to change, ignorance is bliss
what is the life skills training program?
one of the best researched and effective school based substance abuse prevention programs. Holistic approach based on risk and protective model, prevention of alcohol tobacco and marijuana use, and prevention of violent behaviors. Universal prevention, used for elementary, middle, nd high school students and their parents. Includes the school based program and boosters, supplemental parenting program is also available.
describe wilderness programs
outdoor behavioral health programs, varied in quality of clinical care
what is the format of the strengthening families program?
parents and children come to sessions together, there is a meal time. They attend separate sessions for the first hour with trained group leaders in which they view videos, read manuals, and complete handouts. They learn specific (age appropriate) skills. Then they come together again for the second hour and do a family session. They also take activities to do together at home after the session.
describe permissive parenting
parents are responsive but not demanding, they are too flexible and indulgent. They rarely discipline the child and are extremely lenient by demanding very little and not setting limits or rules. There is a lack of clear rules or consequences for breaking rules. They are communicative, involved, and nurturing, and they avoid confrontation.
how does the information communicated by parents influence the beliefs of their children in regards to substance use?
parents who communicate their own anti-substance beliefs, rules, and suggestions to avoid use are related to higher ANTI-substance use norms in teens. Additionally, parent's reference to their own use, even when paired with rules and advice against substance use, can lead to lower levels of anti-substance use norms in their children.
what are the 2 parenting styles associated with adolescent drug use?
permissive and authoritarian
describe inpatient hospital
person is admitted to the hospital, 24 hour access to care team, removed from environmental triggers, multidisciplinary team of social workers, psychologists, psychiatrists, medical care, teachers, etc.
what are the components of the life skills training program?
personal self-management skills, social skills, and drug-related information and skills
what are the goals of Alcohol eCHECKUP (e-chug)
personalized, evidence based online prevention program with the goal of reducing dangerous drinking on campuses and to increase a safe and healthy campus by reducing harm. Targets freshmen and athletes, providing personal feedback to students on their drinking patterns, health and personal consequences, personal and family risk factors, campus and community support, and emergency services.
how was DARE implemented?
popular with law enforcement agencies, schools, and parents. Widely disseminated, cost effective. Implemented in 75% of schools in the US and 43 countries. as of 2009: 36 million graduates worldwide, 26 million in US. 20 million grads per year worldwide. 10,000 policemen participated.
what is the action stage?
practicing new behavior, goal is to produce the change, can be in this stage for up to 6 months
what are the stages of change?
precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, relapse
what are some environmental prevention plans on campuses?
provide alcohol free options (social events that do not include alcohol) and expand hours for alcohol free areas on campus (gym, student center, etc.), create a normative environment that supports health-promoting norms, decrease alcohol availability by banning or restricting alcohol on campus or by limiting the hours of alcohol sale, restrict on and off campus marketing/advertising of alcohol, and develop/enforce campus policies and local/state/federal laws
what are the targeted risk/protective factors for social skills?
psychological well being and social factors (negative affect, self control)
what are the disadvantages of family based prevention programs?
reaches a smaller proportion of the population, barriers to attendance especially for high-risk families, and recruitment for these programs is difficult
what are the 3 r's of DARE?
recognize, resist, report
what is relapse?
revert to old behaviors again
what is a brief intervention?
short intervention (1-2 sessions in a doctors office/hospital provided by primary physician/nurse), builds on motivational interviewing, effective for heavy/binge drinkers, raise a problem-provide feedback-assess readiness
What is the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence?
short screen to assess the level of dependence. higher scores typically reflect higher dependence on nicotine.
what are some risk factors for teenage drug and alcohol users?
single parent household, low parental monitoring, low involvement/cohesion, parent drug use and psychopathology, sibling drug use, and genetic influence
what is being taught during the joint sessions in the strengthening families program?
skills are being practiced together and coaching is received. Engage in therapeutic play/games, and have family meetings/plan family activities
what is the influence that peers have on substance use
spending more time with friends may shift adolescents' view on their parents' authority. Also, peers who use substances and smoke cigarettes is a predictor of use.
what are some internal barriers to treatment?
stigma, psychological reasons, personal beliefs, lack of problem recognition, attitudes about abuse, attitudes about treatment
what are school based drug prevention programs and why are they important?
they are programs targeted at children and adolescents, delivered in schools, access to most children and youth throughout all developmental stages, access to high-risk youth, many risk/protective factors are school based
explain the strengthening families program
strengthening families is a substance prevention training program initially designed for parents of high-risk children in elementary school. It evolved to be and to include: broader age ranges (pre-k through High School), universal program, school-based curriculum for the students, home based DVD for parents, selective intervention for children of substance abusing parents. Teaches parenting skills, child life skills, and family life skills.
explain the link between parental modeling and child substance use
substance abuse by family members increases the chances that other family members will use. Parental modeling of drinking relates to earlier initiation and later alcohol use in teens.
what is the format of the family matters program?
successive mailing of 4 booklets to parents, two weeks after each mailing a health educator calls the parent to discuss. can be implemented by many organizations and individuals.
describe the way that structured clinical interviews are conducted
they are tools that help physicians, psychologists, and researchers make an accurate diagnosis of a variety of psychiatric illnesses. Contains standardized questions so that each individual is interviewed the same way, while allowing for open ended conversation. Questions ask about nature, severity, onset, and duration of symptoms.
what is on maintenance therapy?
taking long-term maintenance medication to help stay in remission (ex. methadone, nicotine replacement, etc.)
describe the selective prevention framework
targeted for at-risk groups
describe the indicated prevention framework
targets groups already exhibiting problems or the potential for problems (ex> early signs of use, but not significant impairment or problems yet, or high risk related behaviors)
what are the advantages of family based prevention programs?
targets risk and protective factors, especially appropriate for high risk children and adolescents, adds more than school based programs, and families across all risk levels can attend
how is the life skills training program delivered?
taught in the classroom by teachers, healthcare professionals, and older peer leaders. Delivered in an interactive format with role plays, behavioral rehearsal, demonstrations, and behavioral homework. Costs $625 for middle school set.
what were the 3 government anti-smoking campaigns?
the real cost, tips from former smokers, and above the influence
explain the master settlement agreement (1998)
the us tobacco companies and the attorneys general of 46 states came to an agreement to: decrease/stop tobacco marketing practices, pay settlements to states for their medical costs due to smoking related illnesses (minimum $206 billion over 25 years), and fund smoking advocacy group (american legacy foundation)
what are characteristics of parents who effectively use control?
they are involved with their children, they can engage in open disagreements at times, and they are obedience oriented
what were the results of the PM campaign ads?
they did the opposite of what they were supposed to do. Greater likelihood of teens smoking the following year/intent to smoke in the future, positive impressions of the tobacco industry because the ads make the youth less likely to believe that cigarette companies are hiding information. Improved impression of tobacco industry because smoking was portrayed as attractive, but forbidden.
what are the goals of the strengthening families program?
to enhance parenting and family strengths in order to reduce behavior problems, delinquency, and alcohol/drug use, and to improve social competencies and school performance
what was the goal of the meth project?
to increase perceived risk and decrease perceived benefit of trying meth. Attempted to improve and increase communication between teens and parents. Stigmatized use and made meth socially unacceptable by depicting users as unhygienic, dangerous, untrustworthy, and exploitative, using explicit images.
what is the purpose of a treatment program?
to reverse or eliminate a problem that already exists
what is the purpose of a prevention program?
to stop a problem from happening/starting, or to slow it down
describe outpatient care
treatment for a short duration (15 min-a few hours), treatments include individual counseling, group therapy, medication management
What is the family matters program?
universal prevention program for children of parents ages 12-14, designed to prevent alcohol and tobacco use, reduce family risk factors, and enhance protective family factors associated with substance abuse. Improves communication, increases positive time together, teaching behaviors that families can influence, helping parents fight negative non-family influences.
explain the alcohol edu program
universal prevention program, targets change of normative behavior on campus, online program to encourage students to make safer, smarter choices about alcohol use. 3hr, 2 part course all incoming freshmen must complete
what are the 3 prevention frameworks?
universal, selective, and indicated
how long do the positive effects of the life skills training program last?
up to 12 years
describe the strategies of the real cost campaign
use graphic imagery to show the health consequences of tobacco (the cost to my body), creative illustration of loss of control due to addiction (the cost to my mind)
where has the strengthening families program been implemented?
various settings such as schools, drug treatment centers, family service agencies, child protection agencies, community mental health centers, homeless shelters, churches, drug courts, and prisons. over 26 countries, with translations including spanish, portuguese, french, german, dutch, slovenian, russain, tai, burmese, and chinese. implemented with ethnically diverse families.
how effective were the joe camel ads?
very effective. Attractive to children, more successful with children than with adults because of the cartoon camel. 91% of children were able to match joe camel to a picture of a cigarette, which was the same percentage of kids who could match mickey mouse to the disney logo.
what is CAGE?
widely used screening tool for hazardous/risky drinking: C - have you felt you should CUT DOWN on your drinking? A - have people ANNOYED you by criticizing your drinking? G - have you ever felt GUILTY about your drinking E - EYE OPENER: have you ever had a drink first thing in the morning to steady your nerves/get rid of a hangover?
how do infrequent family dinners relate to substance abuse?
with infrequent family dinners (less than 3x a week), children are 4x more likely to use tobacco, 2x more likely to use alcohol, and 2.5x more likely to use marijuana
did keepin' it real work?
worked better than dare, lowered alcohol, marijuana, and cigarette use in prevention group. students had greater use of strategies to resist marijuana and cigarettes.
is there evidence to support the effectiveness of the strengthening families program?
yes, it is rigorously tested and there has been improved parenting, reduced risk factors/behavioral problems, and reduce substance use/risk
does alcohol edu work?
yes, there was a significant reduction in all outcome measures for both alcohol edu and e-chug. Additionally, both decreased other negative consequences as well. Alcohol edu is more effective.
does the family matters program work?
yes. adolescents reduced cigarette smoking and alcohol use 3 months and 1 year after the program. significant changes also occurred in several substance-specific aspects of the family (like rule setting about substance use)
does the life skills training program work?
yes. lowers normative expectations for substance use, higher drug refusal skills, lower violence and delinquency, effective with caucasians, latino, and african american students as well as suburban and inner city youth
does the guiding good choices program work?
yes. parenting improved, there was less conflict with spouse, child management and relationship quality sustained 1 yr post program. Teens had stronger norms against alcohol even 3.5 yrs after the intervention, slower rates of increased use, and slower rates of increased delinquency acts.
was the above the influence campaign effective?
yes. reduced initiation of marijuana use, reduced pro-marijuana attitudes, no similar declines in alcohol and tobacco, successful bc it taps into teens' need to be independent and self-sufficient.
