EPS 7 Final study guide, EPS7 Final

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1 ppm =

2 GtC

Current global energy consumption

20 TW

Fifth Assessment Report

2014

Temp of a human

300 K

Sun

6000 K

How many planets are there in our Solar System?

8

Opaque gases

H2O, CO2, CH4

Cirrus

hair

Electrical energy is ______ and converts with _______ efficiency

high-grade, 100%

Stratus

layer

T > 1

opaque

290-295 K

short sleeve

Photons travel at

speed of light (300000000 m/s)

Microwave

wavelength 10-40 cm; emitted by cell phones and microwaves

Infrared radiation

wavelength 3-30 micron; emitted by Earth and planets

Parties to the UNFCCC commit to the UNFCCC objective of

"prevent[ing] dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system"

Celsius =

(F-30)/2

Current estimate for climate sensitivity

1.5-4.5 K

Lapse rate (dry air)

10 K/km

Led Bulb

10 W

What is the surface pressure of Earth?

10 tons/m2

Earth gets ____ w/m2 from the Sun

100-200

Candle

1000 K

Big Bang

14 gya

Total power from wind

15 TW

Second assessment report

1995

___/1500 GtC of soil is peat

200

What wind class is acceptable for wind turbines

3+

How many gas giants are there in our Solar System

4

Lapse rate (wet air)

6.5 K/km

The actual need of energy is ___ TW

60

If a laser delivers 30 W of energy to a target over 2 seconds, how much energy does it deliver to the target?

60 J

Cenozoic

65 mya - present; large mammals

HCO3-

Bicarbonate

1973

Endangered Species Act

Watt =

J/s

Which of the following is responsible for the industrial revolution?

James Watt, the Scientific Revolution, and Abundant Coal

Who is credited with identifying the gases responsible for the greenhouse effect?

John Tyndall

1969

National Environmental Policy Act

The warmer it is, the ______ it is

drier

T=1

last level where the gas behaves like a solid and emits to space

nimbostratus

low to mid level below 6,000ft; lower fluffy taller rain clouds on the low level.

Heat energy is ______ and converts with _______ efficiency

low-grade, 10-40%

stratus

lower level below 6,000ft; spread out thicker hazy clouds.

altocumulus

mid level 6,000 to 20,000ft; spotty mid clouds.

altostratus

mid level 6,000 to 20,000ft; transparent spread out clouds.

Alto

middle

Mya

million years ago

More CO2 in air =

more acidic ocean

Through this program, you are allowed to effectively sell your surplus solar electricity to the utility during the daytime.

net metering

Ice feedback

positive feedback ice melts, so there is a lower albedo, so more sunlight is absorbed

What is an example of something that a wind mill does?

pump water and mill grain

Silicon is obtained from

sand

>300 K

swimsuit

Ocean acidification causes problems with

the dissolution of CaCO3 and the formation of shells

Keystone XL

will bring tar sands from Alberta

Total forcing

+2 w/m2

Aerosol spray cans are responsible for how much radiative forcing?

0 W/m2

What is a typical capacity factor for a solar panel?

0.15

How long does it take to drive 5 km at 20 km/hour?

0.25 hours

What is the timescale for a human to grow to its maximum height?

10 years

Using the approximate Stefan-Boltzmann law, Power per area = 6[T/100]4, what is the temperature of a planet that radiates 6 W/m2?

100 K

Fire

1000 K

Toaster/microwave

1000 W

Likely carbon increase by 2100

1000 ppm

Electric car

10000 W

Roughly how much wind power could we possibly extract from the global land surface?

15 TW

Preindustrial soil carbon concentration

1500 GtC

Highest carbon increase by 2100

1500 ppm

Torch

1500-1300 K

If planet A is the same size as planet B, but is twice as hot, how much more rapidly does planet A lose energy by radiation?

16 times

In what decade did measurements on Mauna Loa first document rising concentrations of CO2?

1960s

Area of a human

2 m2

Efficiency of solar cells

20%

Roughly what fraction of Earth's atmosphere is oxygen?

20%

Which of the following is a typical temperature of a blowtorch?

2000 K

Hairdryer

2000 W

Third Assessment Report

2001

Fourth Assessment Report

2007

Emissions double every

23 years

Using the minus-thirty-and-halve approximation, what is 80 ◦F in Celsius?

25 C

Preindustrial gas concentration

250 GtC

What is 20 ◦C in Kelvin?

293 K

Given Earth's feedback parameter of -1.1 W/m2/K, what is roughly its final temperature perturbation in response to a doubling of CO2, which causes a forcing of 3.7 W/m2?

3 K

What is the modern best estimate of Earth's climate sensitivity?

3 K

Ice sheets

3 mya-today

Which of the following is a typical temperature on Earth?

300 K

Power per area =

6(T/100)^4

mercury TSI

9080 w/m2

The energy efficiency of plants is

<1%

K =

C + 273

International coordination on climate change began in 1992 with a document adopted in

Rio de Janeiro

What is appropriate clothing for 300 K?

SHORTS AND T-SHIRT

1st snowball was

after the great oxygenation effect

Which of the three has the shortest wavelength? a) infrared b) ultraviolet c) visible

b) ultraviolet

The temperature of Mercury is most similar to which of the following? a) ice cube b) oven c) Berkeley d) liquid nitrogen e) blowtorch

b)oven

solar cells convert sunlight to

electricity

kya

thousand years ago

T < 1

transparent

Utility-scale wind power costs roughly how much to install per watt of rated power?

$1/W

How far does a person go if they jog at 3 m/s for 1 hour?

10.8 km

Typical solar flux at Earth's surface

150 w/m2

Clothes dryer

3000 W

Lowest carbon increase by 2100

600 ppm

Actual power =

capacity factor X rated power

Radiation

matter gives away Joules of energy by emitting photons from its surface

Conduction

matter gives joules of energy to neighboring matter by jiggling against it

For climate studies, what are the two most important instruments inside a Stevenson enclosure?

min-temperature and max-temperature thermometers

Which of the following is a violation of conservation of momentum? car races, ball races, tree grows

none of these answers

If RH = 1, then a

nothing happens

Fission

nucleus split up into smaller nuclei

Gas transparent to radiation

optically thin

snowball earth

the oceans are entirely frozen, all the way to the equator

Goal of the Kyoto Protocol

would reduce emissions of Annex I countries to 5% below 1990 levels by 2012

Proven reserves of uranium could provide the needed 60 TW of power for how long?

1 year

To generate the needed 60 TW of power, roughly what percentage of Earth's land surface would we need to cover in solar cells?

1%

(1+x)^n =

1+nx if nx<1

Hydropower yields

1.5 TW

land warming =

1.5 X global warming

Including all soil depths, permafrost contains how much carbon?

1500 GtC

1990

1st report of the IPCC

If a planet's total solar irradiance, or TSI, is 1000 W/m2, what is the average incident sunlight per planetary surface area?

250 w/m^2

Mesozoic

251 mya - 65 mya; dinosaurs

A molecule of CH4 has _____ the forcing of a molecule of CO2, but it ________ CO2

25X, eventually becomes

Mercury albedo

7%

Coal

C or CH

What is Earth's biggest negative feedback?

Planck feedback

Which of the three has the longest wavelength? a) green b) red c) blue

RED

How many countries ratified the UNFCCC in 1992?

all of them

Which of the following is an example of conduction?

burn hand on hot pan

Which of the following is not a leading source of anthropogenic methane emissions?

burning natural gas

Imagine that the price of a single permit is 100 $, with each permit covering 1 tC. If a company gets 0 permits for free for the year, and the company burns 3 tC of fossil fuel in that year, what does the company do?

buys 3 permits and thereby loses 300 $

CO3^2-

carbonate ion

icehouse climate

ice sheets at the poles

Pulling a seed out of molten silicon is a way to generate

monocrystalline silicon

RH = 1

nothing happens

Dalton's law states that

partial pressures add

If humans burn 5000 GtC in a couple centuries, roughly what will the atmospheric concentration of CO2 be in the year 12017?

750 ppm

If we hold the concentrations of greenhouse gases constant at the levels anticipated in 2100 for the RCP8.5 scenario, roughly how much globally averaged warming would we get if we waited long enough?

8 K

If a sand dune's feedback parameter is −20 kg/s/m, by what amount does its net rate of inflow change if we apply a sudden height perturbation of −4 m?

80 kg/s

Composition of the Atmosphere

80% nitrogen and 20% oxygen

How much kinetic energy is in a 2-kg ball traveling at 3 m/s?

9 J

Given Earth's feedback parameter of -1.1 W/m2/K, what is roughly its final temperature perturbation in response to a brightening of the Sun that leads to 9.9 W/m2 of extra solar absorption?

9 K

Step 2 of Treaty

Adoption - at the meeting, representatives of the nations agree to the treaty, freezing the text

What is an AMSU?

Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit

Breakdown of americium

Americium 95 -- Neptunium 93 + Helium 2 Americium 95 -- Thalium 81 + Silicon 14

Which of the three has the shortest wavelength? a) red b) green c) blue

BLUE

International Thermo-nuclear Experimental Reactor

Being built in France and will begin reactions in 2035 at the earliest

Ethanol

Biofuel made from corn in U.S. but when made with sugarcane only requires .1-.25 J to produce 1 J energy

Biodiesel

Biofuel made from soybeans and rapeseed that can be used in anything that uses regular diesel

1872

Buys Ballot proposes an international network of stations in Europe

Which is not a type of photon? a) gamma ray b) radio wave c) meson d) x ray e) microwave

C)MESON

2045

CA wants to be 100% renewables by 2045

Through this program, car manufacturers are forced to sell cars that have, on average, a miles-per-gallon efficiency above some threshold.

CAFE

Which of these is an example of a halocarbon?

CF2Cl2

Oil

CH2

Gas

CH4

What is the chemical formula for methane?

CH4

What chemical formula most accurately describes the burning of natural gas?

CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O

postive forcings

CO2 (+2 W/m2) and Methane, Nitrous oxide, ozone, and halocarbons (+1 W/m2)

When permafrost thaws, it releases

CO2 and CH4

Would most people consider 40 K cold or hot?

COLD

Would most people consider 40 ◦F cold or hot?

COLD

What chemical reaction ultimately removes the excess carbon from the atmosphere and ocean?

CaSiO3 + CO2 → CaCO3 + SiO2

1970

Clean Air Act and formation of the EPA

1972

Clean Water Act and UN Environment Programme

When a mass exchanges energy with an adjacent mass by jiggling against it, what do we call this?

Conduction

COP stands for

Conference of the Parties

When energy moves from one place to another because a mass carries that energy there, what do we call this?

Convection

What is true about all photons? a) they are all blue b) they have the same wavelength c) they have the same frequency d) they travel at the same speed e) all of the above

D) THEY TRAVEL AT THE SAME SPEED

Who is credited with alerting scientists to global warming by documenting the rising concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?

Dave Keeling

What of the following emits photons? a) the Sun b) the Earth c) a chair d) a person e) all of the above

E) ALL OF THE ABOVE

Through this program, consumers are told what the annual energy cost of an appliance is likely to be.

Energy Star

Programs that promote energy efficiency

Energy Star, CAFE

Step 5 of the Treaty

Entry into Force - conditions for entry into force are specified in the treaty

Overall, the land surface and the top layers of soil tend to ___ with warming.

GET DRIER

What is the first molecule that CO2 forms when dissolved in water?

H2CO3

Which chemical reaction describes ocean acidification?

H2CO3 → H+ + HCO3−

Using Wien's law, what is the peak wavelength of radiation emitted by an object with a temperature of 6000 K?

HALF A MICRON

Most carbon is

HCO3-

In what form is most of the dissolved carbon in the ocean?

HCO3−

Would most people consider 40 ◦C cold or hot

HOT

What is another name for longwave?

INFRARED

Through this program, the federal government pays for a fraction of your residential solar PV installation.

ITC

Programs that promote switching to renewables

ITC, PTC, RPS, net metering

what did the U.S. say about the kyoto protocol?

Insisted on Joint Implementation and the Clean Development Mechanism which gives nations credit for reducing emissions in other countries by investing in projects there

The IPCC stands for

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

How is a Watt defined in terms of other units?

J/s

Who is credited with alerting the public to global warming with his congressional testimony?

James Hansen

Who discovered that mechanical work gets converted to heat, thereby establishing the law of conservation of energy?

James Joule

Who is credited with starting the industrial revolution with their invention?

James Watt

Who is credited with postulating the existence of a greenhouse effect and thereby kicking off the field of climate science?

Joseph Fourier

What is the unit for energy?

Joule

What are a set of appropriate units for the lapse rate?

K/km

1997

Kyoto Protocol

When talking about the wavelengths of radiation from the Sun and Earth, it is most convenient to use which unit?

MICROMETER

Post 2100 the Earth will return to what climate?

Mesozoic/hothouse climate

What is the most abundant molecule in Earth's atmosphere?

N2

Why is there abundant nitrogen in Earth's atmosphere?

N2 does not like to stay in magma so is emitted by volcanoes & does not readily react chemically

Transparent gases

N2, O2, Ar

What is the chemical formula for nitrous oxide?

N2O

Which of these is an example of a NOx?

NO2

What is special about 0 K?

NOTHING MOVES

Which of the following is required for forming ozone in smog?

NOx, volatile organic compounds, sunlight

Step 1 of Treaty

Negotiations - countries meet to hammer out the details of a proposed treaty

Did the U.S. ratify the Paris agreement?

No

Did the US ratify the Kyoto Protocol?

No

Is there evidence global warming has increased the incidence of lightning, hail, tornados, or hurricanes?

No

Will the Paris Agreement work?

No, the NDCs are not going to accomplish that goal

Could the power necessity of Earth be reached from solar using only residential roofs?

No, we need utility scale solar

What is the chemical formula for ozone?

O3

Which of the following gases is transparent to longwave radiation?

Oxygen

Scotch, the alcoholic drink and not the people, is made using

PEAT

The number of what particle determines what element an atom is?

PROTON

Through this program, the federal government pays some number of dollars for each joule of electricity generated from the first 10 years of a wind turbine's life?

PTC

Through this program, a state requires that a fraction of the electricity sold by utilities comes from renewable sources like wind and solar.

RPS

What book is credited with kicking off the U.S. environmental movement in 1962?

Rachel Carson's Silent Spring

By what process does energy from the Sun get to Earth's surface?

Radiation

When a mass exchanges energy with a faraway mass by sending photons to it, what do we call this?

Radiation

Step 4 of the Treaty

Ratification - legislative bodies in each country ratify the document, making it legally binding

1992

Rio Earth Summit brought all nations together to hammer out a treaty to tackle global warming and resulted in the formation of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change

What force keeps neutrons and protons bound together?

STRONG

Step 3 of the Treaty

Signing - each leader signs the text

Which people played a role in discovering the power per area of radiation emitted by an object?

Stefan & Boltzmann

Low clouds

Stratus, Cumulus, Stratocumulus

Who first predicted global warming and made a calculation of Earth's climate sensitivity?

Svante Arrhenius

flows

The inputs and outputs of a system.

Tcore =

Tskin + 5K

1988

UNEP and WMO form the IPCC

Which of the following federal agencies does not have its own climate model?

USPS

The document adopted in 1992 is called the

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

What industrialized country did not join the Kyoto Protocol?

United States

What is the only country that plans to not be a party to the Paris Agreement?

United States

What planet has a runaway greenhouse climate

Venus

How is a Joule defined in terms of other units?

W x s

The IPCC was founded by

WMO and UNEP

What is the unit for power?

Watt

James Hansen

Woke up the public to global warming by testifying before Congress in 1988

Was the Kyoto Protocol successful?

Yes, emissions decreased by 12.5%, but only because the USSR collapsed

Clathrate

a chemical substance consisting of a lattice that traps other molecules

The optical depth(τ)for some path of light through a gas depends on

a constant k describing how readily the gas tends to absorb or scatter radiation, the length ∆z of the light path, and the density ρ of the gas

The radiative forcing by extra greenhouse gases is best described as causing

a decrease of outgoing power

Tokamak

a doughnut-shaped chamber that confines hydrogen nuclei within a magnetic field to fuse them into helium

What is an acid?

a molecule that adds H+ ions to water

acid

a molecule that can give up an H+ ion

A negative perturbation is

a negative amount of net incoming flow

Planck feedback

a negative feedback loop due to the Stefan-Boltzmann law, when Earth warms the emission of an outgoing longwave, radiation increases

lapse rate feedback

a negative feedback loop lapse-rate decreases when Earth warms and the T=1 layer warms faster than the surface so it emits more longwave

Renewables portfolio standard

a requirement on retail electric suppliers to supply a minimum percent or amount of their retail load with eligible sources of renewable energy

serial computing

a single computational problem is solved by a single computer

Parallel computing

a single computational problem is solved by multiple computers in parallel by breaking the problem into smaller chunks and having the computers talk to each other

silicon ingot

a single crystal of silicon that can be sliced to make wafers for solar cells

steady state

a state in which inputs equal outputs

Methane clathrate is

a water-ice lattice that encases methane molecules; WHITE COLD AND FLAMMABLE

Which of the three has the longest wavelength? a) infrared b) visible c) ultraviolet

a) infrared

Cirrus

above 18,000ft, high wavy clouds.

cirrocumulus

above 18,000ft; mackeral sky, spotty high clouds.

Negative forcings

aerosols (-1 w/m2)

What is the primary source of anthropogenic nitrous oxide?

agriculture

Which of the following is not one of the three major sectors of energy consumption?

agriculture

Parties to the UNFCCC include

all nations on Earth

Middle clouds

altostratus, altocumulus

Ectotherm

an animal that is dependent on external sources of body heat

A positive perturbation is

an increase in the stock from its steady-state level

endotherm

animal that uses inside heat to keep its body warm, rather than relying on external heat

Climate Rights Movement

argues that future generations deserve the same right to a habitable climate as past generations

Which of the following is not a rocky planet? a) Mercury b) Neptune c) Venus d) Mars e) Earth

b) neptune

What is HCO3−?

bicarbonate ion

Gya

billion years ago

What is another name for cyanobacteria?

blue-green algae

Imagine that the price of a single permit is 100 $, with each permit covering 1 tC. If a company gets 3 permits for free for the year, and the company burns 6 tC of fossil fuel in that year, what does the company do?

buys 3 permits and thereby loses 300 $

Imagine that the price of a single permit is 100 $, with each permit covering 1 tC. If a company gets 0 permits for free for the year, and the company burns 6 tC of fossil fuel in that year, what does the company do?

buys 6 permits and thereby loses 600 $

Which of the following is not the same as the rest? a) micron b) millionth of a meter c) thousandth of a meter d) micrometer e) µm

c) thousandth of a meter

Which of the following is not a gas giant? a) Neptune b) Jupiter c) Venus d) Saturn e) Uranus

c) venus

What is CaCO3?

calcium carbonate

Luke Howard

came up with the cloud classification system in 1803

A carbon-pricing scheme in which 100 permits are given out for free and 2000 permits are auctioned with proceeds divvied up among all households is best described as

cap & trade and everyone gets the money

A carbon-pricing scheme in which 2000 permits are given out for free and 100 permits are auctioned with proceeds divvied up among all households is best described as

cap & trade and polluters get the money

A carbon-pricing scheme in which 2000 permits are given out for free and 100 permits are auctioned with proceeds spent on renewables research and development is best described as

cap & trade and polluters get the money

A carbon-pricing scheme in which 100 permits are given out for free and 2000 permits are auctioned with proceeds spent on renewables research and development is best described as

cap & trade and victims get the money

In this carbon-pricing scheme, the market sets the price of carbon emissions.

cap-and-trade

Which of the following gases is relatively opaque to longwave radiation?

carbon dioxide

In this carbon-pricing scheme, the government sets the price of carbon emissions.

carbon tax

What is CO3−−?

carbonate ion

H2CO3

carbonic acid

What is H2CO3?

carbonic acid

Climate sensitivity is the

change in temperature for a doubling of CO2

climate sensitivity

change in temperature for a doubling of CO2

A natural-gas-fired power plant is powered by

chemical reactions

Silicate rocks _______ which locks up the remaining carbon in new limestone on a timescale of _____ years

chemically weather, 100,000

High clouds

cirrus, cirrostratus, cirrocumulus

Which of the following is a mechanism built into the Kyoto Protocol to allow countries to avoid reducing their own emissions?

clean development mechanism

Mie Scattering

clouds scatter sunlight with no preference

Low atmospheric surface pressure usually corresponds to

cloudy and rainy weather

Compared to the Earth, is Mars cold or hot?

cold

By what process does a blob of air move its heat from Earth's surface up into the atmosphere?

conduction

By what process does air that is in contact with the Earth's surface get heat?

conduction

Why does a small piece of burning paper float up into the air?

conduction

What do we call a fundamental law of physics that says that stuff is neither created nor destroyed?

conservation law

If the Earth suddenly becomes warmer than its steady-state temperature, the Planck feedback tends to make the Earth

cooler

When it depressurizes, gas

cools off

What is the proper order of core temp, skin temp, and wet bulb temp

core > skin > wet-bulb

What is the most certain way to date glacial ice?

counting layers

What caused the Great Oxygenation Event 2.4 billion years ago?

cyanobacteria

Which of the following describes the planet Mercury? a) no atmosphere b) smallest planet c) closest to the Sun d) all of the above

d) all of the above

Which of the following is not an SI unit? A)second b) kilogram c) Kelvin d) foot e) Joule

d) foot

Does pressure increase or decrease with altitude?

decrease

The Climate Science Legal Defense Fund

defends climate scientists being threatened or harassed

The divvying up of the world into Annex-I and Annex-II countries broadly reflects

different economic conditions in North America and Western Europe compared to the former Soviet Socialist republics

Problems with using past emissions

disadvantages new companies and does not necessarily reduce the amount of fossil fuel used

The acidified ocean is returned to its original pH by

dissolution of calcium carbonate

Fossil Free UC is trying to get UC to

divest from fossil-fuel companies

If we could somehow double the albedo of Mars, would its temperature go up or down?

down

What types of thermometer measure humidity

dry bulb and wet bulb

What force holds electrons in orbit around the nucleus?

electromagnetic

What force prevents you from pushing one hand through your other hand?

electromagnetic

Latent heat

energy hidden in a particular phase of matter

In summer, photosynthesis ____ respiration

exceeds

Halocarbons are still found in aerosol spray cans.

false

Pressure decreases as we move downwards in a fluid like the ocean or atmosphere

false

Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit

fancy antenna that picks up microwave signals emitted by Earth's atmosphere and travels in polar, sunsynchronus orbits

Compared to the Earth, is Mars farther from the Sun or closer to the Sun?

farther

Joseph Fourier

first person who postulated the greenhouse effect in 1824

Svante Arrhenius

first predicted global warming in 1896

1857

first weather forecasts made

Final perturbation =

forcing/feedback parameter

Cumulonimbus

from near the ground to above 50,000ft, rain, long thick clouds.

Where does radiation move energy into, out of, or within the Earth?

from the Sun to the Earth from the surface to the atmosphere within the atmosphere from the Earth to space

Where does conduction move energy into, out of, or within the Earth?

from the surface to the atmosphere

Where does convection move energy into, out of, or within the Earth?

from the surface to the atmosphere

Anthropogenic sources of methane

fugitive natural gas, livestock, landfills/rice paddies

Why is the sky blue?

gas molecules scatter short wave-lengths more than long wavelengths

Jules Charney

gave the first modern estimate of Earth's climate sensitivity

Tilting PV panels towards the Sun allows them to

generate more power per panel area

When a gas is depressurized, its temperature

goes down

When a gas is pressurized, its temperature

goes up

Cap and trade

government sets the amount of CO2 and the market sets the price

Carbon tax

government sets the price of CO2 emissions and the market sets the amount of CO2 emissions

curve of binding energy

graph with 1/x shape on 2nd quadrant with fusion coming from the left and fission coming from the right with energy per proton and neutron on the y-axis and number of neutron and protons on the x-axis

Forces in our universe

gravitational, electromagnetic, strong, weak

greenhous effect

greenhouse gases let shortwave in, but trap longwave

T = 2

half visibility

Cumulus

heap

Sensible heat

heat we can feel

Condensation of water vapor does the following.

heats the air

When it pressurizes, gas

heats up

<273 K

heavy jacket and hat

A toaster converts________-grade energy into_________-grade energy.

high / low

The higher the k and/or ρ of some gas in the atmosphere, the___the effective height of emission to space.

higher

the ____ the T, the _____ the pv*(T), the ______ water evaporates

higher, higher, faster

Goal of the Paris Agreement

hold warmings below 2K

strong force

holds neutrons and protons together when they are close together

Which of the following is an example of convection?

hot air balloon rises

Which emits water molecules at a faster rate?

hot water

H+

hydrogen ion

What is H+?

hydrogen ion

John Tyndall

identified the gases responsible for the greenhouse effect

T = 1

in between

positive feedback

increases the size of the perturbation

What motivated the formation of the International Meteorological Organization, later renamed the World Meteorological Organization, in the 1800s?

invention of the telegraph, large size of storms compared to European countries, & a desire to make weather forecasts

A positive forcing

is an externally applied increase in the net inflow

A negative forcing is

is an externally applied reduction in the net inflow

What happens when sinking cold air moves to higher pressures?

it compresses and warms

If the number of air molecules in a sealed jar is doubled without changing the temperature, how does the pressure in the jar change?

it doubles

If the number of water molecules in the air is doubled without changing the temperature, what happens to the water vapor pressure pv?

it doubles

If the temperature of air in a sealed jar is doubled without changing the number of air molecules, how does the pressure in the jar change

it doubles

What happens when rising hot air moves to lower pressure?

it expands and cools

What is so super about a supercomputer?

it has many ordinary computers connected together

If the height of a sand dune is 50 meters and the net inflow of sand is 10 kg/s, what can we say about this sand dune?

it is not in steady state

If a sand dune's feedback parameter is +8 kg/s/m, what happens if we suddenly reduce the height of the dune by 2 m?

it will disappear

If a sand dune's feedback parameter is −5 kg/s/m, what happens if we suddenly add 4 m of sand?

it will go back to its original steady state

Which of the following is a mechanism built into the Kyoto Protocol to allow countries to avoid reducing their own emissions?

joint implementation

Which countries uses Fahrenheit?

just the U.S.

An AMSU measures temperature at many heights in the atmosphere by measuring atmospheric emission at multiple wavelengths on the side of an oxygen resonance that each have a different

k and so a different τ=1 level

What are the units of kinetic energy?

kg m2/s2

Change in T =

kp x change in z, you can increase optical depth by increasing distance or density

Which of the following is not a positive feedback?

lapse-rate feedback

Lifting a 20-kg weight a height of 0.5 m a total of 7 times requires________lifting a 5-kg weight a height of 1 m a total of 15 times.

less energy than

273-285 K

light jacket and sweater

Convection

liquid or gaseous matter moves, carrying its joules of energy with it

If RH < 1, then

liquid water evaporates

T = 4

little to no visibility

For longwave, there is _______ scattering but ________ absorption

little, a lot of

What do we call the radiation emitted by a planet?

longwave

Imagine that the carbon tax is 100 $/tC. If a company burns 3 tC of fossil fuel in that year, what does the company do?

loses 300 $

Imagine that the carbon tax is 100 $/tC. If a company burns 6 tC of fossil fuel in that year, what does the company do?

loses 600 $

A coal-fired power plant converts_____-grade energy into_____-grade energy

low / high

stratocumulus

lower level below 6,000ft; puffy clouds.

cumulus

lower level below 6,000ft; rain clouds puffy with vertical development.

Which of the following is not one of the primary pieces of evidence for global warming?

lunar brightness records

supercomputer

made up of individual computers no more special than your laptop

What was James Watt's primary contribution?

making the steam engine much more efficient

The Curiosity rover is on which planet?

mars

Which of the following was a consequence of the Great Oxygenation Event

mass extinction due to toxic oxygen, oxygen is added to the atmosphere, Earth freezes over

gravitational potential energy =

mass x gravitational acceleration x height

With the exception of high-energy nuclear reactions, which of the following is always conserved?

momentum, mass, energy

How many COPs have there been?

more than 20

An extra molecule of CH4 in the atmosphere causes___an extra molecule of CO2 in the atmosphere.

more warming than

Plastering all residential roofs with solar panels would generate

much less than 60 TW

A cap and trade scheme with auctioning of all permits preferentially favors

neither

A carbon tax with proceeds divvied up among all households preferentially favors

neither

Vertical clouds

nimbostratus, cumulonimbus

Which of the following is not a greenhouse gas?

nitrogen

Do suction cups work in space?

no

hothouse climate

no glaciers even at the poles

Which of the following is a violation of conservation of energy? car races, ball races, tree grows

none of these answers

Which of the following is a violation of conservation of mass? car races, ball races, tree grows

none of these answers

If a sand dune's feedback parameter is +1 kg/s/m, what is the final perturbation if a forcing of -2 kg/s is applied?

nonsense question because the dune is unstable

If a sand dune's feedback parameter is +3 kg/s/m, what is the final perturbation if a forcing of 3 kg/s is applied?

nonsense question because the dune is unstable

static equilibrium

nothing moving in or out

Americium comes from

nuclear bombs and nuclear reactors

Americium in your smoke detector releases energy by

nuclear fission

Existing nuclear power plants are powered by

nuclear fission

A hypothetical tokamak power plant is powered by

nuclear fusion

The Sun is powered by

nuclear fusion

If constructed, the Keystone XL pipeline will carry

oil from Albert tar sands

If constructed, the Dakota Access Pipeline will carry

oil past Native-American land

A cap and trade scheme with free distribution of permits based on historical emissions preferentially favors

old companies

A carbon tax with proceeds returned to companies based on historical emissions preferentially favors

old companies

What does optically thick mean?

opaque

Gas opaque to radiation

optically thick

Large optical depth (τ>1) corresponds to being

optically thick

Small optical depth (τ<1) corresponds to being

optically thin

1873

organization is established to exchange weather data in Europe

Why is the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere decreasing?

oxygen is being reacted with carbon to make carbon dioxide

Which of the following is the ideal gas law?

p ∝ NT

What is appropriate clothing for 280 K?

pants and a sweater

Investment Tax Credit

pays for 30% of the cost of installing solar PV on your roof

T = 0

perfect visibility

Permafrost

permanently frozen ground

What do we call the layer of the Sun that emits light to space?

photosphere

By what process do cyanobacteria release oxygen?

photosynthesis

IPCC Assessment Reports are split into

physical science, adaptation and mitigation

What kind of orbit do most AMSUs fly?

polar

Net metering

policy that allows residential customers to pay only for the net amount of electricity they use

Freezing silicon in a vat is a way to generate

polycrystalline silicon

Is the ice-abedo feedback a positive or negative feedback?

positive

cloud feedback

positive feedback the warmer it is, the less clouds there are, the lower the albedo, the more sunlight is absorbed

water vapor feedback

positive feedback when the air gets warmer, it holds more water vapor which causes the air to warm even more

With respect to Earth's temperature, an increase in CO2 in the atmosphere can be described as a

positive forcing

Nimbo

precipitation

Tyndall effect

preferential scattering of blue light

Production tax credit

provides 2 cents/kwh of electricity generated by a wind turbine in the 10 years since its installation effectively pays for 50% of the installation

Energy Star

provides info that helps consumers save money and reduce emissions; responsible for halting per-person growth in emissions in CA

Which of the following are examples of a gas being pressurized?

pumping up a tire, igniting a fuel-air mixture in the Diesel-engine piston, pushing a balloon downward in a pool

Relative humidity =

pv/pv*

electromagnetic radiation

radiation by photons

The dissolution of CaCO3....

raises the pH, allowing more CO2 to dissolve in the ocean

pv*

rate of molecules fleeing a liquid surface

pv

rate of molecules sticking to a liquid surface

Capacity factor

ratio of actual power output to rated power output

Which of the following is not a step in enacting a new treaty?

reconciliation

Rayleigh scattering

redirects photons in a new direction; affects mostly shortwave

negative feedback

reduces the size of the perturbation

The purpose of a Stevenson screen is to

reflect away sunlight, provide shade, and provide a ventilated enclosure

feedback

response of the flows to the perturbation

Imagine that the price of a single permit is 100 $, with each permit covering 1 tC. If a company gets 6 permits for free for the year, and the company burns 3 tC of fossil fuel in that year, what does the company do?

sells 3 permits and thereby earns 300 $

Phil Tagami is trying to

ship coal to Asia through an Oakland port

295-300 K

shorts and t-shirt

What do we call the radiation emitted by the Sun?

shortwave

Permafrost is

soil that is frozen all year long

Which of the following is not synonymous with the others?

solar power tower

What is serial computing?

solving a single problem on a single computer

What is parallel computing?

solving a single problem on multiple computers at the same time

For shortwave, there is _____ scattering but _______ absorption

some, little

The fossil-fuel industry employs scientists and public-relations firms primarily to

spread doubt about the state of climate science

content of the IPCC

stabilization of greenhouse gas, developed countries should take the lead, Annex I countries are developed, Annex II are wealthy developed countries that should given financial support, Conference of the parties shall occur every year

Corporate Average Fuel Economy

standards set by the federal government that say the average fuel economy of vehicles sold by a car company in a given year cannot be higher than a certain value

What word do we ascribe to a sand dune that has no grains of sand being added or removed?

static equilibrium

What do we call a situation where wind is actively blowing sand onto and off of the sand dune, but the height of the sand dune is not changing in time?

steady state

The objective of the IPCC assessment reports is to

summarize the state of climate science

Stevenson screen

surface air thermometer that features a max and min thermometer; demonstrates 2 K in warming

285-290 K

sweater and pants

Pressure is prop

temp X # of gas molecules

How much power the AMSU gets from each wavelength corresponds to _____ at different _______ in the atmosphere

temperature, heights

According to the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, the saturation vapor pressure p ∗ v is a function only of

tempeture

Fossilized plankton/oil comes from

the Jurassic period (150 mya)

The divvying up of the world into Annex-I and non-Annex countries broadly reflects

the North-South divide

stock

the amount of stuff in a container

What best describes the atmospheric greenhouse effect?

the atmosphere lets shortwave pass through but greenhouse gases readily absorb longwave

Fossilized peat/ coal comes from

the carboniferous period (300 mya)

feedback parameter

the change in net inflow per change in stock

perturbation

the current stock minus the stock in the original steady state

What is the lapse rate?

the decrease in atmospheric temperature with height

What is the definition of wavelength?

the distance from a peak to an adjacent peak

Why does burning fossil fuels cause global warming?

the extra atmospheric CO2 lifts the τ = 1 layer to a colder level in the atmosphere

Nuclear power plants use the power from

the fission of uranium

What is albedo?

the fraction of sunlight reflected to space

Where does the oxygen in the atmosphere come from?

the great oxygenation event 2.4 gya

What is the cloud base?

the height at which the rising air first condenses water vapor, the height at which rising air hits a relative humidity of one, the height at which the saturation vapor pressure first equals the rising air's vapor pressure

connective available potential energy

the kinetic energy of wind that a cloud could generate by rising through the atmosphere with no entrainment; increases by 7%/K

Rated power

the power output under ideal conditions

The Clausius-Clapeyron equation tells us

the pressure of water molecules leaving a liquid surface

Permafrost melting leads to

the release of CO2

Lifting a 10-kg weight a height of 0.5 m a total of 5 times requires_______lifting a 5-kg weight a height of 1 m a total of 5 times.

the same energy as

The timescale for a process is

the time it takes for the process to be mostly done

The active layer is

the top layer of soil that thaws out at least once every year

Active layer

the upper layer of permanently frozen soil that thaws briefly during the summer

Relative humidity is

the vapor pressure in the air divided by the saturation vapor pressure.

In the ocean and in the atmosphere, pressure is equal to

the weight per area of overlying fluid

Halocarbons were initially phased out by international law because

they generated the ozone hole

Which radiates the most power, a wall with a total area of 2 m^2 and temperature of 310 K, or a chair with a total area of 2 m^2 and temperature of 310 K?

they radiate the same power

Many of those who deny the science of climate change today also previously denied the science of

tobacco and cancer the ozone hole acid rain

runaway greenhouse

total feedback becomes positive, causing the oceans to boil

What does optically thin mean?

transparent

methane hydrate

traps methane in a water-ice lattice and burns

Four main points of evidence of global warming

tropical glaciers, borehole temperatures, surface air thermometers, satelites

In a house, hot air rises and cold air sinks

true

In a pot of water heated from below, hot water rises and cold water sinks

true

In the atmosphere, hot air rises and cold air sinks

true

What is another name for shortwave?

ultraviolet

Joule

unit of energy

Watt

unit of power

Studies of boreholes reveal that these layers of the ground are warmer than they would be in the absence of global warming.

upper layers

Denoting wind speed by v, the kinetic energy of a blob of air is proportional to

v2

Denoting wind speed by v, the power generated by a wind turbine is proportional to

v3

Which of the following is an example of radiation?

warm hands by the fireplace

If the Earth suddenly becomes cooler than its steady-state temperature, the Planck feedback tends to make the Earth

warmer

AMSU records show the atmosphere

warming at low altitudes and cooling at high altitudes

The unique fingerprint of CO2-induced global warming is

warming at low altitudes and cooling at high altitudes

fingerprint of global warming

warming at lower altitudes and cooling at higher altitudes

RV > 1

water condenses

RH < 1

water evaporates

Which more strongly absorbs longwave radiation? a) oxygen b) water vapor

water vapor

If RH > 1, then

water vapor condenses

What is the Earth's biggest positive feedback?

water vapor feedback

What is acidic water?

water with a high concentration of H+ ions

Visible light

wavelength .4-.7 micron; emitted by Sun and light bulb

Radiowave

wavelength 1-10m; emitted by radio and TV towers

What happens when we calculate the average temperature of Earth the same way that we did for Mercury and Mars?

we get too cold of a tempeture

equilibrium climate sensitivity

we wait until the Earth equilibrates (100 years) to the new CO2 level before differencing the mean temperatures

1950

weather organization is renamed the World Meteorological Organization and becomes part of the UN

Which way do storms move in the continental United States?

west to east

Fusion

when nuclei combine to produce a nucleus of greater mass

Protons dictate

which element an atom is and also the behavior of the atom bc protons = electrons

What color are clouds as seen from space?

white because water drops and ice scatter all wavelengths

Dakota Access

will bring oil through native American water source

What is appropriate clothing for 260 K?

winter jacket and earmuffs

Charles David keeling

woke up scientists to global warming

Rachel Carson

wrote Silent Spring in 1962 and exposed the maleffects of DDT

Do suction cups work in the deep ocean?

yes

Shortwave

~.5 micron; emitted by Sun

Longwave

~10 micron; emitted by planets

From what optical depth into the Sun does the Sun emit light to space?

τ= 1

How deep into a gas does the gas emit radiation like a solid surface?

τ= 1

As the Earth cools, the atmosphere holds ____ water vapor and that tends to cause the Earth to emit ____ radiation to space.

"less" and "more"

As the Earth warms, the atmosphere holds ____ water vapor and that tends to cause the Earth to emit ____ radiation to space.

"more" and "less"

Utility-scale solar power costs roughly how much to install per watt of rated power?

$1/W

Earth total feedback parameter

-1 W/m2/K

If a sand dune's feedback parameter is +25 kg/s/m, by what amount does its net rate of inflow change if we apply a sudden height perturbation of −5 m?

-125 kg/s

If a sand dune's feedback parameter is −3 kg/s/m, what is the final perturbation if a forcing of −9 kg/s is applied?

-3m

If a sand dune's feedback parameter is −15 kg/s/m, by what amount does its net rate of inflow change if we apply a sudden height perturbation of 3 m?

-45 kg/s

Solar harvesting by plants yields

.5 W/m2

Phanerozoic

.5 gya - present

max power extracted from the wind for an intermediate air flow =

.59 = betz limit

Max power from wind =

.59 X rate at which kinetic energy passes through

What is a typical capacity factor for a wind turbine?

0.3

If a sand dune's feedback parameter is −8 kg/s/m, what is the final perturbation if a forcing of 4 kg/s is applied?

0.5 m

900 millibars equals

0.9 bar

Only need ____% of Earth's area to get 60TW of power from solar

1

When wind turbines are distributed over a property to maximize the electrical power generated per land area, roughly what amount of electrical power per area can we hope to generate?

1 W/m2

Ocean acidification puts 60% of the carbon burned by humans into the ocean on a timescale of

1 thousand years

amount of carbon in hydrates is estimated at

1,000-10,000 GtC

over all depths, permafrost contains

1,500 GtC

What is roughly the maximum potential global power generation from hydroelectric dams?

1.5 TW

Taken altogether, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, and halocarbons are responsible for how much radiative forcing?

1.5 W/m2

What is the modern estimate for the likely range of Earth's climate sensitivity?

1.5 to 4.5 K

kinetic energy =

1/2 x mass x speed squared

Crops occupy _____% of the Earth's land mass

10

Using the minus-thirty-and-halve approximation, what is 50 ◦F in Celsius?

10 C

Current global emissions

10 GtC yr = 2.5 ppm

In a dry atmosphere, what is the numerical value of the lapse rate?

10 K/m

Americans consume

10 Kw/person

If a lightbulb produces 100 J of heat and light while on for 10 seconds, how much electrical power does the lightbulb consume?

10 W

How high is the Earth's atmosphere?

10 km

Gravitational acceleration of Earth

10 m/s2

Using Wien's law, what is the peak wavelength of radiation emitted by an object with a temperature of 300 K?

10 micronS

The acidified ocean is returned to its original pH on a timescale of

10 thousand years

At Earth's surface, atmospheric pressure is equivalent to

10 tons per square

Methane in the atmosphere oxidizes to CO2 on what timescale?

10 years

Roughly what fraction of land area is suitable for wind power, i.e., has a wind class of 3 or higher?

10%

What percent of land on Earth reaches 3+ wind class?

10%

The world would need ____ TW power to all live like Americans

100

Human

100 W

After ocean acidification and dissolution of calcium carbonate, silicate weathering removes the remaining 20% of the extra carbon still in the atmosphere on a timescale of

100 thousand years

What is the likely amount of carbon contained in methane clathrates?

1000-10000 GtC

How much power does the average American consume?

10000 W

If the partial pressures of nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and water vapor are 780 mbars, 200 mbars, 10 mbars, and 30 mbars, what is the total pressure

1020 mbars

Roughly how thick is Earth's atmosphere?

10km thicc

The burning of carbon up to this point has lead to how much additional carbon in the atmosphere

120 ppm

An overshot water wheel generates power by capturing the gravitational potential energy of water as it is carried by the wheel from its top to its bottom. If a 2-m-diameter overshot water wheel processes 7 kg/s of water, roughly how much power does it generate?

140 W

Averaging over all land, day/night, seasons, and weather, the power per land area of sunlight is

150 W/m2

If a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen has a total pressure of 900 mbars, and if the partial pressure of nitrogen is 720 mbars, what is the partial pressure of oxygen?

180 mbars

In what year was the greenhouse effect postulated, thereby initiating the field of climate science?

1824

The first prediction of global warming was made in what year?

1896

In what year did congressional testimony first raise public awareness about global warming?

1988

The IPCC was founded in___and issued its first assessment report in___

1988 and 1990

Borehole paleothermometry reveals a mean global ground-temperature increase over the past ~100 years of

1k

What is the current radiative forcing from the extra CO2 that is currently in the atmosphere?

2 W/m2

Current increase in CO2 is

2 ppm/year

The carbon contained in peat down to 1 meter is equivalent to how many years of fossil-fuel burning at the current rate of emissions?

20

Consider a 0.01-kg feather initially at rest, so vi = 0, at height hi in a vacuum. It is dropped and reaches a final speed of vf = 20 m/s at the ground, where hf = 0. What was hi?

20 m

Consider a 2-kg bowling ball initially at rest, so vi = 0, at height hi in a vacuum. It is dropped and reaches a final speed of vf = 20 m/s at the ground, where hf = 0. What was hi?

20 m

Roughly what fraction of the carbon burned by humans is still in the atmosphere as CO2 after 10,000 years?

20%

The dissolution of CaCO3 will allow an additional ____% of carbon to be hidden on a timescale of _____ years

20, 10,000

How much carbon is there in peat worldwide down to one-meter depth?

200 GtC

So far we have burned

200 GtC coal, 150 GtC oil, 50 GtC gas

A typical building has 3 meters between floors and the average American adult weighs 80 kg. How much energy does it take to lift 5 average American adults up 2 floors in a typical building?

24 kJ

What is 0 ◦C in Kelvin?

273 K

Preindustrial CO2 concentration

280 ppm

What was the preindustral concentration of carbon dioxide?

280 ppm

Berkeley

280-300 K

Earth

288 K

What is the average temperature of Earth?

288 K

If Earth's mean temperature increases from 288 K to 291 K when CO2 is doubled from its preindustrial concentration, what mean temperature would you expect if CO2 were quadrupled from its preindustrial concentration?

294 K

In an atmosphere with water, approximately what is the temperature at a height of 4 km if the temperature at a height of 2 km is 283 K?

296 K

By how much have Berkeley's warm-season maximum temperatures increased over the past 125 years?

2K

If planet A is the same temperature as planet B, but has twice the area, how much more rapidly does planet A lose energy by radiation?

2x

Roughly how much power will a 10-MW wind turbine generate?

3 MW

The avg American consumes how much carbon annually?

3 tons of coal, 22 barrels of oil, 2400 m3 of gas

Using Wien's law, what is the peak wavelength of radiation emitted by an object with a temperature of 100 K?

30 MICRONS

Averaging over all land, day/night, seasons, and weather, and assuming a typical solar-cell efficiency, the electrical power per land area generated by PV panels is

30 W/m2

On planet Zorkon, the effective height of longwave emission to space is at 9 km where the temperature is 210 K. If the lapse rate in Zorkon's dry atmosphere is 10 K/km, what is the surface temperature?

300 K

If a planet's TSI is 2000 W/m2 and its albedo is 0.4, how much power per area must the planet radiate?

300 W/m^2

How many Joules of heat are generated by a heater that outputs 500 W for 10 minutes?

300 kJ

Which causes the greater amount of additional warming? an increase of CO2 from 300 to 400 ppm or 400 to 500ppm

300 to 400

Peak wavelength =

3000 micronK/temp K

What is 30 ◦C in Kelvin?

303 K

The wet-bulb temp of death is

308K

On planet Kruftulon, the effective height of longwave emission to space is at 3 km where the temperature is 310 K. If the lapse rate in Kruftulon's dry atmosphere is 10 K/km, what is the surface temperature?

340 K

Permafrost accounts for ____/1500 GtC in soil

350

Preindustrial Oil concentration

350 GtC

The human body produces about 100 W of heat. How much heat does the human body emit in an hour?

360 kJ

Water boils

373 K

How many rocky planets are there in our Solar System

4

If we hold the concentrations of greenhouse gases constant at the levels anticipated in 2100 for the RCP4.5 scenario, roughly how much globally averaged warming would we get if we waited long enough?

4 K

Earth formed

4.5 gya

Precambrian era

4.5 gya - .5 gya

Using the minus-thirty-and-halve approximation, what is 110 ◦F in Celsius?

40 C

Preindustrial oceanic carbon concentration

40,000 GtC

Roughly how much power will a 300-W solar panel generate?

45 W

Bake a cake

450 K

Which of the following is a typical temperature of an oven?

450 K

Solar could produce up to

4500 TW

If a sand dune's feedback parameter is +24 kg/s/m, by what amount does its net rate of inflow change if we apply a sudden height perturbation of 2 m?

48 kg/s

Americans emit _____ as much CO2 per person than the global average

4X

Biomass can yield a maximum of

5 TW

Emission of longwave radiation to space occurs at

5 km

Preindustrial coal concentration

5,000 GtC

Ectotherms require

5-10X less food than endotherms

The power per area emitted by an object, in W/m2, is equal to?(Stefan & Boltzmann law)

5.67(T/100)4

Preindustrial land plants carbon concentration

500 GtC

Paleozoic

542 mya - 251 mya; weird sea creatures

Consider a 0.01-kg feather initially at rest, so vi = 0, at height hi in a vacuum. It is dropped and reaches a final speed of vf = 10 m/s at the ground, where hf = 0. What was hi?

5m

Consider a 2-kg bowling ball initially at rest, so vi = 0, at height hi in a vacuum. It is dropped and reaches a final speed of vf = 10 m/s at the ground, where hf = 0. What was hi?

5m

If we hold the concentrations of greenhouse gases constant at the levels anticipated in 2100 for the RCP4.5 scenario, roughly how much land warming would we get if we waited long enough?

6 K

How much kinetic energy is in a 3-kg ball traveling at 2 m/s?

6 j

How many times has a snowball Earth occurred?

6 times, during the precambrian period

What is the approximate power per area emitted by the inside wall of an oven in W/m2 ?

6 x 4.5^4

What is the approximate power per area emitted by a person in W/m2?

6(3^4)

In an atmosphere with water, what is the numerical value of the lapse rate?

6.5 K/km

To allow all 10 billion people to live like Americans, roughly how much electrical power does humanity need to generate?

60 TW

Total power from nuclear

60 TW for one year

_____% of the burned carbon can be hidden as bicarbonate on a timescale of _______ years

60, 1,000

Preindustrial atmospheric carbon concentration

600 GtC

What is the temperature of the Sun where it emits light?

6000 K

Which of the following is a typical temperature of the Sun?

6000 K

No ice sheets

65-34 mya

According to the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, p ∗ v increases with temperature exponentially at a rate of approximately

7%/K

Current population is ____ billion, it will rise to ____ billion by 2100

7, 11

Power emitted by Sun

70,000,000 W/m2

Self-cleaning oven

750 K


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