ENERGY! INSC 201 Master Quizlet (1-14)

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Choose the correct statement regarding which major gas components comprised the atmosphere of the "young" Earth or the Earth today.

"Young" Earth = CO2 and N2

Choose the correct statement regarding which major gas components comprised the atmosphere of the "young" Earth or the Earth today. "Young" Earth = O2 only Earth today = O2 only "Young" Earth = CO2 and N2 Earth today = CO2 and O2 Earth today = CO2 and N2

"Young" Earth = CO2 and N2

If a 3600 Watt oven is on for 5.5 hours and the power company charges $ 0.10 per kilowatt-hour (kWh), then how much did it cost to run the oven?

$ 1.98

If a 4200 Watt oven is on for 5.5 hours and the power company charges $ 0.20 per kilowatt-hour (kWh), then how much did it cost to run the oven?

$ 4.62

Calculate the efficiency of an engine in a power plant operating between 45 ° C and 310 ° C. Remember that the efficiency is a decimal number less than 1. Remember that the formula for efficiency e is given by: e = 1 - (Tlow / Thigh), where the temperature must be in Kelvin. So, FIRST convert the temperatures in degrees Celsius to Kelvin by adding 273. The efficiency must be less than 1 and must be positive.

0.45

Calculate the efficiency of an engine in a power plant operating between 35 ° C and 300 ° C. Remember that the efficiency is a decimal number less than 1.

0.46

Calculate the efficiency of an engine in a power plant operating between 50 ° C and 340 ° C. Remember that the efficiency is a decimal number less than 1. Remember that the formula for efficiency e is given by: e = 1 - (Tlow / Thigh), where the temperature must be in Kelvin. So, FIRST convert the temperatures in degrees Celsius to Kelvin by adding 273. The efficiency must be less than 1 and must be positive.

0.47

Calculate the efficiency of an engine in a power plant operating between 25 ° C and 340 ° C. Remember that the efficiency is a decimal number less than 1.

0.51

Power output of a nuclear power plant.

1 GW

Power output of a large windmill.

1 MW

What is the intensity in W/m2 of a 60 -W light bulb at a distance 6 cm from the bulb's center?

1.330×10^3 W/m2

What is the intensity in W/m2 of a 120 -W light bulb at a distance 8 cm from the bulb's center?

1.490×103 W/m2

What is the intensity in W/m2 of a 120 -W light bulb at a distance 8 cm from the bulb's center?

1.49E+03 W/m2

What is the intensity in W/m2 of a 80 -W light bulb at a distance 6 cm from the bulb's center?

1.770×10 ^3 W/m2

What is the intensity in W/m2 of a 40 -W light bulb at a distance 4 cm from the bulb's center?

1.990×103 W/m2

If the pH of a sample decreases from 4 to 3, then the acid concentration increases by a factor of:

Assume that world energy consumption is about 500 Quads each year (~ 5x1020 J). If all of that energy were supplied by the estimated 5000 Quads of natural gas reserves, then how many years would these reserves last?

10 years

If the pH of a sample decreases from 4 to 2, then the acid concentration increases by a factor of:

100

If the pH of a sample decreases from 4 to 2, then the acid concentration increases by a factor of: Remember that each time the pH value decreases by 1 that the acid concentration increases by a factor of 10. For example, if the pH decreases from 10 to 7 (or by 3), then the acid concentration increases by 10*10*10 = 1000.

100

If the pH of a sample decreases from 5 to 3, then the acid concentration increases by a factor of:

100

Number of protons in Fermium (named after Enrico Fermi).

100

Power consumption of a person to survive

100 W

If the pH of a sample increases from 1 to 4, then the acid concentration decreases by a factor of: Remember that each time the pH value increases by 1 that the acid concentration decreases by a factor of 10. For example, if the pH increases from 7 to 10 (or by 3), then the acid concentration decreases by 10*10*10 = 1000.

1000

If the pH of a sample increases from 2 to 5, then the acid concentration decreases by a factor of:

1000

If the pH of a sample increases from 2 to 6, then the acid concentration decreases by a factor of:

10000

If the pH of a sample increases from 2 to 6, then the acid concentration decreases by a factor of: Remember that each time the pH value increases by 1 that the acid concentration decreases by a factor of 10. For example, if the pH increases from 7 to 10 (or by 3), then the acid concentration decreases by 10*10*10 = 1000.

10000

If the engine with the efficiency calculated above extracted a total energy of 200 MJ from fuel, then how many MJ of energy could be used as useful mechanical energy to operate the engine?

102 MJ mechanical energy

Number of protons in Meitnerium (named after Lise Meitner).

109

terawatts

10^12 watts

megawatts

10^6 watts

gigawatts

10^9 watts

In a solar system far, far away the sun's intensity is 400 W/m2 for an inner planet located a distance R away. What is the sun's intensity for an outer planet located at a distance 6 R from the Sun?

11.1000 W/m2

12 days

How many kg of sulfur are emitted by a 1 GW power plant burning natural gas for 6 h? Assume that natural gas emits 2 kg sulfur per GWh.

12 kg

In a solar system far, far away the sun's intensity is 300 W/m2 for an inner planet located a distance R away. What is the sun's intensity for an outer planet located at a distance 5 R from the Sun?

12.0000 W/m2

What is the wavelength in nm for light with a photon energy of 10 eV? Remember that Ephoton (eV) = (1240 eV nm) / (λ nm).

124

For wind power it is important to understand the relationship between wind speed and power intensity. If the wind speed is increased by a factor of 5, then how many times larger is the wind's power intensity?

125 because 5x5x5

If your monthly energy bill is for 350 kWh, then how many megajoules (MJ) is that? Remember that 1 kWh = 3600 kJ.

1260 MJ

If your monthly energy bill is for 350 kW-hrs, then how many kilojoules (kJ) is that? Note: You can enter large numbers using scientific notation, e.g. 1500000 can be entered as 1.5e6 How many megajoules (MJ) is this amount of energy?

1260000 kJ 1260 MJ

What is the wavelength in nm for light with a photon energy of 9.5 eV? Remember that Ephoton (eV) = (1240 eV nm) / (λ nm).

131

A pot of water on the stove has a temperature increase of 75 C. How much is that temperature increase in degrees Fahrenheit?

135 degrees F increase

What is the wavelength in nm for light with a photon energy of 9 eV? Remember that Ephoton (eV) = (1240 eV nm) / (λ nm).

138

A nuclear warhead is designed to explode with an energy equivalent of 300 kilotons TNT. How many days does it take for a 1 GW power plant to produce this amount of energy? Remember that 1 ton TNT equals 4.2 GJ, which is the energy produced by a 1 GW (or 1 GJ/sec) power plant in 4.2 seconds. Use unit analysis as follows: ( 300 kilotons TNT ) x (1000 tons / 1 kiloton) x (4.2 GJ / 1 ton TNT) x (1 sec / 1 GJ ) x (1 hr / 3600 sec) x (1 day / 24 hr) = ???.

14.6 days

If your monthly energy bill is for 400 kW-hrs, then how many kilojoules (kJ) is that? How many megajoules (MJ) is this amount of energy?

1440000 kJ 1440 MJ

Total power consumption of the world.

15 TW

In the problems below, water is heated and its temperature increases. For reference, one kilogram of water has a volume of one liter (or approx. 1 quart). If 3 kg of water is heated from 25 ° C to 75 ° C, then what is the heat added in kcal (same as food calories)?

150 kcal Heat (kcal) = Mass of water (kg) x Temperature Increase (degrees C).

A heat engine operates between 30 C and 350 C. If this engine extracts a total energy of 300 MJ from fuel, then how many MJ of energy could be used as useful mechanical energy? Remember that e = 1 - T(low)/T(high), where T is in Kelvin (= Celsius + 273).

154 MJ

What is the wavelength in nm for light with a photon energy of 8 eV? Remember that Ephoton (eV) = (1240 eV nm) / (λ nm).

155

Radon, the radioactive gas that contributes more than half the yearly dose to the average American, has a half-life of approximately 4 days. How many days does it take a radon source to decay to 1/16 of its original level of radioactivity? If the sample decays to 1/8 th its original level of radioactivity, then it has decayed by a factor of (1/2) x (1/2) x (1/2) = 1/8, or three half-lives. For radon with a half-life of 4 days, the corresponding time would be: 3 half-lives x 4 days/half-life = 12 days.

16 days

If a ball's speed increases from 16 m/s to 64 m/s, then its kinetic energy is how many times larger?

16 times

If a ball's speed increases from 8 m/s to 32 m/s, then its kinetic energy is how many times larger?

16 times larger

In a given solar system the sun's intensity is 400 W/m2 for a planet located a distance R away. What is the sun's intensity in W/m2 for a planet located at a distance 5 R from the Sun?

16.0 W/m2

In a solar system far, far away the sun's intensity is 400 W/m2 for an inner planet located a distance R away. What is the sun's intensity for an outer planet located at a distance 5 R from the Sun?

16.0000 W/m2

It takes 1 kcal to raise the temperature of 1 kg of liquid water by 1 C, but only 0.5 kcal to raise the temperature of 1 kg of ice or water vapor by 1 C. Also, it takes 80 kcal to melt 1 kg of ice sitting at 0 C, and 540 kcal to evaporate 1 kg of liquid water sitting at 100 C. 210 kcal How much heat is required to evaporate 3 kg of liquid water at 100 C? 210 kcal How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 3 kg of ice by 70 C? 210 kcal How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 3 kg of liquid water by 70 C?

1620 kcal: How much heat is required to evaporate 3 kg of liquid water at 100 C? 105 kcal: How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 3 kg of ice by 70 C? 210 kcal: How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 3 kg of liquid water by 70 C?

It takes 1 kcal to raise the temperature of 1 kg of liquid water by 1 C, but only 0.5 kcal to raise the temperature of 1 kg of ice or water vapor by 1 C. Also, it takes 80 kcal to melt 1 kg of ice sitting at 0 C, and 540 kcal to evaporate 1 kg of liquid water sitting at 100 C. How much heat is required to evaporate 3 kg of liquid water at 100 C? How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 3 kg of ice by 60 C? How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 3 kg of liquid water by 60 C?

1620 kcal: How much heat is required to evaporate 3 kg of liquid water at 100 C? 90 kcal: How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 3 kg of ice by 60 C? 180 kcal: How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 3 kg of liquid water by 60 C?

A nuclear warhead is designed to explode with an energy equivalent of 350 kilotons TNT. How many days does it take for a 1 GW power plant to produce this amount of energy?

17.0 days

In a solar system far, far away the sun's intensity is 300 W/m2 for an inner planet located a distance R away. What is the sun's intensity for an outer planet located at a distance 4 R from the Sun?

18.8000 W/m2

It takes 1 kcal to raise the temperature of 1 kg of liquid water by 1 C, but only 0.5 kcal to raise the temperature of 1 kg of ice or water vapor by 1 C. Also, it takes 80 kcal to melt 1 kg of ice sitting at 0 C, and 540 kcal to evaporate 1 kg of liquid water sitting at 100 C. How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 3 kg of liquid water by 60 C? How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 3 kg of ice by 60 C? How much heat is required to evaporate 3 kg of liquid water at 100 C?

180 kcal: How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 3 kg of liquid water by 60 C? 90 kcal: How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 3 kg of ice by 60 C? 1620 kcal: How much heat is required to evaporate 3 kg of liquid water at 100 C?

A nuclear warhead is designed to explode with an energy equivalent of 400 kilotons TNT. How many days does it take for a 1 GW power plant to produce this amount of energy?

19.4 days

What is the wavelength in nm for light with a photon energy of 6.5 eV? Remember that Ephoton (eV) = (1240 eV nm) / (λ nm).

191

Rank the following countries from highest to lowest for the percentage of electricity generated from nuclear power in 2018.

1: France 4: China 3: United States 2: South Korea

Rank the following sources for TOTAL U.S. energy from largest (#1) to smallest (#4). Oil Coal Nuclear Natural Gas

1: Oil 3: Coal 4: Nuclear 2: Natural Gas

Indicate the correct order for the steps given below in the greenhouse effect. The sun emits visible radiation. Visible radiation passes through the Earth's atmosphere. Greenhouse gases absorb and emit infrared radiation. The ground absorbs visible radiation and emits infrared radiation.

1: The sun emits visible radiation. 2: Visible radiation passes through the Earth's atmosphere. 4: Greenhouse gases absorb and emit infrared radiation. 3: The ground absorbs visible radiation and emits infrared radiation.

Rank from highest to lowest the following energy losses for an automobile. Thermodynamic losses of a heat engine Frictional losses in the engine Air resistance OR Braking OR Tire resistance (all about equal)

1: Thermodynamic losses of a heat engine 2: Frictional losses in the engine 3: Air resistance OR Braking OR Tire resistance (all about equal)

Order from lowest to highest pH (or highest to lowest acidity) the following items. coffee blood soap milk

1: coffee 3: blood 4: soap 2: milk

Order the following parts of the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum from highest to lowest ENERGY. gamma rays infrared radio waves visible light

1: gamma rays 3: infrared 4: radio waves 2: visible light

Rank the following fuels from HIGHEST to LOWEST energy natural gas (methane) coal ethanol gasoline

1: natural gas (methane) 3: coal 4: ethanol 2: gasoline

Rank the following fuels from HIGHEST to LOWEST energy content. natural gas (methane) ethanol gasoline coal

1: natural gas (methane) 4: ethanol 2: gasoline 3: coal

Order from lowest to highest pH (or highest to lowest acidity) the following items. soda pop milk drain cleaner blood

1: soda pop 2: milk 4: drain cleaner 3: blood

Number of protons in an alpha particle (helium nucleus).

Related to the above question What is the photon energy for light with a wavelength λ = 420 nm?

2.9500 eV

What is the intensity in W/m2 of a 60 -W light bulb at a distance 4 cm from the bulb's center?

2.980×103 W/m2

20 days

In a given solar system the sun's intensity is 500 W/m2 for a planet located a distance R away. What is the sun's intensity in W/m2 for a planet located at a distance 5 R from the Sun?

20.0 W/m2

If 0.5 kg of water is heated from 20 ° C to 60 ° C, then what is the heat added in kcal (same as food calories)?

20kcal Heat (kcal) = Mass of water (kg) x Temperature Increase (degrees C).

If wind speed is increased by a factor of 6, then how many times larger is the wind's power intensity?

216

In a given solar system the sun's intensity is 200 W/m2 for a planet located a distance R away. What is the sun's intensity in W/m2 for a planet located at a distance 3 R from the Sun?

22.2 W/m2

A heat engine operates between 50 C and 330 C. If this engine extracts a total energy of 500 MJ from fuel, then how many MJ of energy could be used as useful mechanical energy? Remember that e = 1 - T(low)/T(high), where T is in Kelvin (= Celsius + 273).

232 MJ

If 600 g of water is heated from 15 C to 55 C, then what is the heat added in kilocalories (same as food calories)?

24 days

How many days does it take a radioactive sample to decay to 1/64 of its original level of radioactivity? Assume that the sample has a half-life of approximately 40 days.

240 days

It takes 1 kcal to raise the temperature of 1 kg of liquid water by 1 C, but only 0.5 kcal to raise the temperature of 1 kg of ice or water vapor by 1 C. Also, it takes 80 kcal to melt 1 kg of ice sitting at 0 C, and 540 kcal to evaporate 1 kg of liquid water sitting at 100 C. How much heat is required to melt 3 kg of ice at 0 C? How much heat is required to evaporate 3 kg of liquid water at 100 C? How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 3 kg of ice by 40 C?

240 kcal: How much heat is required to melt 3 kg of ice at 0 C? 1620 kcal: How much heat is required to evaporate 3 kg of liquid water at 100 C? 60 kcal: How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 3 kg of ice by 40 C?

Number of protons in the most stable nucleus (iron).

For wind power it is important to understand the relationship between wind speed and power intensity. If the wind speed is increased by a factor of 3, then how many times larger is the wind's power intensity?

27.0 because 3x3x3

What is the wavelength in nm for light with a photon energy of 4.5 eV? Remember that Ephoton (eV) = (1240 eV nm) / (λ nm).

276

28 days

What is the total R value for a wall made of 1 inches of wood, 3 inches of fiberglass, and 3 inches of foam?Assume that the R values for 1 inch thickness of these materials are given by: R(1" wood) = 2, R(1" fiberglass) = 4, and R(1" foam) = 5. (Ignore the R value contribution of any dead air.)

What is the total R value for a wall made of 3 inches of wood, 2 inches of fiberglass, and 3 inches of foam? Assume that the R values for a 1-inch thickness of these materials is given by: R(1" wood) = 2, R(1" fiberglass) = 4, and R(1" foam) = 5.

Order the following molecules found in crude oil from the lowest boiling point to the highest boiling point. C22 H46 C31 H64 C4 H10

2: C22 H46 3: C31 H64 1: C4 H10

Rank the following energy sources for U.S. ELECTRICITY generation from largest (#1) to smallest (#4). Coal Nuclear Natural Gas Hydroelectric

2: Coal 3: Nuclear 1: Natural Gas 4: Hydroelectric

Rank the following oil spills from HIGHEST to LOWEST in terms of oil tonnage spilled. Deep Water Horizon (Gulf of Mexico, 2010) Exxon Valdez (Alaska, 1989) Ixtoc I (Gulf of Mexico, 1979-1980) Lakeview Gusher (California, 1910-1911)

2: Deep Water Horizon (Gulf of Mexico, 2010) 4: Exxon Valdez (Alaska, 1989) 3: Ixtoc I (Gulf of Mexico, 1979-1980) 1: Lakeview Gusher (California, 1910-1911)

Order the following types of power plants from lowest to highest for their fuel costs. Nuclear Gas Wind Coal`

2: Nuclear 4: Gas 1: Wind 3: Coal

Order from lowest to highest pH (or highest to lowest acidity) the following items. milk soap blood coffee

2: milk 4: soap 3: blood 1: coffee

What is the intensity in W/m2 of a 80 -W light bulb at a distance 4 cm from the bulb's center?

3.980×103 W/m2

If 1000 g of water is heated from 5 C to 35 C, then what is the heat added in kilocalories (same as food calories)?

In the problems below, water is heated and its temperature increases. For reference, one kilogram of water has a volume of one liter (or approx. 1 quart). If you heated 2 kg of water using 60 kcal of energy, then what would be the temperature increase of the water (degrees C)?

30 degrees C

How much sulfur is emitted by a 1.2 GW power plant burning oil for 14 h? Assume that oil emits 1800 kg sulfur per GWh. Remember to use unit analysis and multiply the following: (1.2 GW) x (14 h) x (1800 kg sulfur / GWh)oil = ??? kg sulfur. This is the required amount of energy (in GWh) multiplied by the sulfur emission for oil.

30240 kg

If the engine with the efficiency calculated above extracted a total energy of 700 MJ from fuel, then how many MJ of energy could be used as useful mechanical energy to operate the engine? Remember that the efficiency multiplied by the total energy extracted from fuel gives the delivered mechanical energy. For example, if the efficiency is 0.4 and the total energy is 100 MJ, then the mechanical energy is 40 MJ (=100 MJ x 0.4).

318 MJ mechanical energy

If a 1600-kg vehicle travels at 20 m/s (or approximately 44 mph), then find its kinetic energy in kilojoules (kJ).

320 kJ

If the engine with the efficiency calculated above extracted a total energy of 700 MJ from fuel, then how many MJ of energy could be used as useful mechanical energy to operate the engine?

324 MJ mechanical energy

In a given solar system the sun's intensity is 300 W/m2 for a planet located a distance R away. What is the sun's intensity in W/m2 for a planet located at a distance 3 R from the Sun?

33.3 W/m2

How many days does it take a radioactive sample to decay to 1/128 of its original level of radioactivity? Assume that the sample has a half-life of approximately 50 days.

350 days

A pot of water on the stove has a temperature INCREASE of 20 degrees Celsius. How much is that temperature INCREASE in degrees Fahrenheit?

36 (1.8 conversion factor)

How much sulfur is emitted by a 0.8 GW power plant burning coal for 12 h? Assume that coal emits 4000 kg sulfur per GWh.

38400 kg

Order the following molecules found in crude oil from the lowest boiling point to the highest boiling point. C26 H54 C2 H6 C18 H38

3: C26 H54 1: C2 H6 2: C18 H38

Rank the following countries from highest to lowest for their total nuclear energy generation capacity in 2018.

3: China 2: France 1: United States 4: South Korea

Order the following types of power plants from lowest to highest for their fuel costs. Coal Nuclear Gas Wind

3: Coal 2: Nuclear 4: Gas 1: Wind 1: Wind 2: Nuclear 3: Coal 4: Gas

Order the following cities in the northern hemisphere from lowest to highest latitude, i.e., the first city should be the most southern one. Denver, Colorado Detroit, Michigan Phoenix, Arizona Richmond, Virginia

3: Denver, Colorado 4: Detroit, Michigan 1: Phoenix, Arizona 2: Richmond, Virginia 1: Phoenix, Arizona 2: Richmond, Virginia 3: Denver, Colorado 4: Detroit, Michigan

Order the following types of power plants from lowest to highest for their capital investment costs. Nuclear Wind Gas Coal

3: Nuclear 4: Wind 1: Gas 2: Coal 1: Gas 2: Coal 3: Nuclear 4: Wind

Rank the major sectors of energy CONSUMPTION in the U.S. from largest (#1) to smallest (#4). Residential Buildings Transportation Industry Commercial Buildings

3: Residential Buildings 1: Transportation 2: Industry 4: Commercial Buildings

Indicate the correct order for the steps given below in the greenhouse effect. The ground absorbs visible radiation and emits infrared radiation. Greenhouse gases absorb and emit infrared radiation. The sun emits visible radiation. Visible radiation passes through the Earth's atmosphere.

3: The ground absorbs visible radiation and emits infrared radiation. 4: Greenhouse gases absorb and emit infrared radiation. 1: The sun emits visible radiation. 2: Visible radiation passes through the Earth's atmosphere.

In a solar system far, far away the sun's intensity is 100 W/m2 for an inner planet located a distance R away. What is the sun's intensity for an outer planet located at a distance 5 R from the Sun?

4 W/m2

4 times: If a ball is raised from 56 m to 224 m, then its potential energy is how many times larger?

4 times

If a ball is raised from 40 m to 160 m, then its potential energy is how many times larger?

4 times

If a ball's speed increases from 8 m/s to 16 m/s, then its kinetic energy is how many times larger?

4 times

If a ball's speed increases from 16 m/s to 32 m/s, then its kinetic energy is how many times larger?

4 times larger

If the power company charges $0.10 per kilowatt-hour (kWh), then how much did it cost (in dollars) to run the oven for the 8 hours in the problem above?

4.40 dollars

How many kg of sulfur are emitted by a 2 GW power plant burning coal for 6 h? Assume that coal emits 4000 kg sulfur per GWh. Remember to use unit analysis and multiply the following: (2 GW) x (6 h) x (4000 kg sulfur / GWh)coal = ??? kg sulfur. This is the required amount of energy (in GWh) multiplied by the sulfur emission for coal.

4.800×104 kg

A nuclear warhead is designed to explode with an energy equivalent of 100 kilotons TNT. How many days does it take for a 1 GW power plant to produce this amount of energy? Remember that 1 ton TNT equals 4.2 GJ, which is the energy produced by a 1 GW (or 1 GJ/sec) power plant in 4.2 seconds. Use unit analysis as follows: ( 100 kilotons TNT ) x (1000 tons / 1 kiloton) x (4.2 GJ / 1 ton TNT) x (1 sec / 1 GJ ) x (1 hr / 3600 sec) x (1 day / 24 hr) = ???.

4.86 days

What is the intensity in W/m2 of a 100 -W light bulb at a distance 4 cm from the bulb's center?

4.970×103 W/m2

What is the total R value for a wall made of 4 inches of wood, 3 inches of fiberglass, and 4 inches of foam? Assume that the R values for a 1-inch thickness of these materials is given by: R(1" wood) = 2, R(1" fiberglass) = 4, and R(1" foam) = 5.

If you heated 1 kg of water using 40 kcal of energy, then what would be the temperature increase of the water (degrees C)?

40 degrees C Heat (kcal) = Mass of water (kg) x Temperature Increase (degrees C). Solve for the temperature increase by taking the added heat (kcal) and dividing by the mass of water (kg).

If a 5000 Watt oven is on for 8 hours, then how many kilowatt-hours (kWh) of energy are used? If the power company charges $0.10 per kilowatt-hour (kWh), then how much did it cost (in dollars) to run the oven for the 8 hours in the problem above?

40.0 kWh 4.00 dollars

A heat engine operates between 50 C and 280 C. If this engine extracts a total energy of 100 MJ from fuel, then how many MJ of energy could be used as useful mechanical energy? Remember that e = 1 - T(low)/T(high), where T is in Kelvin (= Celsius + 273).

41.6 MJ

What is the wavelength in nm for light with a photon energy of 3 eV? Remember that Ephoton (eV) = (1240 eV nm) / (λ nm).

413

What is the total R value for a wall made of 1 inches of wood, 5 inches of fiberglass, and 4 inches of foam? Assume that the R values for 1 inch thickness of these materials are given by: R(1" wood) = 2, R(1" fiberglass) = 4, and R(1" foam) = 5. (Ignore the R value contribution of any dead air.)

42 Remember that the total R value of a wall is the sum of the R values for the materials making up the wall. Also, since the R value increases linearly with the thickness of a material, the R value for 2 inches of wood equals twice the R value for 1 inch of wood. For example, the total R value for a wall with 1 inch of wood, 2 inches of fiberglass, and 3 inches of foam equals: 1x(2) + 2x(4) + 3x(5) = 25.

If a 5500 Watt oven is on for 8 hours, then how many kilowatt-hours (kWh) of energy are used?

44.0 kWh

In a solar system far, far away the sun's intensity is 400 W/m2 for an inner planet located a distance R away. What is the sun's intensity for an outer planet located at a distance 3 R from the Sun?

44.4000 W/m2

If 1.5 kg of water is heated from 20 ° C to 50 ° C, then what is the heat added in kcal (same as food calories)?

45 kcal

It takes 1 kcal to raise the temperature of 1 kg of liquid water by 1 C, but only 0.5 kcal to raise the temperature of 1 kg of ice or water vapor by 1 C.Also, it takes 80 kcal to melt 1 kg of ice sitting at 0 C, and 540 kcal to evaporate 1 kg of liquid water sitting at 100 C. How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 3 kg of water vapor by 30 C? How much heat is required to melt 3 kg of ice at 0 C? How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 3 kg of liquid water by 30 C?

45 kcal: How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 3 kg of water vapor by 30 C? 240 kcal: How much heat is required to melt 3 kg of ice at 0 C? 90 kcal: How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 3 kg of liquid water by 30 C?

What is the wavelength λ in nm for light with a photon energy Ephoton = 2.7 eV?

459nm

Assume that world energy consumption is about 500 Quads each year (~ 5x1020 J). If all of that energy were supplied by the estimated 23000 Quads of coal reserves, then how many years would these reserves last? Remember to take the total coal reserves (23000 Quads) and divide by the world consumption (500 Quads/yr) to find the number of years these reserves could supply global energy consumption.

46 years

If the engine with the efficiency calculated above extracted a total energy of 100 MJ from fuel, then how many MJ of energy could be used as useful mechanical energy to operate the engine? Remember that the efficiency multiplied by the total energy extracted from fuel gives the delivered mechanical energy. For example, if the efficiency is 0.4 and the total energy is 100 MJ, then the mechanical energy is 40 MJ (=100 MJ x 0.4).

47.3 MJ mechanical energy

What is the intensity in W/m2 of a 60 -W light bulb at a distance 10 cm from the bulb's center?

477 W/m2

What is the wavelength in nm for light with a photon energy of 2.5 eV? Remember that Ephoton (eV) = (1240 eV nm) / (λ nm).

496

What is the intensity in W/m2 of a 40 -W light bulb at a distance 8 cm from the bulb's center?

497 W/m2

Rank the following cities from highest to lowest annual average solar intensity. Detroit, Michigan Richmond, Virginia Denver, Colorado Phoenix, Arizona

4: Detroit, Michigan 3: Richmond, Virginia 2: Denver, Colorado 1: Phoenix, Arizona

Indicate the correct order for the steps given below in the greenhouse effect. Greenhouse gases absorb and emit infrared radiation. Visible radiation passes through the Earth's atmosphere. The ground absorbs visible radiation and emits infrared radiation. The sun emits visible radiation.

4: Greenhouse gases absorb and emit infrared radiation. 2: Visible radiation passes through the Earth's atmosphere. 3: The ground absorbs visible radiation and emits infrared radiation. 1: The sun emits visible radiation.

Rank the following countries from highest to lowest for hydroelectric power capacity. India U.S. or Brazil China Canada

4: India 2: U.S. or Brazil 1: China 3: Canada 1: China 2: U.S. or Brazil 3: Canada 4: India

Order the following types of power plants from lowest to highest for their capital investment costs. Wind Coal Gas Nuclear

4: Wind 2: Coal 1: Gas 3: Nuclear

Order from lowest to highest pH (or highest to lowest acidity) the following items. drain cleaner coffee soap blood

4: drain cleaner 1: coffee 3: soap 2: blood

Rank the types of greenhouse gases from those that contribute the most to the greenhouse effect down to the least. nitrogen (N2) and oxygen (O2) water vapor carbon dioxide (CO2) methane (CH4)

4: nitrogen (N2) and oxygen (O2) 1: water vapor 2: carbon dioxide (CO2) 3: methane (CH4)

Rank the types of greenhouse gases from those that contribute the most to the greenhouse effect down to the least. nitrogen (N2) and oxygen (O2) carbon dioxide (CO2) water vapor methane (CH4)

4: nitrogen (N2) and oxygen (O2) 2: carbon dioxide (CO2) 1: water vapor 3: methane (CH4)

Order the following parts of the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum from shortest to longest WAVELENGTH. radio waves X-rays gamma rays infrared

4: radio waves 2: X-rays 1: gamma rays 3: infrared

In a solar system far, far away the sun's intensity is 200 W/m2 for an inner planet located a distance R away. What is the sun's intensity for an outer planet located at a distance 6 R from the Sun?

5.5600 W/m2

What is the intensity in W/m2 of a 120 -W light bulb at a distance 4 cm from the bulb's center?

5.970×103 W/m2

What is the intensity in W/m2 of a 120 -W light bulb at a distance 4 cm from the bulb's center? Remember that intensity I = Power / (4πr2)

5.970×103 W/m2

If you heated 3 kg of water using 150 kcal of energy, then what would be the temperature increase of the water (degrees C)?

50 degrees C

There is a simple relationship between the energy for a photon of light Ephoton in units of eV (electron volts) and its wavelength λ in nm (nanometers) given by: Ephoton (eV) = (1240 eV nm) / (λ nm). For example, if light has a wavelength of 620 nm, then its energy Ephoton = (1240 eV nm) / (620 nm) = 2 eV. Visible light has photon energies of ~1.7 to 3 eV and wavelengths of ~400 to 750 nm (λBLUE = 475 nm, λGREEN = 510 nm, λYELLOW = 570 nm, and λRED = 650 nm). What is the wavelength λ in nm for light with a photon energy Ephoton = 2.1 eV? Remember that Ephoton (eV) = (1240 eV nm) / (λ nm). In this problem you need to solve for λ.

590 nm

In a given solar system the sun's intensity is 100 W/m2 for a planet located a distance R away. What is the sun's intensity in W/m2 for a planet located at a distance 4 R from the Sun?

6.25 W/m2

In a solar system far, far away the sun's intensity is 100 W/m2 for an inner planet located a distance R away. What is the sun's intensity for an outer planet located at a distance 4 R from the Sun?

6.2500 W/m2

It takes 1 kcal to raise the temperature of 1 kg of liquid water by 1 C, but only 0.5 kcal to raise the temperature of 1 kg of ice or water vapor by 1 C. Also, it takes 80 kcal to melt 1 kg of ice sitting at 0 C, and 540 kcal to evaporate 1 kg of liquid water sitting at 100 C. How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 2 kg of liquid water by 30 C? How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 2 kg of water vapor by 30 C? How much heat is required to melt 2 kg of ice at 0 C?

60 kcal: How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 2 kg of liquid water by 30 C? 30 kcal: How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 2 kg of water vapor by 30 C? 160 kcal: How much heat is required to melt 2 kg of ice at 0 C?

What is the intensity in W/m2 of a 80 -W light bulb at a distance 10 cm from the bulb's center?

637 W/m2

If wind speed is increased by a factor of 4, then how many times larger is the wind's power intensity?

For wind power it is important to understand the relationship between wind speed and power intensity. If the wind speed is increased by a factor of 4, then how many times larger is the wind's power intensity? Remember that the wind's power intensity (W/m^2) is proportional to the CUBE of the wind speed. For example, if the wind speed increases by a factor of 2, then the wind's power intensity increases by a factor of 23 = 2x2x2 = 8.

64.0

If a 800-kg vehicle travels at 40 m/s (or approximately 88 mph), then find its kinetic energy in kilojoules (kJ).

640 kJ

If all of that energy were supplied by the estimated TOTAL reserves of coal (26000 Quads), petroleum (5000 Quads), and natural gas (5500 Quads), then how many years would ALL of these reserves last? Remember to take the SUM of the coal, petroleum, and gas reserves(26000+ 5000 + 5500 Quads) and divide by the world consumption (500 Quads/yr) to find the number of years ALL of these reserves could supply global energy consumption.

73 years

What is the intensity in W/m2 of a 60 -W light bulb at a distance 8 cm from the bulb's center?

746 W/m2

If all of that energy were supplied by the estimated TOTAL reserves of coal (25000 Quads), petroleum (6000 Quads), and natural gas (7000 Quads), then how many years would ALL of these reserves last?

76 years

What is the intensity in W/m2 of a 100 -W light bulb at a distance 10 cm from the bulb's center?

796 W/m2

What is the intensity in W/m2 of a 100 -W light bulb at a distance 10 cm from the bulb's center? Remember that intensity I = Power / (4πr2). For example, the intensity of a 100-W light bulb at a distance of 10 cm (or 0.1 m) equals 100W / {(4)(3.14)(0.1m)(0.1m)} = 796 W/m2. Do not forget to convert the distance from the light bulb in centimeter to meters by dividing by 100!

796 W/m2

In a solar system far, far away the sun's intensity is 200 W/m2 for an inner planet located a distance R away. What is the sun's intensity for an outer planet located at a distance 5 R from the Sun?`

8.0000 W/m2

In a solar system far, far away the sun's intensity is 300 W/m2 for an inner planet located a distance R away. What is the sun's intensity for an outer planet located at a distance 6 R from the Sun?

8.3300 W/m2

If a 1600-kg vehicle travels at 10 m/s (or approximately 22 mph), then find its kinetic energy in kilojoules (kJ).

80 kJ

If 2 kg of water is heated from 15 ° C to 55 ° C, then what is the heat added in kcal (same as food calories)?

80 kcal

If a 1000-kg vehicle travels at 40 m/s (or approximately 88 mph), then find its kinetic energy in kilojoules (kJ).

800 kJ

Number of protons in the largest nucleus that is still stable (lead).

What is the wavelength in nm for light with a photon energy of 1.5 eV? Remember that Ephoton (eV) = (1240 eV nm) / (λ nm).

827

What is the intensity in W/m2 of a 40 -W light bulb at a distance 6 cm from the bulb's center?

884 W/m2

If a 2000-kg vehicle travels at 30 m/s (or approximately 66 mph), then find its kinetic energy in kilojoules (kJ).

900 kJ

Number of protons in Uranium.

What is the intensity in W/m2 of a 120 -W light bulb at a distance 10 cm from the bulb's center?

955 W/m2

What is the intensity in W/m2 of a 80 -W light bulb at a distance 8 cm from the bulb's center?

995 W/m2

Choose the correct statement concerning units of power or energy. A watt (W) is a unit of energy. A kilojoule (kJ) is a unit of power. A kilocalorie (kcal) is a unit of energy. A calorie (cal) is a unit of power. A gigawatt x hour per year (GWh/yr) is a unit of energy.

A kilocalorie (kcal) is a unit of energy.

Choose the correct statement concerning units of power or energy.

A kilowatt x hour (kWh) is a unit of energy.

Choose the correct statement regarding the behavior of water. The water phase with the highest heat capacity is gas vapor. The ice-to-liquid phase change of water requires more energy than the liquid-to-vapor phase change. The energy required to evaporate 1 kg of liquid water is more than the energy released when 1 kg of water vapor condenses into liquid. The water phase with the smallest temperature increase when adding 10 kcal of heat is solid ice. A water molecule is polar with a negative oxygen end and a positive hydrogen end.

A water molecule is polar with a negative oxygen end and a positive hydrogen end.

The least reactive metal is ______ because it least easily _________ and therefore is the _________ reducing agent of these three metals.

Ag gives up electrons weakest

Which statement about electrons or holes at a p-n junction is true? A p-type semiconductor has free electrons in the upper energy conduction band. An n-type semiconductor has missing electrons (or holes) in the lower energy valence band. An n-type semiconductor has free electrons in the upper energy conduction band. After a photon "kicks" an electron out of the valence band and leaves behind a hole, the hole moves to the n-type side of the p-n junction. Electrons cannot move in a partially filled conduction or valence band.

An n-type semiconductor has free electrons in the upper energy conduction band.

Choose the correct statement concerning electrical circuits.

Any standard alkaline battery (AAA, AA, C, D) has a voltage of 1.5 V.

The uptake of ammonia, ammonium, nitrate and nitrite by plants to be used in the formation of plant and animal proteins

Assimilation

diesel

C12H26

asphalt

C35H72

A correct ordering from lowest to highest boiling point for molecules found in crude oil is: C6 H14, C18 H38, C22 H46, C35 H72 C18 H38, C6 H14, C22 H46, C35 H72 C35 H72, C22 H46, C18 H38, C6 H14 C18 H38, C22 H46, C35 H72, C6 H14 C6 H14, C18 H38, C35 H72, C22 H46

C6 H14, C18 H38, C22 H46, C35 H72

A correct ordering from lowest to highest boiling point for molecules found in crude oil is:

C8 H18, C12 H26, C22 H46, C30 H62

gasoline

C8H18

Which gas is more effective per unit weight as a greenhouse gas than CO2 but less effective than N2O?

CH4

Which greenhouse gas is produced by manure or decomposing waste in landfills?

CH4

natural gas (methane)

CH4

Which gas is responsible for about one quarter of the greenhouse effect?

CO2

Which greenhouse gas had a concentration of 280 ppm prior to the industrial revolution and has increased to 380 ppm today?

CO2

Choose the correct statement concerning photosynthesis or respiration. H2O is produced in photosynthesis. CO2 and H2O are consumed in photosynthesis. CO2 and H2O are produced in photosynthesis. O2 is produced in respiration. H2O is consumed in respiration.

CO2 and H2O are consumed in photosynthesis.

Choose the correct statement concerning photosynthesis or respiration. CO2 is consumed in photosynthesis. CO2 is consumed in respiration. Sugar is consumed in photosynthesis. O2 is consumed in photosynthesis. Sugar and O2 are consumed in photosynthesis.

CO2 is consumed in photosynthesis.

Choose the correct statement concerning photosynthesis or respiration. Sugar and O2 are produced in respiration. CO2 is produced in respiration. Incorrect Sugar and O2 are consumed in photosynthesis. H2O is consumed in respiration. H2O is produced in photosynthesis.

CO2 is produced in respiration.

A correct ordering from lowest to highest cost for types of power plants is: Fuel Costs (low to high): Coal, Wind, Nuclear Capital Investment Costs (low to high): Wind, Nuclear, Coal Capital Investment Costs (low to high): Nuclear, Wind, Coal Fuel Costs (low to high): Nuclear, Wind, Coal Capital Investment Costs (low to high): Coal, Nuclear, Wind

Capital Investment Costs (low to high): Coal, Nuclear, Wind

A correct ranking of countries from highest to lowest for hydroelectric capacity is:

China, Canada, Japan

A correct ranking of countries from highest to lowest for hydroelectric capacity is: another answer

China, U.S. or Brazil, Japan

Which one of the following statements is true for nitrogen fixation or ammonification?

Converts nitrogen to ammonia

Hydraulic Fracture wells include horizontally drilling.

Correct

Choose the correct statement regarding the radioactive decay of the given element. If uranium (Z = 92) undergoes β+ decay, then Z = 91 for the daughter particle. If uranium (Z = 92) undergoes β+ decay, then Z = 94 for the daughter particle. If uranium (Z = 92) undergoes α decay, then Z = 93 for the daughter particle. If iodine (Z = 53) undergoes α decay, then Z = 52 for the daughter particle. If iodine (Z = 53) undergoes β- decay, then Z = 55 for the daughter particle.

Correct: If uranium (Z = 92) undergoes β+ decay, then Z = 91 for the daughter particle. Incorrect If uranium (Z = 92) undergoes β+ decay, then Z = 94 for the daughter particle. Incorrect If uranium (Z = 92) undergoes α decay, then Z = 93 for the daughter particle. Incorrect If iodine (Z = 53) undergoes α decay, then Z = 52 for the daughter particle. Incorrect If iodine (Z = 53) undergoes β- decay, then Z = 55 for the daughter particle.

Converts nitrate (NO3-) to nitrogen gas (N2)

Denitrification

CONCEPTS for p-n JUNCTIONS (critical component of a solar cell!) This problem has THREE parts. Each part will become visible AFTER completion of the previous part. Remember from class that an n-type semiconductor has been doped with donor atoms that add electrons to the higher energy conduction band. These electrons can move in the partially filled conduction band and conduct electricity. A p-type semiconductor has been doped with acceptor atoms that remove electrons from the valence band and leave behind positive holes in the lower energy valence band. These holes can move in the partially empty valence band and conduct electricity. When a p-n junction is formed, free electrons and free holes initially diffuse (or move) between the n-type and p-type semiconductors, respectively. During formation of the p-n junction shown above, the free electrons move ____________ and the free holes move ____________ .

During formation of the p-n junction shown above, the free electrons move ____________ toward the left side (p-type) and the free holes move ____________ . toward the right side (n-type)

Which statement is true about seasons on Earth? During the spring or fall equinox in Richmond, the angle of the sun at noon from the vertical is 14 degrees (= Richmond's latitude of 37.5 degrees minus Earth's tilt of 23.5 degrees) During the spring or fall equinox in Richmond, the angle of the sun at noon from the vertical is 37.5 degrees (= Richmond's latitude) During the summer in Richmond, the angle of the sun at noon from the vertical is 37.5 degrees (= Richmond's latitude) During the spring or fall equinox in the northern hemisphere, the North pole is tilted toward the sun, making the sun appear higher in the sky. During the winter in the northern hemisphere, the North pole is not tilted either toward or away from the sun.During the winter in the northern hemisphere, the North pole is tilted away the sun, making the sun appear lower in the sky.

During the spring or fall equinox in Richmond, the angle of the sun at noon from the vertical is 37.5 degrees (= Richmond's latitude)

Choose the correct statement regarding which major gas components comprised the atmosphere of the "young" Earth or the Earth today "Young" Earth = N2 and O2 Earth today = CO2 and N2 Earth today = CO2 and O2 Earth today = N2 and O2 "Young" Earth = O2 only

Earth today = N2 and O2

Which statement about electrons or holes at a p-n junction is true? An n-type semiconductor has missing electrons (or holes) in the lower energy valence band. A p-type semiconductor has free electrons in the upper energy conduction band. Electrons can move in a full valence band. After a photon "kicks" an electron out of the valence band and leaves behind a hole, the hole moves to the n-type side of the p-n junction. Electrons cannot move in a full valence band.

Electrons cannot move in a full valence band

Which statement is true about breaking or forming of bonds? Energy is released when breaking bonds in natural gas to form C and H atoms. Energy is released when forming bonds between C and O atoms to make CO2. Energy is released when breaking bonds in coal to form C, H, and O atoms. Energy is required to form bonds between C and O atoms to make CO2. Energy is required to form bonds between C and H atoms to make natural gas.

Energy is released when forming bonds between C and O atoms to make CO2.

The circumference of the Earth is approximately 6,400 km.

False

Which nuclear bomb in WWII used 239Pu and an implosion-type design?

Fat Man

Which nuclear bomb was dropped on Nagasaki in WWII?

Fat Man

A correct ordering from lowest to highest cost for types of power plants is: Fuel Costs (low to high): Nuclear, Coal, Wind Fuel Costs (low to high): Coal, Wind, Nuclear Capital Investment Costs (low to high): Nuclear, Wind, Coal Fuel Costs (low to high): Wind, Coal, Nuclear Fuel Costs (low to high): Wind, Nuclear, Coal

Fuel Costs (low to high): Wind, Nuclear, Coal

Which gas is responsible for about 60% of the greenhouse effect?

H2O

A correct ranking of gases from those that contribute the most to the greenhouse effect down to the least is: H2O, N2, CH4 CO2, N2, CH4 CH4, N2, H2O H2O, CH4, N2 CH4, CO2, H2O

H2O, CH4, N2

A correct ranking of gases from those that contribute the most to the greenhouse effect down to the least is: CO2, CH4, H2O H2O, CO2, CH4 H2O, CH4, CO2 CH4, H2O, CO2 CH4, H2O, N2

H2O, CO2, CH4

A correct ranking of gases from those that contribute the most to the greenhouse effect down to the least is: CO2, N2, CH4 H2O, N2, CH4 H2O, CO2, CH4 CH4, CO2, H2O CO2, H2O, N2

H2O, CO2, CH4

A correct ranking of gases from those that contribute the most to the greenhouse effect down to the least is: H2O, CO2, N2 CO2, N2, CH4 Incorrect CO2, CH4, H2O Incorrect CH4, CO2, H2O Incorrect CH4, CO2, N2

H2O, CO2, N2

Choose the correct statement regarding the behavior of water. The heat capacity of gas vapor is greater than the heat capacity of liquid water. The water phase with the smallest temperature increase when adding 10 kcal of heat is gas vapor. The heat capacity of solid ice is greater than the heat capacity of liquid water. Ice has a lower density than liquid water and therefore floats. A water molecule is polar with a positive oxygen end and a negative hydrogen end.

Ice has a lower density than liquid water and therefore floats.

Which statement is true about an increase or decrease in pH?

If the pH of a sample increases from 11 to 14, then the acid concentration decreases by a factor of 1000.

Which statement is true about an increase or decrease in pH? If the pH of a sample increases from 7 to 9, then the acid concentration decreases by a factor of 2. If the pH of a sample increases from 7 to 9, then the acid concentration decreases by a factor of 100. If the pH of a sample decreases from 9 to 7, then the acid concentration decreases by a factor of 100. If the pH of a sample decreases from 9 to 7, then the acid concentration decreases by a factor of 2. If the pH of a sample decreases from 8 to 5, then the acid concentration decreases by a factor of 1000. Remember that each time the pH value increases by 1 that the acid concentration decreases by a factor of 10. For example, if the pH increases from 7 to 10 (or by 3), then the acid concentration decreases by 10*10*10 = 1000. Remember that each time the pH value decreases by 1 that the acid concentration increases by a factor of 10. For example, if the pH decreases from 10 to 7 (or by 3), then the acid concentration increases by 10*10*10 = 1000.

If the pH of a sample increases from 7 to 9, then the acid concentration decreases by a factor of 100.

Choose the true statement below concerning wind energy. In 2016, the state of Texas had the highest wind power capacity of any state in the U.S. In 2016, U.S. electricity generation from wind was about 5% of the amount from renewable energy sources other than hydroelectric (e.g., wind, biomass, geothermal, and solar). If a wind farm has a power capacity of 150 MW, then it could generate power for a very large metropolitan city with about 5,000,000 homes (assume 3 kW/home). In 2016, U.S. electricity generation from renewable energy sources (e.g., hydroelectric, wind, biomass, geothermal, and solar) was 45% of the total amount. If a wind farm has a power capacity of 150 MW, then it could generate power for a city with about 500,000 homes (assume 3 kW/home).

In 2016, the state of Texas had the highest wind power capacity of any state in the U.S.

Choose the correct statement concerning electrical circuits. The protons are the particles that "flow" in a circuit to create current. In a circuit, when the resistance is increased the current decreases. The voltage of a standard alkaline battery (AAA, AA, C, D) is 3 V. In a circuit, when the battery voltage is decreased the current increases. When the resistance in a circuit is decreased, the current decreases.

In a circuit, when the resistance is increased the current decreases.

Choose the correct statement below. Approximately 30% percent of original energy in the coal is lost to heat in a coal-fired power plant. In a coal-fired power plant, the approximate percentage of original energy in the coal lost to heat is 60%. In a coal-fired power plant, the approximate percentage of original energy in the coal lost to heat is 30%. The molecules in cold air move faster than in hot air. In a coal-fired power plant, the approximate percentage of original energy in the coal lost to heat is 10%

In a coal-fired power plant, the approximate percentage of original energy in the coal lost to heat is 60%.

Choose the correct statement below. In a coal-fired power plant, the types of energy from start-to-finish are: electrical, mechanical, thermal, and chemical. The molecules in hot air move at the same speed as in cold air, but there are fewer molecules so they feel hotter. In a coal-fired power plant, the types of energy from start-to-finish are: chemical, mechanical, thermal, and electrical. In a coal-fired power plant, mechanical energy is first converted to thermal energy. In a coal-fired power plant, the types of energy from start-to-finish are: chemical, thermal, mechanical, and electrical.

In a coal-fired power plant, the types of energy from start-to-finish are: chemical, thermal, mechanical, and electrical.

Which statement about batteries is true? In a lithium battery, MnO2 is the oxidizing agent. In a zinc-air battery, O2 is the reducing agent. Zinc is a stronger reducing agent than lithium. In an alkaline battery, MnO2 gives electrons to Zn. The cell potential for a zinc battery is higher than for a lithium

In a lithium battery, MnO2 is the oxidizing agent.

Which statement is true about the motion of surface winds in the Northern hemisphere? In the cell between 30 and 60 degrees, surface winds flow northward and are deflected eastward due to the Coriolis force. Surface winds flowing southward are deflected eastward, because they are traveling from a slower to faster speed region. In the cell between 0 and 30 degrees, surface winds flow southward and are deflected eastward due to the Coriolis force. Surface winds travel slower closer to the equator. Surface winds flowing northward are deflected westward, because they are traveling from a faster to slower speed region on Earth.

In the cell between 30 and 60 degrees, surface winds flow northward and are deflected eastward due to the Coriolis force.

Choose the correct statement regarding the radioactive decay of the given element. If plutonium (Z = 94) undergoes β- decay, then Z = 93 for the daughter particle. If iodine (Z = 53) undergoes β+ decay, then Z = 51 for the daughter particle. If iodine (Z = 53) undergoes β- decay, then Z = 54 for the daughter particle. If plutonium (Z = 94) undergoes β- decay, then Z = 92 for the daughter particle. If plutonium (Z = 94) undergoes β+ decay, then Z = 96 for the daughter particle.

Incorrect If plutonium (Z = 94) undergoes β- decay, then Z = 93 for the daughter particle. Incorrect If iodine (Z = 53) undergoes β+ decay, then Z = 51 for the daughter particle. Correct: If iodine (Z = 53) undergoes β- decay, then Z = 54 for the daughter particle. Incorrect If plutonium (Z = 94) undergoes β- decay, then Z = 92 for the daughter particle. Incorrect If plutonium (Z = 94) undergoes β+ decay, then Z = 96 for the daughter particle.

Which statement is true about a nuclear reactor? Inserting the control rods into the reactor speeds up fission. Inserting the control rods into the reactor slows down fission. Removing the control rods from the reactor slows down fission. Adding the moderator to the reactor slows down fission. A sudden loss of primary coolant water in a pressurized water reactor speeds up fission.

Incorrect Inserting the control rods into the reactor speeds up fission. Correct: Inserting the control rods into the reactor slows down fission. Incorrect Removing the control rods from the reactor slows down fission. Incorrect Adding the moderator to the reactor slows down fission. Incorrect A sudden loss of primary coolant water in a pressurized water reactor speeds up fission.

A correct radioactive decay process is: Radon (Z=86) radioactively decays to Polonium (Z=84) by β- (electron emission) decay. Bromine (Z=35) radioactively decays to Selenium (Z=34) by α decay. Radon (Z=86) radioactively decays to Polonium (Z=84) by β+ (positron emission) decay. Xenon (Z=54) radioactively decays to Iodine (Z=53) by α decay. Bromine (Z=35) radioactively decays to Krypton (Z=36) by β- (electron emission) decay.

Incorrect Radon (Z=86) radioactively decays to Polonium (Z=84) by β- (electron emission) decay. Incorrect Bromine (Z=35) radioactively decays to Selenium (Z=34) by α decay. Incorrect Radon (Z=86) radioactively decays to Polonium (Z=84) by β+ (positron emission) decay. Incorrect Xenon (Z=54) radioactively decays to Iodine (Z=53) by α decay. Correct: Bromine (Z=35) radioactively decays to Krypton (Z=36) by β- (electron emission) decay.

Which statement is true about a nuclear reactor? Removing the control rods from the reactor slows down fission. Inserting the control rods into the reactor speeds up fission. A sudden loss of primary coolant water in a pressurized water reactor speeds up fission. Adding the moderator to the reactor slows down fission. Removing the moderator from the reactor slows down fission.

Incorrect Removing the control rods from the reactor slows down fission. Incorrect Inserting the control rods into the reactor speeds up fission. Incorrect A sudden loss of primary coolant water in a pressurized water reactor speeds up fission. Incorrect Adding the moderator to the reactor slows down fission. Correct: Removing the moderator from the reactor slows down fission.

Choose the correct statement about cities and their relative latitudes and/or annual average solar intensity. The annual average solar intensity of Phoenix is lower than Detroit. The annual average solar intensity of Detroit is higher than Phoenix. The annual average solar intensity of Phoenix is higher than Richmond. The annual average solar intensity of Denver is lower than Detroit. The annual average solar intensity of Detroit is higher than Denver.

Incorrect The annual average solar intensity of Phoenix is lower than Detroit. Incorrect The annual average solar intensity of Detroit is higher than Phoenix. Correct: The annual average solar intensity of Phoenix is higher than Richmond. Incorrect The annual average solar intensity of Denver is lower than Detroit. Incorrect The annual average solar intensity of Detroit is higher than Denver.

Which statement concerning the number of protons in the given nucleus is true? The fissile nucleus uranium-235 has 82 protons. The most stable nucleus (iron) has 26 protons. An alpha particle has three protons. The most stable nucleus (iron) has 92 protons. The most stable nucleus (iron) has 82 protons.

Incorrect The fissile nucleus uranium-235 has 82 protons. Correct: The most stable nucleus (iron) has 26 protons. Incorrect An alpha particle has three protons. Incorrect The most stable nucleus (iron) has 92 protons. Incorrect The most stable nucleus (iron) has 82 protons.

Choose the correct statement about cities and their relative latitudes and/or annual average solar intensity. The latitude of Phoenix is higher than Denver. The latitude of Richmond is higher than Denver. The latitude of Detroit is lower than Phoenix. The annual average solar intensity of a city is determined only by its latitude. The latitude of Detroit is higher than Phoenix.

Incorrect The latitude of Phoenix is higher than Denver. Incorrect The latitude of Richmond is higher than Denver. Incorrect The latitude of Detroit is lower than Phoenix. Incorrect The annual average solar intensity of a city is determined only by its latitude. Correct: The latitude of Detroit is higher than Phoenix.

The correct ranking of countries from highest to lowest for either their total nuclear power generation or for their percentage of electrical power from nuclear is: Total nuclear power generation: France, U.S., South Korea, China Total nuclear power generation: South Korea, U.S., France, China Percentage of electrical power from nuclear : U.S., South Korea, France, China Percentage of electrical power from nuclear : France, South Korea, U.S., China Percentage of electrical power from nuclear : South Korea, U.S., France, China

Incorrect Total nuclear power generation: France, U.S., South Korea, China Incorrect Total nuclear power generation: South Korea, U.S., France, China Incorrect Percentage of electrical power from nuclear : U.S., South Korea, France, China Correct: Percentage of electrical power from nuclear : France, South Korea, U.S., China Incorrect Percentage of electrical power from nuclear : South Korea, U.S., France, China

Choose the correct statement concerning radiation that is ionizing or non-ionizing. X-rays are non-ionizing radiation. Radio waves are ionizing radiation. Infrared light is ionizing radiation. Infrared light is non-ionizing radiation. Gamma rays are non-ionizing radiation.

Incorrect X-rays are non-ionizing radiation. Incorrect Radio waves are ionizing radiation. Incorrect Infrared light is ionizing radiation. Correct: Infrared light is non-ionizing radiation. Incorrect Gamma rays are non-ionizing radiation.

A correct ranking of oil spills from HIGHEST to LOWEST in terms of oil tonnage spilled is: Deep Water Horizon, Lakeview Gusher, Exxon Valdez Ixtoc I, Lakeview Gusher, Deep Water Horizon Ixtoc I, Exxon Valdez, Deep Water Horizon Lakeview Gusher, Ixtoc I, Exxon Valdez Ixtoc I, Deep Water Horizon, Exxon Valdez

Lakeview Gusher, Ixtoc I, Exxon Valdez

Choose the correct statement concerning different wavelengths of ultraviolet, visible and/or infrared light. Light with a wavelength of 900 nm is visible to the human eye. Light with a wavelength of 750 nm has the color of green. Light with a wavelength of 900 nm is in the infrared region. Light with a wavelength of 280 nm is visible to the human eye. The longest wavelength of light that our eyes can usually see is 400 nm.

Light with a wavelength of 900 nm is in the infrared region.

Choose the correct statement concerning reducing/oxidizing agents or the reaction of Zn and Cu. Copper is a stronger reducing agent than lithium. Copper is a stronger reducing agent than zinc. Lithium is a stronger reducing agent than copper. When Zn metal reacts with Cu2+ ions, the Cu2+ ions give electrons to the Zn metal. When Zn metal reacts with Cu2+ ions, Zn metal takes electrons from the Cu2+ ions.

Lithium is a stronger reducing agent than copper.

Which gas is 300 times more effective per unit weight as a greenhouse gas than CO2?

N20

The process that converts ammonia to nitrite and nitrate

Nitrification

The process that converts nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3)

Nitrogen Fixation or Ammonification

Which statement is correct about oil or oil (tar) sands? Oil takes a few hundred years to form. The viscosity of bitumen is similar to the viscosity of light crude oil. The viscosity of bitumen is about 100 times greater than the viscosity of water. In 2015, the U.S. imported the largest amount of oil from Saudi Arabia. Oil from oil sand deposits is only obtained by first heating the sands at high temperatures.

Oil from oil sand deposits is only obtained by first heating the sands at high temperatures.

Which statement is correct about fossil fuels? Oil takes a few hundred years to form. Oil is formed from kerogen produced by decaying microorganisms. Natural gas is made of propane molecules. Natural gas is not combustible. Coal is formed from decaying plants under conditions with high oxygen.

Oil is formed from kerogen produced by decaying microorganisms.

Which statement is correct about oil or oil (tar) sands? Oil sands contain sand, water, and bitumen. The viscosity of bitumen is about 100 times greater than the viscosity of water. Gasoline has a relatively high boiling point (>300 C). The viscosity of bitumen is similar to the viscosity of light crude oil. Oil takes a few hundred years to form.

Oil sands contain sand, water, and bitumen.

A correct definition for a power unit is: One gigawatt (GW) equals 106 watts. One gigawatt (GW) equals 1012 watts. One terawatt (TW) equals 109 watts. One gigawatt (GW) equals 1015 watts. One terawatt (TW) equals 1012 watts.

One terawatt (TW) equals 1012 watts.

Choose the correct statement concerning CO2 emissions or concentrations.

Over the last 200 years, CO2 emissions have increased by about 30 gigatons.

Which statement is true about particulate matter pollution? Particles such as sulfates and metals are considered PM-10. PM-2.5 and PM-10 are 2.5 millimeters and 10 millimeters in size, respectively. Particles such as pollen and mold are considered PM-10. PM-10 penetrates more deeply into your lungs than PM-2.5. There are from 2 to 5 million deaths/yr in the U.S. due to PM pollution.

Particles such as pollen and mold are considered PM-10.

Which statement is correct about fossil fuels? Natural gas is made of propane molecules. As the percentage of oxygen in coal increases, its energy content increases. Natural gas is not combustible. Oil takes tens of billions of years to form. Peat is formed from decaying plants under conditions with little oxygen.

Peat is formed from decaying plants under conditions with little oxygen.

Remember that the reaction energy is the difference in energy between the reactants (on left) and products (on right).

Choose the correct ranking from largest to smallest for energy sources or consumption in the U.S. Sources for ELECTRICITY Generation: Nuclear, Coal, Hydroelectric Sources for ELECTRICITY Generation: Coal, Hydroelectric, Natural Gas Sources for ELECTRICITY Generation: Natural Gas, Hydroelectric, Nuclear Sectors of Energy CONSUMPTION: Transportation, Industry, Residential Sectors of Energy CONSUMPTION: Industry, Transportation, Residential

Sectors of Energy CONSUMPTION: Transportation, Industry, Residential

Choose the correct ranking from largest to smallest for energy sources or consumption in the U.S. Sources for TOTAL Energy: Oil, Coal, Natural Gas Sources for TOTAL Energy: Natural Gas, Nuclear, Oil Sources for ELECTRICITY Generation: Natural Gas, Coal, Nuclear Sectors of Energy CONSUMPTION: Industry, Commercial, Transportation Sectors of Energy CONSUMPTION: Transportation, Residential, Industry

Sources for ELECTRICITY Generation: Natural Gas, Coal, Nuclear

Choose the correct ranking from largest to smallest for energy sources or consumption in the U.S.

Sources for TOTAL Energy: Oil, Natural Gas, Nuclear

Choose the correct ranking from largest to smallest for energy sources or consumption in the U.S. Sources for ELECTRICITY Generation: Hydroelectric, Natural Gas, Nuclear Sources for ELECTRICITY Generation: Coal, Hydroelectric, Natural Gas Sectors of Energy CONSUMPTION: Transportation, Residential, Industry Sectors of Energy CONSUMPTION: Industry, Transportation, Residential Sources for TOTAL Energy: Oil, Natural Gas, Nuclear

Sources for TOTAL Energy: Oil, Natural Gas, Nuclear

Which statement is true about the motion of surface winds in the Northern hemisphere? Surface winds flowing northward are deflected eastward, because they are traveling from a faster to slower speed region on Earth. Surface winds flowing northward are deflected westward, because they are traveling from a faster to slower speed region on Earth. In the cell between 0 and 30 degrees, surface winds flow southward and are deflected eastward due to the Coriolis force. Surface winds flowing southward are deflected eastward, because they are traveling from a slower to faster speed region. Surface winds travel slower closer to the equator.

Surface winds flowing northward are deflected eastward, because they are traveling from a faster to slower speed region on Earth.

Which statement below related to energy policy is true? Incorrect The cost of electricity generation from least to most expensive is: nuclear, coal, solar. The CO2 emissions per GWh from highest to lowest are: coal, natural gas, hydroelectric. The CO2 emissions per GWh from highest to lowest are: natural gas, coal, hydroelectric. If a carbon tax is implemented, then the percentage cost increase of electricity generation from hydroelectric will be higher than from natural gas. If no greenhouse gas policy is implemented, then the probability that the global mean temperature will increase by 5F or higher by the year 2100 is about 50%.

The CO2 emissions per GWh from highest to lowest are: coal, natural gas, hydroelectric.

Choose the correct statement below about the chemical reaction for combining hydrogen and oxygen gas to make water: 2H2 + O2 --> 2H2O + 572 kJ.

The H2 bond and O2 bond are weaker than the OH bonds in water.

Which statement about the Earth is true? The Earth is approximately 4.6 trillion years old. The radius of the Earth is approximately 40,000 miles. The Earth does not have a magnetic field and is therefore unprotected from solar particle radiation. The approximate age of the earth is 4.6 million years. The circumference of the Earth is approximately 40,000 km.

The circumference of the Earth is approximately 40,000 km.

A sample of water vapor at 120 C is cooled to 80 C. Which of the following statements is true regarding this process? The correct order of steps is: cooling of liquid water, condensation of water vapor, and then cooling of water vapor. The cooling of liquid water has the highest energy change. The condensation of water vapor has the lowest energy change. The cooling of liquid water has neither the highest nor lowest energy change. The cooling of water vapor has neither the highest nor lowest energy change.

The cooling of liquid water has neither the highest nor lowest energy change.

Choose the correct statement concerning the fundamental particles of electrons, protons, and neutrons.

The electron is a particle found outside the nucleus.

Choose the correct statement concerning electrical circuits.

The electrons in a circuit move from the negative to the positive battery terminal.

Choose the correct statement regarding the behavior of water. The water phase with the smallest temperature increase when adding 10 kcal of heat is gas vapor. Ice has a higher density than liquid water and therefore sinks. A water molecule is polar with a positive oxygen end and a negative hydrogen end. The energy required to evaporate 1 kg of liquid water equals the energy released when 1 kg of water vapor condenses into liquid. The energy required to evaporate 1 kg of liquid water is more than the energy released when 1 kg of water vapor condenses into liquid.

The energy required to evaporate 1 kg of liquid water equals the energy released when 1 kg of water vapor condenses into liquid.

Choose the correct statement regarding the behavior of water. The energy required to evaporate 1 kg of liquid water is less than the energy released when 1 kg of water vapor condenses into liquid. The ice-to-liquid phase change of water requires more energy than the liquid-to-vapor phase change. The water phase with the highest heat capacity is gas vapor.Incorrect Ice has a higher density than liquid water and therefore sinks. The heat capacity of liquid water is greater than the heat capacity of solid ice.

The heat capacity of liquid water is greater than the heat capacity of solid ice.

A sample of water vapor at 125 C is cooled to 75 C. Which of the following statements is true regarding this process?

The highest energy change occurs when the water vapor condenses.

Choose the correct statement concerning pollution due to the combustion of fossil fuels. The largest source of sulfur oxide pollution is burning coal for power plants. The largest source of nitrogen oxide pollution is electric power plants. Burning coal in power plants produces the greatest amount of nitrogen oxide pollution. Most nitrogen oxides formed during combustion come from nitrogen in the fuel. The largest source of nitrogen oxide pollution is industrial activities.

The largest source of sulfur oxide pollution is burning coal for power plants.

Choose the correct statement about the identification of a fossil fuel molecule. The molecule corresponding to natural gas (methane) is C12H26. The molecule corresponding to gasoline is C8H18. The molecule corresponding to diesel is C35H72. The molecule corresponding to gasoline is CH4. The molecule corresponding to natural gas (methane) is C35H72.

The molecule corresponding to gasoline is C8H18.

Choose the correct statement about the identification of a fossil fuel molecule. The molecule corresponding to asphalt is CH4. The molecule corresponding to asphalt is C8H18. The molecule corresponding to diesel is C8H18. The molecule corresponding to natural gas (methane) is CH4. The molecule corresponding to natural gas (methane) is C8H18.

The molecule corresponding to natural gas (methane) is CH4.

Choose the correct statement below. In a coal-fired power plant, approximately 1/3 of original energy in the coal is lost to heat. Approximately 90% percent of original energy in the coal is lost to heat in a coal-fired power plant. The molecules in hot air move faster than in cold air. In a coal-fired power plant, approximately 2/5 of original energy in the coal is lost to heat. Approximately 10% percent of original energy in the coal is lost to heat in a coal-fired power plant

The molecules in hot air move faster than in cold air.

Choose the correct statement below. In a coal-fired power plant, thermal energy is converted into chemical energy. In a coal-fired power plant, approximately 2/5 of original energy in the coal is lost to heat. Approximately 30% percent of original energy in the coal is lost to heat in a coal-fired power plant. Approximately 90% percent of original energy in the coal is lost to heat in a coal-fired power plant. The molecules in hot air move faster than in cold air.

The molecules in hot air move faster than in cold air.

A sample of water vapor at 110 C is cooled to 90 C. Which of the following statements is true regarding this process?

The overall process is exothermic.

A sample of water vapor at 110 C is cooled to 90 C. Which of the following statements is true regarding this process? The cooling of water vapor has the highest energy change. The cooling of liquid water has the highest energy change. The correct order of steps is: cooling of liquid water, condensation of water vapor, and then cooling of water vapor. The cooling of water vapor has neither the highest nor lowest energy change. The overall process is exothermic.

The overall process is exothermic.

Choose the most appropriate power for the situation. The power consumption of a person to survive ("caveman") is 1 kW. The total power consumption of the world is about 15 MW. The total power consumption of the world is about 150 TW. The power consumption of a person to survive ("caveman") is 10 kW. The power output of a large windmill is about 1 MW.

The power output of a large windmill is about 1 MW.

Choose the most appropriate power for the situation.

The power output of a nuclear power plant is about 1 GW.

A sample of water vapor at 105 C is cooled to 95 C. Which of the following statements is true regarding this process? The sample is absorbing heat, therefore the process is exothermic. The sample is emitting heat, therefore the process is exothermic. The correct order of steps is: cooling of water vapor, cooling of liquid water, and then condensation of water vapor. The overall process is endothermic. The correct order of steps is: cooling of liquid water, condensation of water vapor, and then cooling of water vapor

The sample is emitting heat, therefore the process is exothermic.

A sample of water vapor at 110 C is cooled to 90 C. Which of the following statements is true regarding this process? The sample is emitting heat, therefore the process is exothermic. The cooling of liquid water has the lowest energy change. The condensation of water vapor has neither the highest nor lowest energy change. The correct order of steps is: cooling of water vapor, cooling of liquid water, and then condensation of water vapor. The cooling of liquid water has the highest energy change.

The sample is emitting heat, therefore the process is exothermic.

Choose the correct statement regarding photovoltaic cells or panels. The thickness of a CdTe thin film in a solar cell is about 2% the thickness of a sheet of paper. The thickness of a CdTe thin film in a solar cell is about equal to the thickness of ten sheets of paper. CdTe has a bandgap energy of 1.5 eV, which is in the visible portion of the EM spectrum. Solar cells have optimum efficiency with a bandgap energy of 1.4 eV, which is in the visible portion of the EM spectrum. The efficiency of the best Si solar cells is less than 20%.

The thickness of a CdTe thin film in a solar cell is about 2% the thickness of a sheet of paper.

Choose the correct statement regarding photovoltaic cells or panels. The thickness of a CdTe thin film in a solar cell is about equal to the thickness of a sheet of paper. CdTe solar panels are becoming more popular because they are more efficient than Si solar panels. CdTe has a bandgap energy of 1.5 eV, which is in the visible portion of the EM spectrum. The thickness of a CdTe thin film in a solar cell is about equal to the thickness of ten sheets of paper. The thickness of a CdTe thin film in a solar cell is about 2% the thickness of a sheet of paper.

The thickness of a CdTe thin film in a solar cell is about 2% the thickness of a sheet of paper.

Which statement below about atmospheric layers is correct? The stratosphere is the atmospheric layer where weather primarily occurs. The troposphere is the atmospheric layer where weather primarily occurs. The mesosphere is located from about 10 to 50 km and has an increasing temperature with altitude. The troposphere contains a protective layer of ozone that absorbs ultraviolet radiation from the sun. The stratosphere is located from ground level to about 10 km and has a decreasing temperature with altitude.

The troposphere is the atmospheric layer where weather primarily occurs.

Which statement is true about rain or acid rain? Unpolluted rain water is basic and approximately 8.6 on the pH scale. There is more acid rain in the Eastern vs. Western United States. Unpolluted rain water is neutral and approximately 7 on the pH scale. Carbon dioxide in the troposphere causes acid rain. Unpolluted rain water is acidic and approximately 3.6 on the pH scale.

There is more acid rain in the Eastern vs. Western United States.

A correct ranking from highest to lowest for energy losses in an automobile is: Thermodynamic losses of a heat engine; Braking resistance; Frictional losses in the engine Frictional losses in the engine; Thermodynamic losses of a heat engine; Tire resistance Tire resistance; Thermodynamic losses of a heat engine; Frictional losses in the engine Thermodynamic losses of a heat engine; Frictional losses in the engine; Tire resistance Air resistance; Thermodynamic losses of a heat engine; Frictional losses in the engine

Thermodynamic losses of a heat engine; Frictional losses in the engine; Tire resistance

To raise the temperature of 4 kg of ice by 60 C requires 120 kcal.

To raise the temperature of 4 kg of water vapor by 50 C requires 100 kcal.

Choose the correct statement about ozone. Ozone is an isotope of oxygen. O2 is Ozone. In Los Angeles, ozone levels peak during morning rush hour. Tropospheric ozone is more prevalent in the northern vs. southern hemisphere. Ozone in the troposphere is formed artificially.

Tropospheric ozone is more prevalent in the northern vs. southern hemisphere.

The cooling of liquid water has neither the highest nor lowest energy change.

True

In a light bulb circuit, when the battery voltage is decreased the bulb brightness decreases.

True:

Which statement is true about rain or acid rain?

Unpolluted rain water is acidic and approximately 5.6 on the pH scale.

Which of the following statements about power generation for the electric grid is true? The state with the highest percentage of nuclear power generation is Virginia. In the U.S., power generation from hydroelectric is larger than from natural gas. In the U.S., power generation from hydroelectric is larger than from nuclear. The state with the highest percentage of nuclear power generation is Texas. Virginia has a higher percentage of nuclear power generation than California.

Virginia has a higher percentage of nuclear power generation than California.

Which statement is correct about heat transfer? When a room warms up on a hot day because the door is open, then heat transfer is by conduction. When hot air rises to higher altitudes, then heat transfer is by radiation. When a door feels cold on the inside because it is cold outside, then heat transfer is by convection. When the pavement gets hot on a sunny day, then heat transfer is by convection. When a door feels cold on the inside because it is cold outside, then heat transfer is by conduction.

When a door feels cold on the inside because it is cold outside, then heat transfer is by conduction.

Choose the correct statement concerning a girl skateboarding on a U-shaped track. When the girl skates from the bottom of the track back up to the top, her potential energy decreases. When the girl skates from the bottom of the track back up to the top, her velocity decreases. When the girl skates from the bottom of the track back up to the top, her velocity increases. When the girl skates from the top of the track down to the bottom, her kinetic energy decreases. When the girl skates from the bottom of the track back up to the top, her kinetic energy increases.

When the girl skates from the bottom of the track back up to the top, her velocity decreases.

Choose the correct statement concerning a girl skateboarding on a U-shaped track.

When the girl skates from the top of the track down to the bottom, her potential energy decreases.

Which statement is correct about heat transfer? When a door feels cold on the inside because it is cold outside, then heat transfer is by radiation. When a room warms up in the winter because hot air comes from the floor vents, then heat transfer is by conduction. When heating up a burrito in a microwave oven, then heat transfer is by convection. When the inside of a car with the windows up becomes dangerously hot on a sunny day, then heat transfer is by radiation. When you warm yourself next to a fire on a cold winter night, then heat transfer is by conduction.

When the inside of a car with the windows up becomes dangerously hot on a sunny day, then heat transfer is by radiation.

Which statement is correct about heat transfer? When the snowball you are holding starts to melt in your hand, then heat transfer is by conduction. When you dive into a pool and notice the water is cooler near the bottom, then heat transfer is by radiation. When butter melts on warm pancakes, then heat transfer is by convection. When you are stirring hot chocolate and your spoon gets warm, then heat transfer is by convection. When smoke from a fire is drafted up the chimney of your fireplace, then heat transfer is by conduction.

When the snowball you are holding starts to melt in your hand, then heat transfer is by conduction.

Which statement is correct about heat transfer? When butter melts on warm pancakes, then heat transfer is by convection. When heating up a burrito in a microwave oven, then heat transfer is by convection. When the Earth's atmosphere is warmed by the sun's rays, then heat transfer is by conduction. When you warm yourself next to a fire on a cold winter night, then heat transfer is by radiation. When the sun shines through windows into a room and the room temperature rises, then heat transfer is by conduction.

When you warm yourself next to a fire on a cold winter night, then heat transfer is by radiation.

Which statement is correct about heat transfer? When the sun shines through windows into a room and the room temperature rises, then heat transfer is by convection. When you warm yourself next to a fire on a cold winter night, then heat transfer is by radiation. When air rises over hot sand and sinks over the cool ocean creating a seabreeze, then heat transfer is by conduction. When the Earth's atmosphere is warmed by the sun's rays, then heat transfer is by convection. When you dive into a pool and notice the water is cooler near the bottom, then heat transfer is by radiation.

When you warm yourself next to a fire on a cold winter night, then heat transfer is by radiation.

A correct ordering of the electromagnetic spectrum from highest to lowest energy is:

X-rays, ultraviolet, infrared, radio waves

If iodine (Z = 53) were to radioactively decay by α decay, then the daughter particle would have an atomic number of:

Z = 51

If uranium (Z = 92) were to radioactively decay by α decay, then the daughter particle would have an atomic number of:

Z = 90

If uranium (Z = 92) were to radioactively decay by β+ decay, then the daughter particle would have an atomic number of:

Z = 91

If plutonium (Z = 94) were to radioactively decay by α decay, then the daughter particle would have an atomic number of:

Z = 92

If uranium (Z = 92) were to radioactively decay by β- decay, then the daughter particle would have an atomic number of:

Z = 93

IIf plutonium (Z = 94) were to radioactively decay by β- decay, then the daughter particle would have an atomic number of:

Z = 95

Complete the following statements that refer to the redox reactions which occur when Zn(s), Cu(s), or Ag(s) metals are placed into aqueous solutions with Zn2+(aq), Cu2+(aq), or Ag+(aq) ions. As seen in the animation shown in class, the following reactions are possible: Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq)--> Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s) Zn(s) + Ag+(aq)--> Zn2+(aq) + Ag(s) Cu(s) + Ag+(aq)--> Cu2+(aq) + Ag(s) The most reactive metal is _______ because it most easily _________ and therefore is the __________ reducing agent of these three metals.

Zn gives up electrons strongest

To summarize, the reducing agent is _______ and the oxidizing agent is _________. . This means that the _______ oxidized and the _________ reduced.

Zn metal Cu ions Zn metal Cu ions

A p-type semiconductor has free electrons in the upper energy conduction band.

`false

10^9 or 1,000,000,000

billion

increase CO2

burning of gasoline

A correct ordering from lowest to highest pH is:

coffee, milk, blood, soap

The snowball you are holding starts to melt in your hand.

conduction

Your finger becomes hot after touching a pot on the stove.

conduction

A hot air balloon floating up, up, and away.

convection

When hot air comes from the floor vents in the winter and warms up a room.

convection

When the door is left open on a hot summer day and the house warms up due to air flow.

convection

What is the term for the minimum amount of fissile material necessary to sustain a chain reaction?

critical mass

photosynthesis

decrease CO2

weathering of rocks and photosynthesis

decrease CO2

When the person is skating from the bottom of the track back up to the top, her velocity _______ .

decreases

What isotope of hydrogen has a proton plus a neutron

deuterium

Surface winds flowing northward are deflected _________, because they are traveling from a faster to slower speed region on Earth and "run ahead" due to a greater relative speed.

eastward

What negative particle is found outside the nucleus?

electron

What particle is attracted to a proton?

electron

What repulsive force acts between protons in the atomic nucleus?

electrostatic

Is the overall process endothermic (heat absorbing) or exothermic (heat releasing)?

exothermic

-- The major element comprising the solid inner core of the Earth is lead.

false

-- The major element comprising the solid inner core of the Earth is uranium

false

A car's catalytic converter removes nitrogen oxide pollution and is most efficient at low temperatures.

false

A car's catalytic converter removes nitrogen oxide pollution and is most efficient at room temperature.

false

A car's catalytic converter uses precious metals such as gold and selenium.

false

A flue gas scrubber removes SO2 pollution in a coal-fired power plant by using lime to convert the SO2 into alcohols.

false

A flue gas scrubber removes SO2 pollution in a coal-fired power plant by using lime to convert the SO2 into peroxides.

false

A kg of ethanol produces less energy (MJ/kg fuel) and more CO2 than a kg of octane.

false

A kg of ethanol produces more energy (MJ/kg fuel) and less CO2 than a kg of octane.

false

A kg of octane produces less energy (MJ/kg fuel) and more CO2 than a kg of ethanol.

false

A moderator slows down neutrons to make fission less likely.

false

A moderator speeds up neutrons to make fission less likely.

false

A repulsive electrostatic force keeps the protons tightly bound together in the nucleus.

false

A standard alkaline battery (AAA, AA, C, D) has a voltage of 3 V.

false

A water molecule is polar with a positive oxygen end and a negative hydrogen end.

false

About 4% of the total energy worldwide comes from biofuels.

false

After a photon "kicks" an electron into the upper conduction band, the electron moves to the p-type side of the p-n junction.

false

After a photon "kicks" an electron out of the valence band and leaves behind a hole, the hole moves to the n-type side of the p-n junction.

false

After a photon "kicks" an electron out of the valence band and leaves behind a hole, the hole moves to the n-type side of the p-n junction.Incorrect Electrons cannot move in a partially filled conduction or valence band.

false

Algae biodiesel has a higher crop land requirement than corn ethanol.

false

Algae biodiesel has a higher crop land requirement than sugarcane ethanol.

false

Alpha particles are non-ionizing radiation.

false

An attractive electrostatic force acts between protons in the nucleus.

false

An attractive electrostatic force causes alpha particles to scatter from a positive nucleus.

false

An attractive electrostatic force keeps the protons tightly bound together in the nucleus.

false

An extremely weak attractive gravitational force keeps the protons tightly bound together in the nucleus.

false

An n-type semiconductor has missing electrons (or holes) in the lower energy valence band.

false

Approximately 90% percent of original energy in the coal is lost to heat in a coal-fired power plant.

false

Around 2 to 5 million Americans die each year due to PM pollution.

false

Around 2,000 to 5,000 Americans die each year due to PM pollution.

false

As the percentage of carbon in coal increases, its energy content decreases.

false

Beta particles are non-ionizing radiation.

false

Biodiesel and octane are the two most common biofuels.

false

Biodiesel and syngas are the two most common biofuels.

false

Biofuels accounts for 4% of the total energy worldwide.

false

Bromine (Z=35) radioactively decays to Selenium (Z=34) by α decay.

false

Burning coal in power plants produces the greatest amount of nitrogen oxide pollution.

false

Burning heating oil in homes produces the greatest amount of sulfur oxide pollution.

false

CH4 had a concentration of 280 ppm prior to the industrial revolution and has increased to 400 ppm today.

false

CH4 is 300 times more effective per unit weight as a greenhouse gas than CO2.

false

CH4 is produced by the combustion of fossil fuels.

false

CH4 is responsible for about 60% of the greenhouse effect.

false

CH4 is responsible for about one quarter of the greenhouse effect.

false

CO2 is produced by bacteria in soil using nitrogen-rich fertilizer.

false

California has a higher percentage of coal power generation than Virginia

false

Capital Investment Costs (low to high): Nuclear, Coal, Wind

false

Capital Investment Costs (low to high): Nuclear, Wind, Coal

false

Capital Investment Costs (low to high): Wind, Nuclear, Coal

false

Carbon dioxide CO2 and water H2O are consumed in respiration.

false

Carbon dioxide CO2 and water H2O are produced in photosynthesis.

false

CdTe has a bandgap energy of 1.5 eV, which is in the visible portion of the EM spectrum

false

CdTe has a bandgap energy of 1.5 eV, which is in the visible portion of the EM spectrum.

false

CdTe solar panels are becoming more popular because they are more efficient than Si solar panels.

false

Cellulose easily separates into sugar molecules at room temperature.

false

Cellulose is composed of alcohol molecules.

false

Cellulose is composed of amine (or protein) molecules.

false

Coal does not contain any impurities.

false

Coal is formed from decaying plants under conditions with high oxygen.

false

Copper is a stronger reducing agent than lithium.

false

Copper is a stronger reducing agent than zinc.

false

During fermentation, ethanol and carbon dioxide are converted into sugar by yeast.

false

During fermentation, ethanol is converted into sugar and carbon dioxide by yeast.

false

During fermentation, sugars and carbon dioxide are converted into ethanol by yeast.

false

During the spring or fall equinox in Richmond, the angle of the sun at noon from the vertical is 14 degrees (= Richmond's latitude of 37.5 degrees minus Earth's tilt of 23.5 degrees)

false

During the spring or fall equinox in the northern hemisphere, the North pole is tilted toward the sun, making the sun appear higher in the sky.

false

During the summer in Richmond, the angle of the sun at noon from the vertical is 37.5 degrees (= Richmond's latitude)

false

During the winter in the northern hemisphere, the North pole is not tilted either toward or away from the sun.

false

Electric vehicles will increase demand on the grid, where the Chevy Bolt electric car has a smaller Li ion battery to charge compared to the plug-in Nissan Leaf.

false

Electric vehicles will increase demand on the grid, where the plug-in Nissan Leaf has a larger Li ion battery to charge compared to the new Chevy Bolt electric car.

false

Electrons can move in a full valence band.

false

Energy is released in photosynthesis.

false

Energy is required for respiration.

false

First generation biofuel has a lower crop land requirement than third generation biofuel.

false

For every kg of CO2 produced, octane produces more energy

false

Fuel Costs (low to high): Coal, Wind, Nuclear

false

Fuel Costs (low to high): Nuclear, Coal, Wind

false

Fuel Costs (low to high): Nuclear, Wind, Coal

false

Gamma rays are non-ionizing radiation.

false

Gasoline has a relatively high boiling point (>300 C).

false

Global CO2 concentrations have increased by approximately 1,000 ppm from the year 1800 to today.

false

Global CO2 concentrations have increased by approximately 10 ppm from the year 1800 to today.

false

Global CO2 concentrations have increased by approximately 100 ppb from the year 1800 to today.

false

Global annual CO2 emissions have increased by approximately 3 Gt from the year 1800 to today.

false

Global annual CO2 emissions have increased by approximately 30 Mt from the year 1800 to today.

false

Global annual CO2 emissions have increased by approximately 30 kt from the year 1800 to today.

false

Global annual CO2 emissions have increased by approximately 300 Gt from the year 1800 to today.

false

Hydraulic Fracture is used to extract Coal.

false

Hydraulic Fracture wells are drilled only vertically.

false

Hydraulic Fracture wells are pumped with a mixture water, sand, and bitumen.

false

Hydraulic fracture is regulated by the Clean Water act.

false

Hydrogen gas can be produced by the electrolysis of water using a battery below 1 volt.

false

Hydrogen gas is easily found in nature and is therefore an abundant energy source.

false

Hydrogen has a higher energy density per unit volume compared to gasoline.

false

Hydrogen has a lower energy density per unit mass compared to gasoline.

false

Ice has a higher density than liquid water and therefore sinks.

false

Ice is more dense than liquid water.

false

If a carbon tax is implemented, then the percentage cost increase of electricity generation from hydroelectric will be higher than from natural gas.

false

If a carbon tax is implemented, then the percentage cost increase of electricity generation from nuclear will be higher than from natural gas.

false

If a greenhouse gas policy is implemented, then the probability that the global mean temperature will increase by 5F or higher by the year 2100 is close to 100%.

false

If a wind farm has a power capacity of 150 MW, then it could generate power for a city with about 500,000 homes (assume 3 kW/home).

false

If a wind farm has a power capacity of 150 MW, then it could generate power for a very large metropolitan city with about 5,000,000 homes (assume 3 kW/home).

false

If iodine (Z = 53) undergoes α decay, then Z = 52 for the daughter particle.

false

If iodine (Z = 53) undergoes β+ decay, then Z = 51 for the daughter particle.

false

If iodine (Z = 53) undergoes β- decay, then Z = 55 for the daughter particle.

false

If no greenhouse gas policy is implemented, then the probability that the global mean temperature will increase by 5F or higher by the year 2100 is about 50%.

false

If no greenhouse gas policy is implemented, then the probability that the global mean temperature will increase by 5F or higher by the year 2100 is less than 25%.

false

If plutonium (Z = 94) undergoes β+ decay, then Z = 96 for the daughter particle.

false

If plutonium (Z = 94) undergoes β- decay, then Z = 92 for the daughter particle.

false

If plutonium (Z = 94) undergoes β- decay, then Z = 93 for the daughter particle.

false

If the mass of a beryllium nucleus (Z = 4) is 7 amu, then it has 4 neutrons.

false

If the mass of a boron nucleus (Z = 5) is 11 amu, then it has 11 neutrons.

false

If the mass of a boron nucleus (Z = 5) is 11 amu, then it has 5 neutrons.

false

If the mass of a carbon nucleus (Z = 6) is 13 amu, then it has 13 neutrons.

false

If the mass of a carbon nucleus (Z = 6) is 13 amu, then it has 6 neutrons.

false

If the mass of a helium nucleus (Z = 2) is 3 amu, then it has 2 neutrons.

false

If the mass of a hydrogen nucleus (Z = 1) is 3 amu, then it has 1 neutron.

false

If the mass of a hydrogen nucleus (Z = 1) is 3 amu, then it has 3 neutrons.

false

If the mass of a lithium nucleus (Z = 3) is 7 amu, then it has 3 neutrons.

false

If uranium (Z = 92) undergoes α decay, then Z = 93 for the daughter particle.

false

If uranium (Z = 92) undergoes β+ decay, then Z = 94 for the daughter particle.

false

In 2016, U.S. electricity generation from renewable energy sources (e.g., hydroelectric, wind, biomass, geothermal, and solar) was 45% of the total amount.

false

In 2016, U.S. electricity generation from renewable energy sources (e.g., hydroelectric, wind, biomass, geothermal, and solar) was less than 1% of the total amount.

false

In 2016, U.S. electricity generation from wind was about 5% of the amount from renewable energy sources other than hydroelectric (e.g., wind, biomass, geothermal, and solar).

false

In 2016, U.S. electricity generation from wind was about 90% of the amount from renewable energy sources other than hydroelectric (e.g., wind, biomass, geothermal, and solar).

false

In 2016, the state of California had the highest wind power capacity of any state in the U.S.

false

In 2016, the state of Iowa had the highest wind power capacity of any state in the U.S.

false

In Los Angeles, ozone levels peak in the early morning.

false

In a coal-fired power plant, the approximate percentage of original energy in the coal lost to heat is 10%.

false

In a light bulb circuit, when the battery voltage is decreased the bulb brightness increases.

false

In a lithium battery, Li metal takes electrons from MnO2.

false

In a lithium battery, MnO2 gives electrons to Li.

false

In a lithium battery, MnO2 is the reducing agent.

false

In a typical U.S. home, the energy usage during a year for a microwave is comparable to keeping a 100-W lightbulb continuously on.

false

In a typical U.S. home, the energy usage for lighting & appliances is higher than for home heating & cooling.

false

In a zinc-air battery, O2 gives electrons to Zn.

false

In an alkaline battery, MnO2 gives electrons to Zn.

false

In the U.S., power generation from coal is larger than from natural gas.

false

In the U.S., power generation from hydroelectric is larger than from natural gas.

false

In the U.S., power generation from hydroelectric is larger than from nuclear.

false

In the U.S., power generation from nuclear is larger than from coal.

false

In the cell between 0 and 30 degrees, surface winds flow southward and are deflected eastward due to the Coriolis force.

false

In the last forty years, U.S. Natural gas production has decreased.

false

Infrared light is ionizing radiation.

false

Ions have equal numbers of protons and electrons.

false

Isotopes have the same number of neutrons, but different numbers of protons.

false

Less than 1% of the total energy worldwide comes from biomass.

false

Light with a wavelength of 100 nm is in the infrared region.

false

Light with a wavelength of 100 nm is visible to the human eye.

false

Light with a wavelength of 280 nm is completely absorbed by the atmosphere.

false

Light with a wavelength of 280 nm is visible to the human eye.

false

Light with a wavelength of 400 nm has the color of green.

false

Light with a wavelength of 400 nm has the color of red.

false

Light with a wavelength of 750 nm has the color of violet.

false

Light with a wavelength of 900 nm is in the ultraviolet region.

false

Light with a wavelength of 900 nm is visible to the human eye.

false

Lithium is a weaker reducing agent than zinc

false

Low voltage, high current transmission lines are used in the grid to minimize resistive heating losses.

false

Most nitrogen oxides formed during combustion come from nitrogen in the fuel.

false

Most sulfur oxides formed during combustion come from sulfur in the air.

false

N2O had a concentration of 280 ppm prior to the industrial revolution and has increased to 400 ppm today.

false

N2O has had the largest concentration increase over the last 100 years.

false

N2O is responsible for about 60% of the greenhouse effect.

false

Natural gas is made of propane molecules.

false

Natural gas is not combustible.

false

Nitrous oxide is 80 times more effective per unit weight as a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide.

false

O2 is Ozone.

false

Octane and ethanol are the two most common biofuels.

false

Oil from oil sand deposits can be directly pumped from wells drilled into the deposits.

false

Oil sands contain sand, water, and "sour" crude oil.

false

Oil sands contain sand, water, and light crude oil.

false

Oil sands take a few hundred years to form.

false

Oil takes tens of billions of years to form.

false

One method to decrease peak demand on the grid is to charge lower rates during times of high demand.

false

Over the last 200 years, CO2 concentrations have increased by approximately 1,000 ppm.

false

Over the last 200 years, CO2 concentrations have increased by approximately 10 ppm.

false

Over the last 200 years, CO2 concentrations have increased by approximately 100 ppb.

false

Over the last 200 years, CO2 emissions have increased by about 30 kilotons.

false

Over the last 200 years, CO2 emissions have increased by about 30 megatons.

false

Ozone in the troposphere causes acid rain.

false

Ozone in the troposphere is formed artificially.

false

Ozone is a chromoform of oxygen.

false

Ozone is a molecule with four oxygen atoms.

false

Ozone is a molecule with two oxygen atoms.

false

Ozone is formed from the reaction of carbon dioxide with sunlight.

false

Ozone is formed from the reaction of sulfur dioxide with sunlight.

false

Ozone is highly reactive but non-toxic.

false

Ozone is non-reactive and non-toxic.

false

Ozone is non-reactive but toxic.

false

PM pollution is responsible for 2,000 to 5,000 deaths/yr in the U.S.

false

PM pollution is responsible for 20 to 50 million deaths/yr in the U.S.

false

PM-10 penetrates more deeply into your lungs than PM-2.5.

false

PM-10 travels further in the air than PM-2.5.

false

PM-2.5 and PM-10 are 2.5 millimeters and 10 millimeters in size, respectively.

false

PM-2.5 and PM-10 are visible to the unaided eye.

false

Particles such as dust and dirt are considered PM-10.

false

Particles such as metals and organic molecules are considered PM-10.

false

Particulate matter around 10 millimeters in size is designated PM-10.

false

Particulate matter around 10 nanometers in size is designated PM-10.

false

Particulate matter around 2.5 nanometers in size is designated PM-2.5.

false

Percentage of electrical power from nuclear : South Korea, U.S., France, China

false

Percentage of electrical power from nuclear : U.S., France, South Korea, China

false

Percentage of electrical power from nuclear : U.S., South Korea, France, China

false

Radio waves are ionizing radiation.

false

Radon (Z=86) radioactively decays to Polonium (Z=84) by β+ (positron emission) decay.

false

Radon (Z=86) radioactively decays to Polonium (Z=84) by β- (electron emission) decay.

false

Road vehicles produce the largest amount of sulfer oxide pollution.

false

Second generation bioethanol comes from algae.

false

Second generation bioethanol comes from food plants such as corn, sugarcane, and sugarbeets.

false

Solar cells have optimum efficiency with a bandgap energy of 1.4 eV, which is in the visible portion of the EM spectrum.

false

Solar cells have optimum efficiency with a bandgap energy of 1.4 eV, which is in the visible portion of the EM spectrum. Incorrect The efficiency of the best Si solar cells is less than 20%.

false

Sugar and oxygen O2 are consumed in photosynthesis.

false

Sugar and oxygen O2 are produced in respiration.

false

Sugarcane ethanol has a higher crop land requirement than sugarcane ethanol.

false

Sugarcane ethanol has a higher wholesale price compared to corn ethanol.

false

Sulfur in the air is the primaray source of sulfur oxide polution.

false

Supply and demand of power on the grid do not need to be matched in real time because the energy is able to be stored on the grid.

false

Surface winds flowing northward are deflected westward, because they are traveling from a faster to slower speed region on Earth.

false

Surface winds flowing southward are deflected eastward, because they are traveling from a slower to faster speed region.

false

Surface winds travel slower closer to the equator.

false

The CO2 concentration today is approximately 4,000 ppm and is increasing at 150 to 200 ppm per decade.

false

The CO2 concentration today is approximately 40 ppm and is increasing at 1.5 to 2 ppm per decade.

false

The CO2 concentration today is approximately 400 ppb and is increasing at 15 to 20 ppb per decade.

false

The CO2 emissions per GWh from highest to lowest are: natural gas, coal, hydroelectric.

false

The CO2 emissions per GWh from highest to lowest are: natural gas, coal, wind.

false

The Earth has a magnetic field that protects it from asteroids and comets.

false

The Earth is approximately 4.6 million years old.

false

The Earth is approximately 4.6 trillion years old.

false

The acid rain problem is worse today than in the mid-1990's.

false

The annual average solar intensity of Denver is lower than Detroit.

false

The annual average solar intensity of Detroit is higher than Denver.

false

The annual average solar intensity of Detroit is higher than Phoenix.

false

The annual average solar intensity of Phoenix is lower than Denver.

false

The annual average solar intensity of Phoenix is lower than Detroit.

false

The approximate age of the earth is 4.6 million years.

false

The atom is 1,000 times larger than the nucleus.

false

The atom is 100 times larger than the nucleus.

false

The atom is 100,000 times larger than the nucleus.

false

The attractive gravitational force causes alpha particles to scatter from a positive nucleus.

false

The cell potential for a lithium battery is lower than for a zinc battery.

false

The cell potential for a zinc battery is higher than for a lithium battery.

false

The change in CO2 concentration during each of the last several glacial cycles was approximately 1,000 ppm.

false

The change in CO2 concentration during each of the last several glacial cycles was approximately 10 ppm.

false

The change in CO2 concentration during each of the last several glacial cycles was approximately 100 ppb.

false

The circumference of the Earth is approximately 40,000 miles.

false

The cost of electricity generation from least to most expensive is: nuclear, coal, solar.

false

The cost of electricity generation from least to most expensive is: wind, coal, solar.

false

The efficiency of the best CdTe solar cells is more than 25%.

false

The efficiency of the best Si solar cells is less than 25%.

false

The energy gain for corn ethanol is larger than for oilseed biodiesel.

false

The energy gain for corn ethanol is larger than for sugarcane ethanol.

false

The energy gain for sugarcane ethanol is smaller than for corn ethanol.

false

The energy gain for sugarcane ethanol is smaller than for oilseed biodiesel.

false

The energy required to evaporate 1 kg of liquid water is less than the energy released when 1 kg of water vapor condenses into liquid.

false

The heat capacity of gas vapor is greater than the heat capacity of liquid water.

false

The heat capacity of solid ice is greater than the heat capacity of liquid water.

false

The highest voltage used on the U.S. electric grid is 300 kV.

false

The highest voltage used on the U.S. electric grid is 500 kV.

false

The important chemical functional group in ethanol is -COOH.

false

The important chemical functional group in ethanol is -NH2.

false

The isotope of hydrogen having a proton plus a neutron is called tritium.

false

The largest hydroelectric plant in the U.S. is the Hoover dam in Nevada/Arizona.

false

The largest hydroelectric plant in the U.S. is the Hoover dam.

false

The largest hydroelectric plant in the world is the Grand Coulee dam in Washington state.

false

The largest hydroelectric plant in the world is the Grand Coulee dam.

false

The largest hydroelectric plant in the world is the Hoover dam.

false

The largest source of nitrogen oxide pollution is burning coal for power plants.

false

The largest source of nitrogen oxide pollution is industrial activities.

false

The largest source of nitrogen oxide pollution is non-road vehicles.

false

The largest source of sulfur oxide pollution is burning natural gas for home heating.

false

The largest stable nucleus has 100 protons.

false

The largest stable nucleus has 26 protons.

false

The latitude of Detroit is lower than Richmond.

false

The liquid-to-vapor phase change of water requires less energy than the ice-to-liquid phase change.

false

The longest wavelength of light that our eyes can usually see is 400 nm.

false

The lower boiling point components (lighter molecules) of oil remain at the bottom of a fractional distillation tower.

false

The maximum amount of fissile material that will sustain a chain reaction is called the critical mass.

false

The most stable allotrope of oxygen is monatomic O.

false

The most stable allotrope of oxygen is triatomic O3.

false

The most stable nucleus has 100 protons.

false

The most stable nucleus is cobalt.

false

The most stable nucleus is manganese.

false

The nuclear bomb dropped on Hiroshima in WWII was called Fat Man

false

The nuclear bomb dropped on Nagasaki in WWII was called Little Boy.

false

The nuclear bomb in WWII that used 235U and a gun-type design was called Fat Man.

false

The number of neutrons is less than the number of protons in larger nuclei.

false

The number of neutrons is much greater than the number of protons in smaller nuclei.

false

The power capacity of Hoover dam is approximately 10 GW

false

The power capacity of Hoover dam is approximately 20 GW

false

The power capacity of the Three Gorges dam in China is approximately 2 GW.

false

The power capacity of the Three Gorges dam is approximately 10 GW.

false

The power capacity of the Three Gorges dam is approximately 2 GW.

false

The proton is composed of two down quarks and one up quark.

false

The shortest wavelength of UVA light is 100 nm.

false

The shortest wavelength of UVA light is 280 nm.

false

The shortest wavelength of UVB light is 100 nm.

false

The shortest wavelength of UVB light is 400 nm.

false

The shortest wavelength of UVC light is 280 nm.

false

The shortest wavelength of light that our eyes can usually see is 100 nm.

false

The state with the highest percentage of nuclear power generation is California.

false

The state with the highest percentage of nuclear power generation is Texas.

false

The steps for bioethanol production are: fermentation, cellulose production, and then sugar production.

false

The steps for bioethanol production are: fermentation, sugar production, and then cellulose production.

false

The steps for bioethanol production are: sugar production, cellulose production, and then fermentation.

false

The steps for bioethanol production are: sugar production, fermentation, and then cellulose production.

false

The thickness of a CdTe thin film in a solar cell is about equal to the thickness of a sheet of paper.

false

The thickness of a CdTe thin film in a solar cell is about equal to the thickness of ten sheets of paper.

false

The two countries producing 90% of the world's ethanol are Brazil and China.

false

The two most common biofuels are biodiesel and octane.

false

The two most common biofuels are ethanol and octane.

false

The two most common biofuels are ethanol and syngas.

false

The viscosity of bitumen is about 100 times greater than the viscosity of water.

false

The viscosity of bitumen is similar to the viscosity of light crude oil.

false

The water phase with the highest heat capacity is solid ice.

false

The water phase with the smallest temperature increase when adding 10 kcal of heat is solid ice.

false

The wholesale price of sugarcane ethanol is higher than the wholesale price of corn ethanol.

false

There are from 2 to 5 million deaths/yr in the U.S. due to PM pollution.

false

To heat a cup of water, using the electric stove is more energy efficient than using the microwave.

false

To produce the same amount of energy, corn ethanol needs less crop land than algae biodiesel.

false

To produce the same amount of energy, corn ethanol needs less crop land than sugarcane ethanol.

false

Total nuclear power generation: France, U.S., China, South Korea

false

Total nuclear power generation: France, U.S., South Korea, China

false

Total nuclear power generation: South Korea, U.S., France, China

false

Tropospheric ozone is more prevalent in the southern vs. northern hemisphere.

false

UVB light is completely absorbed by the atmosphere.

false

Unpolluted rain water is acidic and approximately 3.6 on the pH scale.

false

Unpolluted rain water is neutral and approximately 7 on the pH scale.

false

Using a ton of recycled paper saves 7 trees and uses 10% less water.

false

Using recycled aluminum scrap to make new aluminum cans uses 25% less energy than making aluminum cans from the raw material of bauxite ore.

false

Very large nuclei can undergo fission and become less stable.

false

Very large nuclei can undergo fusion and become more stable.

false

Very small nuclei can undergo fission and become more stable.

false

Very small nuclei can undergo fusion and become less stable.

false

Virginia has a higher percentage of gas power generation than California .

false

When Zn metal reacts with Cu2+ ions, Zn metal is the oxidizing agent.

false

When Zn metal reacts with Cu2+ ions, Zn metal takes electrons from the Cu2+ ions.

false

When Zn metal reacts with Cu2+ ions, the Cu2+ ions are the reducing agent.

false

When Zn metal reacts with Cu2+ ions, the Cu2+ ions give electrons to the Zn metal.

false

When an atom loses a neutron, it is no longer the same element.

false

When an atom loses a proton, it is still the same element.

false

When an atom loses an electron, it is no longer the same element.

false

When hydrogen reacts with oxygen in a fuel cell, hydrogen takes electrons from oxygen.

false

When hydrogen reacts with oxygen in a fuel cell, oxygen is the reducing agent.

false

When the height difference for the falling water through a dam is doubled, then the power output is 50% larger.

false

When the height difference for the falling water through a dam is doubled, then the power output is four times larger.

false

X-rays are non-ionizing radiation.

false

Xenon (Z=54) radioactively decays to Iodine (Z=53) by α decay.

false

`CdTe solar panels are becoming more popular because they are more efficient than Si solar panels.

false

Determine whether each statement below is true or false about the chemical reaction for combining hydrogen and oxygen gas to make water: 2H2 + O2 --> 2H2O + 572 kJ. This reaction is endothermic. Breaking the H2 and O2 bonds requires energy, and forming the OH bonds in water releases energy. The H2 bond and O2 bond are stronger than the OH bonds in water.

false: This reaction is endothermic. true: Breaking the H2 and O2 bonds requires energy, and forming the OH bonds in water releases energy. false: The H2 bond and O2 bond are stronger than the OH bonds in water.

Fuel Costs (low to high): Coal, Wind, Nuclear

fasle

Surface winds travel _______ closer to the equator (0 degrees latitude).

faster

A correct ordering of the electromagnetic spectrum from highest to lowest energy is:

gamma rays, ultraviolet, visible, infrared

A correct ordering of the electromagnetic spectrum from highest to lowest energy is: gamma rays, ultraviolet, visible, infrared ultraviolet, gamma rays, visible, radio waves gamma rays, X-rays, infrared, ultraviolet gamma rays, visible, X-rays, radio waves X-rays, gamma rays, visible, radio waves

gamma rays, ultraviolet, visible, infrared

10^9 watts

gigawatts

Concepts for Reduction/Oxidations (or redox) Reactions (critical for understanding batteries!) Complete the following statements that refer to the reduction/oxidation (or redox) reaction which occurs when Zn(s) metal is put into an aqueous solution with Cu2+(aq) ions: Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq)--> Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s) In this reaction, the Zn(s) metal _______ the Cu2+(aq) ions to form Zn2+(aq) ions and Cu(s) metal. This means that the Zn(s) metal is a good _______ that is then ________ during this redox chemical reaction.

gives electrons to reducing agent oxidized

What extremely weak attractive force acts between any two masses?

gravitational

conduction

heat transfer via CONTACT between objects and is related to the vibrations of atoms/molecules.

radiation

heat transfer via ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES, e.g.,infrared radiation, and does not require contact or moving air.

convection

heat transfer via MOTION of atoms/molecules from hotter to colder regions (oftentimes involving moving air).

burning of forests

increase CO2

volcanic action

increase CO2

Determine whether the listed process or processes increase or decrease CO2 in the atmosphere. burning of forests photosynthesis burning of gasoline

increase CO2: burning of forests decrease CO2: photosynthesis increase CO2: burning of gasoline

Determine whether the listed process or processes increase or decrease CO2 in the atmosphere. volcanic action weathering of rocks weathering of rocks and photosynthesis

increase CO2: volcanic action decrease CO2: weathering of rocks decrease CO2: weathering of rocks and photosynthesis

burning of gasoline

increase in CO2

When the person is skating from the bottom of the track back up to the top, her potential energy _______ .

increases

When the person is skating from the top of the track down to the bottom, her velocity _______ .

increases

When the person is skating from the top of the track down to the bottom, his kinetic energy _______ .

increases

X-rays

ionizing

alpha particles (He nuclei)

ionizing

beta particles (electrons, positrons)

ionizing

gamma rays

ionizing

10^3 watts

kil

10^3 watts

kilowatts

Which nuclear bomb was dropped on Hiroshima in WWII?

little boy

For each step in this process, choose : "highest energy change", "lowest energy change", or "neither highest nor lowest energy change". lowest energy change: cooling of water vapor neither highest nor lowest energy change: cooling of liquid water highest energy change: condensation of water vapor

lowest energy change: cooling of water vapor neither highest nor lowest energy change: cooling of liquid water highest energy change: condensation of water vapor

10^6 watts

megawatts

Atmospheric layer where the temperature decreases to about -90C at its highest altitude of about 80 km.

mesophere

Located from about 50 to 80 km and temperature decreases with altitude

mesophere

Located from about 50 to 80 km and temperature decreases with altitude.

mesophere

10^6 or 1,000,000

million

What is the generic name for a material that slows down neutrons to make fission more likely?

moderator

A correct ranking of fuels from highest to lowest energy content is: coal, natural gas, gasoline gasoline, natural gas, coal coal, natural gas, ethanol gasoline, natural gas, ethanol natural gas, coal, ethanol

natural gas, coal, ethanol

A correct ranking of fuels from highest to lowest energy content is: gasoline, ethanol, natural gas coal, natural gas, gasoline coal, gasoline, ethanol natural gas, gasoline, ethanol gasoline, natural gas, ethanol

natural gas, gasoline, ethanol

After the p-n junction forms, its left or p-type side is ____________

negative

What neutral particle is found inside the nucleus?

neutron

The atmosphere of the Earth has always contained which gas as a major component?

nitrogen

The atmosphere of the "young" Earth contained which gas or gases as major components?n

nitrogen and carbon dioxide

The atmosphere of the Earth today contains which gas or gases as major components?

nitrogen and oxygen

Is the annual average solar intensity of a city only determined by its latitude?

infrared

non-ionizing

radio waves

non-ionizing

visible light

non-ionizing

In the cell between 30 and 60 degrees, surface winds flow _________ and are deflected eastward due to the Coriolis force.

northward

and its right or n-type side is ____________.

positive

What particle is attracted to an electron?

proton

How many protons and neutrons are in the following isotope? 7 Be 4

protons: 4 neutrons: 3

How many protons and neutrons are in the following isotope? 18 O 8

protons: 8 neutrons: 10

How many protons and neutrons are in the following isotope? 19 F 9

protons: 9 neutrons: 10

forming bonds

releases energy

forming bonds between C and H to make natural gas (CH4)

releases energy

forming bonds between C and O atoms to make CO2

releases energy

breaking bonds

requires energy

breaking bonds in carbon dioxide to form C and O atoms

requires energy

breaking bonds in coal to form C, H, and O atoms

requires energy

In what order do the steps below occur for this process? condensation of water vapor cooling of liquid water cooling of water vapor

second: condensation of water vapor third: cooling of liquid water first: cooling of water vapor

Surface winds travel _______ closer to the North pole (90 degrees latitude).

slower

A sudden loss of primary coolant water in a pressurized water reactor

slows down fission

Inserting the control rods into the reactor

slows down fission

Removing the moderator from the reactor

slows down fission

In the cell between 0 and 30 degrees, surface winds flow _________ and are deflected westward due to the Coriolis force.

southward

Adding the moderator to the reactor

speeds up fission

Removing the control rods from the reactor

speeds up fission

During the ________ in Richmond, the angle of the sun at noon from the vertical is 37.5 degrees (= Richmond's latitude)

spring/fall equinox

During the ________ in the northern hemisphere, the North pole is not tilted either toward or away from the sun.

spring/fall equinox

Atmospheric layer where ozone absorbs ultraviolet radiation from the sun.

stratosphere

Located from about 10 to 50 km and temperature increases with altitude.

stratosphere

What attractive force acts between nucleons (i.e., protons & neutrons) in the nucleus?

strong nuclear

What attractive force keeps the protons tightly bound together in the nucleus?

strong nuclear

During the ________ in Richmond, the angle of the sun at noon from the vertical is 14 degrees (= Richmond's latitude of 37.5 degrees minus Earth's tilt of 23.5 degrees).

summer

During the ________ in the northern hemisphere, the North pole is tilted toward the sun, making the sun appear higher in the sky.

summer

In this reaction, the Cu2+(aq) ions _______ the Zn(s) metal to form Zn2+(aq) ions and Cu(s) metal. This means that the Cu2+(aq) ions are a good ________ that is then _________ during this redox chemical reaction.

take electrons from oxidizing agent reduced

10^12 watts

terawatts

If the Earth's temperature increases, then the CO2 feedback cycle causes:

the CO2 concentration to decrease due to more rock weathering, thereby counteracting the temperature increase.

If the Earth's temperature increases, then the CO2 feedback cycle causes: he CO2 concentration to increase due to more rock weathering, thereby counteracting the temperature increase. the CO2 concentration to increase due to less rock weathering, thereby thereby enhancing the temperature increase. the CO2 concentration to decrease due to less rock weathering, thereby counteracting the temperature increase. the CO2 concentration to decrease due to less rock weathering, thereby thereby enhancing the temperature increase. the CO2 concentration to decrease due to more rock weathering, thereby counteracting the temperature increase.

the CO2 concentration to decrease due to more rock weathering, thereby counteracting the temperature increase.

If the Earth's temperature increases, then the CO2 feedback cycle causes: the CO2 concentration to decrease due to more rock weathering, thereby thereby enhancing the temperature increase. the CO2 concentration to decrease due to more rock weathering, thereby counteracting the temperature increase. the CO2 concentration to increase due to more rock weathering, thereby thereby enhancing the temperature increase. the CO2 concentration to decrease due to less rock weathering, thereby thereby enhancing the temperature increase. the CO2 concentration to decrease due to less rock weathering, thereby counteracting the temperature increase.

the CO2 concentration to decrease due to more rock weathering, thereby counteracting the temperature increase.

10^3 or 1,000

thousand

10^12 or 1,000,000,000,000

trillion

What isotope of hydrogen has a proton plus two neutrons?

tritium

Atmospheric layer where weather primarily occurs.

troposphere

Located from ground level to about 10 km and temperature decreases with altitude.

troposphere

-- The Earth is approximately 4.6 billion years old.

true

A car's catalytic converter removes nitrogen oxide pollution and is most efficient at high temperatures.

true

A car's catalytic converter uses precious metals such as platinum and paladium.

true

A kg of ethanol produces less energy (MJ/kg fuel) and less CO2 than a kg of octane.

true

A kg of octane produces more energy (MJ/kg fuel) and more CO2 than a kg of ethanol.

true

A moderator slows down neutrons to make fission more likely.

true

A p-type semiconductor has missing electrons (or holes) in the lower energy valence band.

true

A repulsive electrostatic force causes alpha particles to scatter from a positive nucleus.

true

A standard alkaline battery (AAA, AA, C, D) has a voltage of 1.5 V.

true

A water molecule is polar with a negative oxygen end and a positive hydrogen end.

true

After a photon "kicks" an electron out of the valence band and leaves behind a hole, the hole moves to the p-type side of the p-n junction.

true

Algae biodiesel has a lower crop land requirement than sugarcane ethanol.

true

An n-type semiconductor has free electrons in the upper energy conduction band.

true

Around 20,000 to 50,000 Americans die each year due to PM pollution.

true

As the percentage of oxygen in coal increases, its energy content decreases.

true

Bromine (Z=35) radioactively decays to Krypton (Z=36) by β- (electron emission) decay.

true

Burning coal in power plants produces the greatest amount of sulfur oxide pollution.

true

CO2 is responsible for about one quarter of the greenhouse effect.

true

California has a higher percentage of gas power generation than Virginia.

true

Capital Investment Costs (low to high): Coal, Nuclear, Wind

true

Carbon dioxide CO2 and water H2O are produced in respiration.

true

CdTe solar panels are becoming more popular because they are cheaper than Si solar panels.

true

Cellulose is composed of glucose (or sugar) molecules.

true

Corn ethanol has a higher wholesale price compared to sugarcane ethanol.

true

During fermentation, sugars are converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide by yeast.

true

During the spring or fall equinox in Richmond, the angle of the sun at noon from the vertical is 37.5 degrees (= Richmond's latitude)

true

During the winter in the northern hemisphere, the North pole is tilted away the sun, making the sun appear lower in the sky.

true

Electric vehicles will increase demand on the grid, where the new Chevy Bolt electric car has a larger Li ion battery to charge compared to the plug-in Nissan Leaf.

true

Electric vehicles will increase demand on the grid, where the plug-in Nissan Leaf has a smaller Li ion battery to charge compared to the new Chevy Bolt electric car.

true

Electrons can move in a partially filled conduction or valence band.

true

Electrons cannot move in a full valence band.

true

Energy is released in respiration.

true

Energy is required for photosynthesis.

true

Enzymes and/or heat are required to separate cellulose into sugar molecules.

true

Ethanol and biodiesel are the two most common biofuels.

true

First generation bioethanol comes from food plants such as corn, sugarcane, and sugarbeets.

true

For every kg of CO2 produced, ethanol produces about the same energy (MJ/kg fuel) as octane.

true

For every kg of CO2 produced, octane produces about the same energy (MJ/kg fuel) as ethanol.

true

Fuel Costs (low to high): Wind, Nuclear, Coal

true

Fuel oil has a relatively high boiling point (>300 C).

true

Gasoline has a relatively low boiling point (~100 C).

true

Global CO2 concentrations have increased by approximately 100 ppm from the year 1800 to today.

true

Global annual CO2 emissions have increased by approximately 30 Gt from the year 1800 to today.

true

H2O in the atmosphere is the largest contributor to the greenhouse effect.

true

High voltage, low current transmission lines are used in the grid to minimize resistive heating losses.

true

Hydraulic fracture breaks up shale rock to release Hydrocarbons.

true

Hydrocarbons are released from shale that is broken up by hydraulic fracturing.

true

Hydrogen gas is not easily found in nature and must be produced using energy sources.

true

Hydrogen has a higher energy density per unit mass compared to gasoline.

true

Ice has a lower density than liquid water and therefore floats.

true

Ice is less dense than liquid water.

true

If a wind farm has a power capacity of 150 MW, then it could generate power for a town with about 50,000 homes (assume 3 kW/home).

true

If iodine (Z = 53) undergoes β- decay, then Z = 54 for the daughter particle.

true

If the mass of a beryllium nucleus (Z = 4) is 7 amu, then it has 3 neutrons.

true

If the mass of a helium nucleus (Z = 2) is 3 amu, then it has 1 neutron.

true

If the mass of a lithium nucleus (Z = 3) is 7 amu, then it has 4 neutrons.

true

If uranium (Z = 92) undergoes β+ decay, then Z = 91 for the daughter particle.

true

In 2016, U.S. electricity generation from renewable energy sources (e.g., hydroelectric, wind, biomass, geothermal, and solar) was about 15% of the total amount.

true

In 2016, the state of Texas had the highest wind power capacity of any state in the U.S.

true

In Los Angeles, ozone levels peak at midday.

true

In a coal-fired power plant, mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy.

true

In a lithium battery, Li metal is the reducing agent.

true

In a lithium battery, MnO2 is the oxidizing agent.

true

In a lithium battery, MnO2 takes electrons from Li.

true

In a typical U.S. home, the energy usage during a year to run a refrigerator is comparable to keeping a 100-W lightbulb continuously on.

true

In a typical U.S. home, the energy usage for home heating & cooling is higher than for lighting & appliances.

true

In a zinc-air battery, O2 takes electrons from Zn.

true

In an alkaline battery, MnO2 is the oxidizing agent.

true

In the U.S., power generation from coal is larger than from nuclear.

true

In the U.S., power generation from natural gas is larger than from coal.

true

In the U.S., power generation from natural gas is larger than from hydroelectric.

true

In the U.S., power generation from nuclear is larger than from hydroelectric.

true

In the cell between 30 and 60 degrees, surface winds flow northward and are deflected eastward due to the Coriolis force.

true

Infrared light is non-ionizing radiation.

true

Ions have unequal numbers of protons and electrons.

true

Iron is the primary component of the Earth's inner core.

true

Isotopes have the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons.

true

Less than 1% of the total energy worldwide comes from biofuels.

true

Light with a wavelength of 100 nm is completely absorbed by the atmosphere.

true

Light with a wavelength of 100 nm is in the ultraviolet region.

true

Light with a wavelength of 100 nm is not visible to the human eye.

true

Light with a wavelength of 280 nm is in the ultraviolet region.

true

Light with a wavelength of 280 nm is not visible to the human eye.

true

Light with a wavelength of 400 nm has the color of violet.

true

Light with a wavelength of 750 nm has the color of red.

true

Light with a wavelength of 900 nm is in the infrared region.

true

Lithium is a stronger reducing agent than copper.

true

Lithium is a stronger reducing agent than zinc.

true

Most nitrogen oxides formed during combustion come from nitrogen in the air.

true

Most sulfur oxides formed during combustion come from sulfur in the fuel.

true

N2O is 300 times more effective per unit weight as a greenhouse gas than CO2.

true

Natural gas floats upward in air.

true

Natural gas is combustible.

true

Natural gas is less dense than air.

true

Nitrogen in the air is the primaray source of nitrogen oxide polution.

true

Nitrogen oxides in the troposphere cause acid rain.

true

O3 is Ozone.

true

Oil from oil sand deposits is only obtained by first heating the sands at high temperatures.

true

Oil is formed from decaying microorganisms at the bottoms of oceans or lakes with little oxygen.

true

Oil is formed from kerogen produced by decaying microorganisms.

true

Oil sands contain sand, water, and bitumen.

true

Oil sands take millions of years to form.

true

One method to decrease peak demand on the grid is to charge higher rates during times of high demand.

true

Over the last 200 years, CO2 concentrations have increased by approximately 100 ppm.

true

Over the last 200 years, CO2 emissions have increased by about 30 gigatons.

true

Ozone in the stratosphere is formed naturally.

true

Ozone is a molecule with three oxygen atoms.

true

Ozone is an allotrope of oxygen.

true

Ozone is formed from the reaction of nitrogen dioxide with sunlight.

true

Ozone is highly reactive and toxic.

true

Ozone is the name for the triatomic, O3 molecule of oxygen.

true

PM-10 is made of dirt, dust, mold, and/or pollen.

true

PM-2.5 is made of toxic organic molecules, sulfates, and/or metals.

true

PM-2.5 penetrates more deeply into your lungs than PM-10.

true

PM-2.5 travels further in the air than PM-10.

true

Particles such as dust and pollen are considered PM-10.

true

Particles such as metals and organic molecules are considered PM-2.5

true

Particles such as sulfates and organic molecules are considered PM-2.5

true

Particulate matter around 2.5 micrometers in size is designated PM-2.5.

true

Percentage of electrical power from nuclear : France, South Korea, U.S., China

true

Radioactive Uranium is one of the impurities that can be present in coal.

true

Radon (Z=86) radioactively decays to Polonium (Z=84) by α decay.

true

Road vehicles produce the largest amount of nitrogen oxide pollution.

true

Solar cells have optimum efficiency with a bandgap energy of 1.4 eV, which is in the infrared portion of the EM spectrum.

true

Sugar and oxygen O2 are consumed in respiration.

true

Sugar and oxygen O2 are produced in photosynthesis.

true

Sugarcane ethanol has a larger energy gain than corn ethanol.

true

Sugarcane ethanol has a lower crop land requirement than corn ethanol.

true

Sulfur in the fuel is the primaray source of sulfur oxide polution.

true

Sulfur oxides in the troposphere cause acid rain.

true

Supply and demand of power on the grid must be matched in real time because the energy cannot be stored.

true

Surface winds flowing northward are deflected eastward, because they are traveling from a faster to slower speed region on Earth.

true

The CO2 concentration today is approximately 400 ppm and is increasing at 1.5 to 2 ppm per year.

true

The CO2 concentration today is approximately 400 ppm and is increasing at 15 to 20 ppm per decade.

true

The CO2 emissions per GWh from highest to lowest are: coal, natural gas, hydroelectric.

true

The CO2 emissions per GWh from highest to lowest are: coal, natural gas, wind.

true

The Earth has a magnetic field that protects it from solar particle radiation.

true

The acid rain problem is better today than in the mid-1990's.

true

The annual average solar intensity of Detroit is lower than Phoenix.

true

The annual average solar intensity of Phoenix is higher than Denver.

true

The annual average solar intensity of Phoenix is higher than Richmond.

true

The atom is 10,000 times larger than the nucleus.

true

The attractive strong nuclear force acts between nucleons (i.e., protons & neutrons) in the nucleus.

true

The attractive strong nuclear force keeps the protons tightly bound together in the nucleus.

true

The cell potential for a lithium battery is higher than for a zinc battery.

true

The cell potential for a zinc battery is lower than for a lithium battery.

true

The change in CO2 concentration during each of the last several glacial cycles was approximately 100 ppm.

true

The circumference of the Earth is approximately 40,000 km.

true

The cost of electricity generation from least to most expensive is: coal, nuclear, solar.

true

The cost of electricity generation from least to most expensive is: coal, wind, solar.

true

The efficiency of the best CdTe solar cells is less than 25%.

true

The efficiency of the best Si solar cells is more than 25%.

true

The electrons in a circuit move from the negative to the positive battery terminal.

true

The energy gain for corn ethanol is smaller than for sugarcane ethanol.

true

The energy required to evaporate 1 kg of liquid water equals the energy released when 1 kg of water vapor condenses into liquid.

true

The fissile nucleus uranium-235 has 92 protons.

true

The heat capacity of liquid water is greater than the heat capacity of gas vapor.

true

The heat capacity of liquid water is greater than the heat capacity of solid ice.

true

The higher boiling point components (heavier molecules) of oil remain at the bottom of a fractional distillation tower.

true

The highest energy change occurs when the water vapor condenses.

true

The highest voltage used on the U.S. electric grid is 1,000 kV.

true

The important chemical functional group in ethanol is -OH.

true

The largest hydroelectric plant in the U.S. is the Grand Coulee dam in Washington state.

true

The largest hydroelectric plant in the U.S. is the Grand Coulee dam.

true

The largest hydroelectric plant in the world is the Three Gorges dam in China.

true

The largest source of nitrogen oxide pollution is road vehicles.

true

The largest source of sulfur oxide pollution is burning coal for power plants.

true

The largest stable nucleus has 82 protons.

true

The liquid-to-vapor phase change of water requires more energy than the ice-to-liquid phase change.

true

The longest wavelength of UVB light is 315 nm.

true

The longest wavelength of UVC light is 280 nm.

true

The longest wavelength of light that our eyes can usually see is 750 nm.

true

The lower boiling point components (lighter molecules) of oil rise to the top of a fractional distillation tower.

true

The minimum amount of fissile material that will sustain a chain reaction is called the critical mass.

true

The molecules in cold air move slower than in hot air.

true

The most stable allotrope of oxygen is diatomic O2.

true

The most stable nucleus has 26 protons.

true

The neutron is composed of two down quarks and one up quark.

true

The nuclear bomb dropped on Hiroshima in WWII was called Little Boy.

true

The number of neutrons is greater than the number of protons in larger nuclei.

true

The percentage of total energy worldwide from biomass (wood, etc.) is about 4%.

true

The power capacity of Hoover dam in Nevada/Arizona is approximately 2 GW.

true

The power capacity of Hoover dam is approximately 2 GW.

true

The power capacity of the Three Gorges dam in China is approximately 20 GW.

true

The shortest wavelength of UVB light is 280 nm.

true

The shortest wavelength of UVC light is 100 nm.

true

The shortest wavelength of light that our eyes can usually see is 400 nm.

true

The state with the highest percentage of nuclear power generation is Vermont.

true

The steps for bioethanol production are: cellulose production, sugar production, and then fermentation.

true

The thickness of a CdTe thin film in a solar cell is about 2% the thickness of a sheet of paper.

true

The two countries producing 90% of the world's ethanol are Brazil and the U.S.

true

The two most common biofuels are biodiesel and ethanol.

true

The two most common biofuels are ethanol and biodiesel.

true

The viscosity of bitumen is similar to the viscosity of peanut butter.

true

The water phase with the highest heat capacity is liquid water.

true

The water phase with the smallest temperature increase when adding 10 kcal of heat is liquid water.

true

The wholesale price of corn ethanol is higher than the wholesale price of sugarcane ethanol.

true

There are from 20,000 to 50,000 deaths/yr in the U.S. due to PM pollution.

true

Third generation biofuel has a lower crop land requirement than first generation biofuel.

true

To provide lighting in a room, using a compact fluorescent bulb is more energy efficient than using an incandescent bulb.

true

Using a ton of recycled paper saves 17 trees and uses 50% less water.

true

Using recycled aluminum scrap to make new aluminum cans uses 95% less energy than making aluminum cans from the raw material of bauxite ore.

true

Very small nuclei can undergo fusion and become more stable.

true

Virginia has a higher percentage of coal power generation than California.

true

Virginia has a higher percentage of nuclear power generation than California.

true

When Zn metal reacts with Cu2+ ions, Zn metal gives electrons to the Cu2+ ions.

true

When Zn metal reacts with Cu2+ ions, Zn metal is the reducing agent.

true

When Zn metal reacts with Cu2+ ions, the Cu2+ ions are the oxidizing agent.

true

When an atom loses a neutron, it is still the same element.

true

When an atom loses a proton, it is no longer the same element.

true

When hydrogen reacts with oxygen in a fuel cell, oxygen is the oxidizing agent.

true

When the height difference for the falling water through a dam is doubled, then the power output is two times larger.

true

oil sands take millions of years to form

true

calorie (cal)

unit of energy

joule (J)

unit of energy

kilojoule (kJ)

unit of energy

kilowatt x hour (kWh) (costs about $0.10)

unit of energy

watt x year (Wyr)

unit of energy

calories per day (cal/day)

unit of power

gigawatt (GW)

unit of power

joule/sec (J/s)

unit of power

kilowatt (kW)

unit of power

kilowatt x hr / year (kWh / yr)

unit of power

megawatt (MW)

unit of power

Surface winds flowing southward are deflected _________, because they are traveling from a slower to faster speed region on Earth and "lag behind" due to a smaller relative speed.

westward

During the ________ in the northern hemisphere, the North pole is tilted away the sun, making the sun appear lower in the sky.

winter

What is the unidentified decay product in the following nuclear reaction: 214 Rn → 210 Po + ? 86 84

What is the unidentified decay product in the following nuclear reaction: 80 Br → 80 Kr + ? 35 36

β - (electron emission)

What is the unidentified decay product in the following nuclear reaction: 118 Xe → 118 I + ? 54 53

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