Environmental Biology Exam #2

According to a report endorsed by 2000 researchers the earths average temperature has risen by approximately how many degrees during the 20th century

1 Degree F

Last decade Lake Mead dropped by how many feet?

100 ft

The energy needed to process and distribute food in the US is as much as _______ times the amount that is used to actually farm the crops.

5

The average American consumes more than ____ gallons per day while the average African consumes about ____ gallons per day

50;10

A population growing at 1 percent per year should double in about ___ years.

70

About how many unwanted pregnancy are there globally each year?

80 million

In which soil horizon is topsoil found?

A

Which of the following is the most correct definition of soil?

A complex mixture of organic matter, minerals and living organisms

Fitness

A measure of the number of offspring an individual produces that survive to reproduce.

Founder Effect

A phenomen when a small subpopulation arrives in a new habitat with a different allelic frequency than the source population.

Sympatric Speciation

A process that often occurs via disruptive selection acting on a single population.

What human activity abuses water to the greatest extent?

Agriculture

Which of the following human activities is the largest net producer of greenhouse gasses today?

Agriculture

Adaptive Radiation

An example of this is the diversity of Galapagoes finches that all derive from a single common anscestor

Which of the three domains contain prokaryotic organisms?

Bacteria and Archaea

Using duckweed in a lagoon as low-tech sewage treatment plants is an example of

Bioremediation

In order to avoid producing thermal plumes, power plants often

Build cooling towers or ponds

Used as a stabilizer in aerosols this pollutant has been blamed for the depletion of stratospheric ozone.

CFC?c

Which population control strategy follows the perspective of Malthus's as the driver of overpopulation?

China's One child Policy

Corals and Jellyfish belong to the Phylum?

Cnidaria

For evolution to occur by natural selection which of the following must exist in a population?

Competition among members of a population. Genetic inheritance of traits Genetic variation among individuals

Which of the following is FALSE concerning ozone.

Depletion of the ozone layer is a major contributor to global warming.

A method of increasing water supplies that has been successful, but expensive is

Desalination

In the formula I=PAT, which of the following would be representative of the 'A'?

Driving an SUV.

Cline

Environmental gradients that lead to maintenance of gene variety

Some one begins an argument opposing the validity of evolution by stating that there is no way a human eye could have developed by random chance. Which of the following addresses the error in this response.

Evolution is not a random process. They eye can evolve in small increments of mutations over many generations.

Which of the following factors has influenced the urban sprawl problem in the Cleveland area?

Expansion of the highway system into suburbs Neglect of the city schools. Redesigning the city (add parking lots) to favor automobiles instead of pedestrians. Lack of regional government planning.

Agricultural (farm) subsidies are especially effective in helping preserve small "family farms."

False

Some animals are autotrophs.

False

Which of the following agriculture activies is not matched to the environmental impact is contributes to

Fertilizer application- Increases erosion of soil due to required tilling.

The activity that uses the greatest share of U.S. household water is

Flushing the toilet

Which of the following is TRUE?

Global warming could cause average temperature to decline in some regions of the globe.

Which is a common outcome of Urban Sprawl?

Higher taxes Urban Decay Dependency on automobiles Racial division Increased water pollution

You were in a discussion with a classmate who complained that immigrants were taking away jobs and abusing social services. In response, another classmate who is a proponent of the open door policy explained that immigrants can actually be a bonus to a country. Someone supporting an open door policy would not use which of the following statements?

Immigrants are usually of a different racial or ethnic background and add cultural diversity Immigrants usually perform dangerous work that citizens are unwilling to do Immigrants usually perform work at a pay scale that citizens are unwilling to accept Immigrants are usually welcomed by other immigrants or descendants of immigrants

Which FACT is TRUE according to the film "The Other Inconvenient Truth"?

In a typical year the Colorado River dies up before reaching the ocean due mainly from irrigation of crops in Arizona and Colorado

"New towns" are designed to

Incorporate open space with the convenience of living in an urban area

Technically speaking, when water is consumed it

Is no longer available for other purposes

The potential problem with natural decay for human waste is that

It only works where population density is low

Human population growth most closely resembles

J-shaped growth curve

Which of the following is considered a true pronatalist pressure?

Legitimate needs for support in old age The need for hands to help in farm work and to watch younger siblings Macho pride in men who have many children Woman's status determined by the number of children she has

When compared to sand and gravel, small soil particles (clay and silt) have ______ pore space.

Less

The average age that a newborn can expect to attain in a given society is referred to as

Life expectancy

Which of the following is NOT directly linked to the sharp decline in coral reefs worldwide.

Local tribal fishing.

According to the concept of the tragedy of commons people tend to behave poorly toward the environment because.

People tend to act only in their immediate best interest. People tend prefer the short terms benefits over the long-term costs. People tend to believe their actions have little impact.

This pollutant has increased over the last few decades due to sharp increases in automobiles and may be linked to rises in asthma.

Nitrous oxides (NOx)

This pollutant is a major contributor to smog and is corrosive.

O3

Which of the following is farming without the use of artificial pesticides and fertilizers.

Organic farming

The population theory held by Thomas Malthus was that the human population would

Outstrip its resources, then suffer starvation and misery

Cause and effects of water stress may include

Per capita renewable water supply is low Renewable water supplies are inadequate to satisfy essential human or ecosystem needs Competition increases among increasing demands for water

Single-celled, eukaryotic, organisms without cell walls or chlorophyll are found in the Kingdom

Protista.

A heterotrophic, unicellular, eukaryotic cell is

Protozoan

Proponents of social justice believe that environmental and social problems will decrease if

Resources are distributed fairly

Which of the following has been linked to global warming?

Rising sea levels drowning coastal wetlands such as mangrove swamps. Disappearance of amphibian populations in Costa Rica. Spread of avian malaria in Hawaii. Bleaching of coral reefs.

According to the tragedy of commons concept why might SUV trucks be so popular yet tragic?

SUV?s have many immediate benefits to the owner but with many long-term costs to society.

Which is NOT a city that is dependent upon Lake Meads water and energy supply?

San Francisco

What do fossils of transitional links illustrate?

Shared characters of two distinct groups show that those groups are related.

The zero population growth rate is slightly over two children per couple because

Some children die and some couples do not have children

A common pollutant of coal burning power-plants that most significantly contributes to acid rain.

Sulfates (SOx)

Buying shade grown coffee and cocoa has a minimal effect on local ecosystems where they are grown.

True

The main reason that surface water pollution has largely decreased in the United States since 1950 is

The Clean Water Act

In 1998, a change in the approach to water quality was initiated by _________ with an emphasis on _________.

The EPA; watershed management

Food security has to do with

The ability of a population to obtain food on a day-to-day basis

Which of the following is expected to contribute to the increased demands for agriculture in the future

The addition of at least 2 billion more people in the next 30 years. Increased shift in human diet preferences toward more meat and dairy. Increased demands for biofuel production to offset declines in fossil fuel. Increases in global affluence from the development of nations.

What is a water footprint?

The amount of water needed to produce consumer products and consumed by people.

A male peacock has enormous tail feathers that it uses in mating displays to attract females. While the tail feathers are an advantage in mating, what is the potential disadvantage of these feathers to the male?

The feathers require a lot of energy to produce.

Cladistics

The method of classification that groups organisms by common ancestry.

Which is NOT true concerning the evidence for Global Warming.

The oceans have risen an average of 6 meters.

Which of the following is the reason most experts believe the US abuses it's water supply.

The price of water is very cheap

Which of the following is TRUE about the concept of zero population growth (ZPG)?

The replacement level fertility varies according to the rates of infertility and infant mortality.

Which of the following farming techniques does not reduce erosion

Tilling

Urban Sprawl often pits residences opposed to further development against developers wanting to build more homes. Which compromise is the best choice for reducing the effects of urban sprawl?

To build homes in dense clusters near shopping districts.

Human activity such as deforestation can affect rainfall.

True

More than 70% of all soybeans, corn, and cotton grown in the United States are genetically modified.

True

T or F. Improved crop management programs can cut pesticide use between 50- 90%.

True

T or F. Organically grown foods are grown without pesticides, antibiotics, synthetic fertilizers, or genetic modification

True

T or F. The world could feed about 8 times more people if we ate grain directly rather than feeding it to livestock.

True

The number of people with access to clean water has increased since 1990.

True

The theory of evolution, is supported by multiple sources of evidence described by many different people, and by a variety of fields of study

True

Human water withdrawals have been increasing at about ___________ rate as worldwide population growth.

Twice the

What proportion of people in the US depend on underground aquifers for their drinking water?

about half

Algae differ from protozoa in that

algae are autotrophs and protozoa are heterotrophs.

Most of the excessive carbon dioxide that is causing global warming is generated by

burning of fossil fuels and production of cement and clearing of forests only.

You can participate in sustainable agriculture by

buying local produce. eating lower on the food chain. participating in CSAs.

An organism does not have a nucleus, carries on photosynthesis, and is very common. It is probably a

cyanobacterium

Ancestors of giraffes with shorter necks could not reach branches high up in trees for food. This led to ____ for longer necked giraffes.

directional selection

In a population of birds, the average beak size is selected against and the large and small sized beaks are selected for. This is an example of

disruptive selection.

The type of reproductive isolation in which the two populations are separated due to their habitat is

ecological isolation

Mosses produce sperm during the _______ stage.

gametophyte

Postzygotic reproductive isolation prevents

genetic exchange between populations by selecting against hybrid offspring.

Alternation of generations means that a plant

has a sporophyte and a gametophyte stage in its life cycle.

High responder crops of the green revolution produce tremendous yields

in response to fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation

Reduced Tillage farming:

is used to improve soil, save energy and increase crop yields often requires more pesticide applications

Some green algae probably evolved into

mosses

Acid Rain does NOT affect which of the following?

ozone depletion

One class of pollutants that can cause excessive growth of algae is

plant nutrients

According to Darwin, natural selection usually

preserves favorable variations and rejects harmful variations in a population.

As seen in the "Liquid Assets" film, what is the largest consumer of water in Las Vegas NV today?

residential lawns

The type of reproductive isolation in which two populations live in the same habitat but remain isolated from one another due to one being active during the daytime only and the other being active only during the night is

temporal isolation

The three crops on which humanity depends for the majority of its nutrients and calories are:

wheat, rice, and maize

Coral bleaching occurs

when symbiotic algae leave the bodies of coral polyps. when the water temperature rises just 2 degrees.