EPS 7 Final study guide, EPS7 Final
1 ppm =
2 GtC
Current global energy consumption
20 TW
Fifth Assessment Report
2014
Temp of a human
300 K
Sun
6000 K
How many planets are there in our Solar System?
8
Opaque gases
H2O, CO2, CH4
Cirrus
hair
Electrical energy is ______ and converts with _______ efficiency
high-grade, 100%
Stratus
layer
T > 1
opaque
290-295 K
short sleeve
Photons travel at
speed of light (300000000 m/s)
Microwave
wavelength 10-40 cm; emitted by cell phones and microwaves
Infrared radiation
wavelength 3-30 micron; emitted by Earth and planets
Parties to the UNFCCC commit to the UNFCCC objective of
"prevent[ing] dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system"
Celsius =
(F-30)/2
Current estimate for climate sensitivity
1.5-4.5 K
Lapse rate (dry air)
10 K/km
Led Bulb
10 W
What is the surface pressure of Earth?
10 tons/m2
Earth gets ____ w/m2 from the Sun
100-200
Candle
1000 K
Big Bang
14 gya
Total power from wind
15 TW
Second assessment report
1995
___/1500 GtC of soil is peat
200
What wind class is acceptable for wind turbines
3+
How many gas giants are there in our Solar System
4
Lapse rate (wet air)
6.5 K/km
The actual need of energy is ___ TW
60
If a laser delivers 30 W of energy to a target over 2 seconds, how much energy does it deliver to the target?
60 J
Cenozoic
65 mya - present; large mammals
HCO3-
Bicarbonate
1973
Endangered Species Act
Watt =
J/s
Which of the following is responsible for the industrial revolution?
James Watt, the Scientific Revolution, and Abundant Coal
Who is credited with identifying the gases responsible for the greenhouse effect?
John Tyndall
1969
National Environmental Policy Act
The warmer it is, the ______ it is
drier
T=1
last level where the gas behaves like a solid and emits to space
nimbostratus
low to mid level below 6,000ft; lower fluffy taller rain clouds on the low level.
Heat energy is ______ and converts with _______ efficiency
low-grade, 10-40%
stratus
lower level below 6,000ft; spread out thicker hazy clouds.
altocumulus
mid level 6,000 to 20,000ft; spotty mid clouds.
altostratus
mid level 6,000 to 20,000ft; transparent spread out clouds.
Alto
middle
Mya
million years ago
More CO2 in air =
more acidic ocean
Through this program, you are allowed to effectively sell your surplus solar electricity to the utility during the daytime.
net metering
Ice feedback
positive feedback ice melts, so there is a lower albedo, so more sunlight is absorbed
What is an example of something that a wind mill does?
pump water and mill grain
Silicon is obtained from
sand
>300 K
swimsuit
Ocean acidification causes problems with
the dissolution of CaCO3 and the formation of shells
Keystone XL
will bring tar sands from Alberta
Total forcing
+2 w/m2
Aerosol spray cans are responsible for how much radiative forcing?
0 W/m2
What is a typical capacity factor for a solar panel?
0.15
How long does it take to drive 5 km at 20 km/hour?
0.25 hours
What is the timescale for a human to grow to its maximum height?
10 years
Using the approximate Stefan-Boltzmann law, Power per area = 6[T/100]4, what is the temperature of a planet that radiates 6 W/m2?
100 K
Fire
1000 K
Toaster/microwave
1000 W
Likely carbon increase by 2100
1000 ppm
Electric car
10000 W
Roughly how much wind power could we possibly extract from the global land surface?
15 TW
Preindustrial soil carbon concentration
1500 GtC
Highest carbon increase by 2100
1500 ppm
Torch
1500-1300 K
If planet A is the same size as planet B, but is twice as hot, how much more rapidly does planet A lose energy by radiation?
16 times
In what decade did measurements on Mauna Loa first document rising concentrations of CO2?
1960s
Area of a human
2 m2
Efficiency of solar cells
20%
Roughly what fraction of Earth's atmosphere is oxygen?
20%
Which of the following is a typical temperature of a blowtorch?
2000 K
Hairdryer
2000 W
Third Assessment Report
2001
Fourth Assessment Report
2007
Emissions double every
23 years
Using the minus-thirty-and-halve approximation, what is 80 ◦F in Celsius?
25 C
Preindustrial gas concentration
250 GtC
What is 20 ◦C in Kelvin?
293 K
Given Earth's feedback parameter of -1.1 W/m2/K, what is roughly its final temperature perturbation in response to a doubling of CO2, which causes a forcing of 3.7 W/m2?
3 K
What is the modern best estimate of Earth's climate sensitivity?
3 K
Ice sheets
3 mya-today
Which of the following is a typical temperature on Earth?
300 K
Power per area =
6(T/100)^4
mercury TSI
9080 w/m2
The energy efficiency of plants is
<1%
K =
C + 273
International coordination on climate change began in 1992 with a document adopted in
Rio de Janeiro
What is appropriate clothing for 300 K?
SHORTS AND T-SHIRT
1st snowball was
after the great oxygenation effect
Which of the three has the shortest wavelength? a) infrared b) ultraviolet c) visible
b) ultraviolet
The temperature of Mercury is most similar to which of the following? a) ice cube b) oven c) Berkeley d) liquid nitrogen e) blowtorch
b)oven
solar cells convert sunlight to
electricity
kya
thousand years ago
T < 1
transparent
Utility-scale wind power costs roughly how much to install per watt of rated power?
$1/W
How far does a person go if they jog at 3 m/s for 1 hour?
10.8 km
Typical solar flux at Earth's surface
150 w/m2
Clothes dryer
3000 W
Lowest carbon increase by 2100
600 ppm
Actual power =
capacity factor X rated power
Radiation
matter gives away Joules of energy by emitting photons from its surface
Conduction
matter gives joules of energy to neighboring matter by jiggling against it
For climate studies, what are the two most important instruments inside a Stevenson enclosure?
min-temperature and max-temperature thermometers
Which of the following is a violation of conservation of momentum? car races, ball races, tree grows
none of these answers
If RH = 1, then a
nothing happens
Fission
nucleus split up into smaller nuclei
Gas transparent to radiation
optically thin
snowball earth
the oceans are entirely frozen, all the way to the equator
Goal of the Kyoto Protocol
would reduce emissions of Annex I countries to 5% below 1990 levels by 2012
Proven reserves of uranium could provide the needed 60 TW of power for how long?
1 year
To generate the needed 60 TW of power, roughly what percentage of Earth's land surface would we need to cover in solar cells?
1%
(1+x)^n =
1+nx if nx<1
Hydropower yields
1.5 TW
land warming =
1.5 X global warming
Including all soil depths, permafrost contains how much carbon?
1500 GtC
1990
1st report of the IPCC
If a planet's total solar irradiance, or TSI, is 1000 W/m2, what is the average incident sunlight per planetary surface area?
250 w/m^2
Mesozoic
251 mya - 65 mya; dinosaurs
A molecule of CH4 has _____ the forcing of a molecule of CO2, but it ________ CO2
25X, eventually becomes
Mercury albedo
7%
Coal
C or CH
What is Earth's biggest negative feedback?
Planck feedback
Which of the three has the longest wavelength? a) green b) red c) blue
RED
How many countries ratified the UNFCCC in 1992?
all of them
Which of the following is an example of conduction?
burn hand on hot pan
Which of the following is not a leading source of anthropogenic methane emissions?
burning natural gas
Imagine that the price of a single permit is 100 $, with each permit covering 1 tC. If a company gets 0 permits for free for the year, and the company burns 3 tC of fossil fuel in that year, what does the company do?
buys 3 permits and thereby loses 300 $
CO3^2-
carbonate ion
icehouse climate
ice sheets at the poles
Pulling a seed out of molten silicon is a way to generate
monocrystalline silicon
RH = 1
nothing happens
Dalton's law states that
partial pressures add
If humans burn 5000 GtC in a couple centuries, roughly what will the atmospheric concentration of CO2 be in the year 12017?
750 ppm
If we hold the concentrations of greenhouse gases constant at the levels anticipated in 2100 for the RCP8.5 scenario, roughly how much globally averaged warming would we get if we waited long enough?
8 K
If a sand dune's feedback parameter is −20 kg/s/m, by what amount does its net rate of inflow change if we apply a sudden height perturbation of −4 m?
80 kg/s
Composition of the Atmosphere
80% nitrogen and 20% oxygen
How much kinetic energy is in a 2-kg ball traveling at 3 m/s?
9 J
Given Earth's feedback parameter of -1.1 W/m2/K, what is roughly its final temperature perturbation in response to a brightening of the Sun that leads to 9.9 W/m2 of extra solar absorption?
9 K
Step 2 of Treaty
Adoption - at the meeting, representatives of the nations agree to the treaty, freezing the text
What is an AMSU?
Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit
Breakdown of americium
Americium 95 -- Neptunium 93 + Helium 2 Americium 95 -- Thalium 81 + Silicon 14
Which of the three has the shortest wavelength? a) red b) green c) blue
BLUE
International Thermo-nuclear Experimental Reactor
Being built in France and will begin reactions in 2035 at the earliest
Ethanol
Biofuel made from corn in U.S. but when made with sugarcane only requires .1-.25 J to produce 1 J energy
Biodiesel
Biofuel made from soybeans and rapeseed that can be used in anything that uses regular diesel
1872
Buys Ballot proposes an international network of stations in Europe
Which is not a type of photon? a) gamma ray b) radio wave c) meson d) x ray e) microwave
C)MESON
2045
CA wants to be 100% renewables by 2045
Through this program, car manufacturers are forced to sell cars that have, on average, a miles-per-gallon efficiency above some threshold.
CAFE
Which of these is an example of a halocarbon?
CF2Cl2
Oil
CH2
Gas
CH4
What is the chemical formula for methane?
CH4
What chemical formula most accurately describes the burning of natural gas?
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
postive forcings
CO2 (+2 W/m2) and Methane, Nitrous oxide, ozone, and halocarbons (+1 W/m2)
When permafrost thaws, it releases
CO2 and CH4
Would most people consider 40 K cold or hot?
COLD
Would most people consider 40 ◦F cold or hot?
COLD
What chemical reaction ultimately removes the excess carbon from the atmosphere and ocean?
CaSiO3 + CO2 → CaCO3 + SiO2
1970
Clean Air Act and formation of the EPA
1972
Clean Water Act and UN Environment Programme
When a mass exchanges energy with an adjacent mass by jiggling against it, what do we call this?
Conduction
COP stands for
Conference of the Parties
When energy moves from one place to another because a mass carries that energy there, what do we call this?
Convection
What is true about all photons? a) they are all blue b) they have the same wavelength c) they have the same frequency d) they travel at the same speed e) all of the above
D) THEY TRAVEL AT THE SAME SPEED
Who is credited with alerting scientists to global warming by documenting the rising concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?
Dave Keeling
What of the following emits photons? a) the Sun b) the Earth c) a chair d) a person e) all of the above
E) ALL OF THE ABOVE
Through this program, consumers are told what the annual energy cost of an appliance is likely to be.
Energy Star
Programs that promote energy efficiency
Energy Star, CAFE
Step 5 of the Treaty
Entry into Force - conditions for entry into force are specified in the treaty
Overall, the land surface and the top layers of soil tend to ___ with warming.
GET DRIER
What is the first molecule that CO2 forms when dissolved in water?
H2CO3
Which chemical reaction describes ocean acidification?
H2CO3 → H+ + HCO3−
Using Wien's law, what is the peak wavelength of radiation emitted by an object with a temperature of 6000 K?
HALF A MICRON
Most carbon is
HCO3-
In what form is most of the dissolved carbon in the ocean?
HCO3−
Would most people consider 40 ◦C cold or hot
HOT
What is another name for longwave?
INFRARED
Through this program, the federal government pays for a fraction of your residential solar PV installation.
ITC
Programs that promote switching to renewables
ITC, PTC, RPS, net metering
what did the U.S. say about the kyoto protocol?
Insisted on Joint Implementation and the Clean Development Mechanism which gives nations credit for reducing emissions in other countries by investing in projects there
The IPCC stands for
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
How is a Watt defined in terms of other units?
J/s
Who is credited with alerting the public to global warming with his congressional testimony?
James Hansen
Who discovered that mechanical work gets converted to heat, thereby establishing the law of conservation of energy?
James Joule
Who is credited with starting the industrial revolution with their invention?
James Watt
Who is credited with postulating the existence of a greenhouse effect and thereby kicking off the field of climate science?
Joseph Fourier
What is the unit for energy?
Joule
What are a set of appropriate units for the lapse rate?
K/km
1997
Kyoto Protocol
When talking about the wavelengths of radiation from the Sun and Earth, it is most convenient to use which unit?
MICROMETER
Post 2100 the Earth will return to what climate?
Mesozoic/hothouse climate
What is the most abundant molecule in Earth's atmosphere?
N2
Why is there abundant nitrogen in Earth's atmosphere?
N2 does not like to stay in magma so is emitted by volcanoes & does not readily react chemically
Transparent gases
N2, O2, Ar
What is the chemical formula for nitrous oxide?
N2O
Which of these is an example of a NOx?
NO2
What is special about 0 K?
NOTHING MOVES
Which of the following is required for forming ozone in smog?
NOx, volatile organic compounds, sunlight
Step 1 of Treaty
Negotiations - countries meet to hammer out the details of a proposed treaty
Did the U.S. ratify the Paris agreement?
No
Did the US ratify the Kyoto Protocol?
No
Is there evidence global warming has increased the incidence of lightning, hail, tornados, or hurricanes?
No
Will the Paris Agreement work?
No, the NDCs are not going to accomplish that goal
Could the power necessity of Earth be reached from solar using only residential roofs?
No, we need utility scale solar
What is the chemical formula for ozone?
O3
Which of the following gases is transparent to longwave radiation?
Oxygen
Scotch, the alcoholic drink and not the people, is made using
PEAT
The number of what particle determines what element an atom is?
PROTON
Through this program, the federal government pays some number of dollars for each joule of electricity generated from the first 10 years of a wind turbine's life?
PTC
Through this program, a state requires that a fraction of the electricity sold by utilities comes from renewable sources like wind and solar.
RPS
What book is credited with kicking off the U.S. environmental movement in 1962?
Rachel Carson's Silent Spring
By what process does energy from the Sun get to Earth's surface?
Radiation
When a mass exchanges energy with a faraway mass by sending photons to it, what do we call this?
Radiation
Step 4 of the Treaty
Ratification - legislative bodies in each country ratify the document, making it legally binding
1992
Rio Earth Summit brought all nations together to hammer out a treaty to tackle global warming and resulted in the formation of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
What force keeps neutrons and protons bound together?
STRONG
Step 3 of the Treaty
Signing - each leader signs the text
Which people played a role in discovering the power per area of radiation emitted by an object?
Stefan & Boltzmann
Low clouds
Stratus, Cumulus, Stratocumulus
Who first predicted global warming and made a calculation of Earth's climate sensitivity?
Svante Arrhenius
flows
The inputs and outputs of a system.
Tcore =
Tskin + 5K
1988
UNEP and WMO form the IPCC
Which of the following federal agencies does not have its own climate model?
USPS
The document adopted in 1992 is called the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
What industrialized country did not join the Kyoto Protocol?
United States
What is the only country that plans to not be a party to the Paris Agreement?
United States
What planet has a runaway greenhouse climate
Venus
How is a Joule defined in terms of other units?
W x s
The IPCC was founded by
WMO and UNEP
What is the unit for power?
Watt
James Hansen
Woke up the public to global warming by testifying before Congress in 1988
Was the Kyoto Protocol successful?
Yes, emissions decreased by 12.5%, but only because the USSR collapsed
Clathrate
a chemical substance consisting of a lattice that traps other molecules
The optical depth(τ)for some path of light through a gas depends on
a constant k describing how readily the gas tends to absorb or scatter radiation, the length ∆z of the light path, and the density ρ of the gas
The radiative forcing by extra greenhouse gases is best described as causing
a decrease of outgoing power
Tokamak
a doughnut-shaped chamber that confines hydrogen nuclei within a magnetic field to fuse them into helium
What is an acid?
a molecule that adds H+ ions to water
acid
a molecule that can give up an H+ ion
A negative perturbation is
a negative amount of net incoming flow
Planck feedback
a negative feedback loop due to the Stefan-Boltzmann law, when Earth warms the emission of an outgoing longwave, radiation increases
lapse rate feedback
a negative feedback loop lapse-rate decreases when Earth warms and the T=1 layer warms faster than the surface so it emits more longwave
Renewables portfolio standard
a requirement on retail electric suppliers to supply a minimum percent or amount of their retail load with eligible sources of renewable energy
serial computing
a single computational problem is solved by a single computer
Parallel computing
a single computational problem is solved by multiple computers in parallel by breaking the problem into smaller chunks and having the computers talk to each other
silicon ingot
a single crystal of silicon that can be sliced to make wafers for solar cells
steady state
a state in which inputs equal outputs
Methane clathrate is
a water-ice lattice that encases methane molecules; WHITE COLD AND FLAMMABLE
Which of the three has the longest wavelength? a) infrared b) visible c) ultraviolet
a) infrared
Cirrus
above 18,000ft, high wavy clouds.
cirrocumulus
above 18,000ft; mackeral sky, spotty high clouds.
Negative forcings
aerosols (-1 w/m2)
What is the primary source of anthropogenic nitrous oxide?
agriculture
Which of the following is not one of the three major sectors of energy consumption?
agriculture
Parties to the UNFCCC include
all nations on Earth
Middle clouds
altostratus, altocumulus
Ectotherm
an animal that is dependent on external sources of body heat
A positive perturbation is
an increase in the stock from its steady-state level
endotherm
animal that uses inside heat to keep its body warm, rather than relying on external heat
Climate Rights Movement
argues that future generations deserve the same right to a habitable climate as past generations
Which of the following is not a rocky planet? a) Mercury b) Neptune c) Venus d) Mars e) Earth
b) neptune
What is HCO3−?
bicarbonate ion
Gya
billion years ago
What is another name for cyanobacteria?
blue-green algae
Imagine that the price of a single permit is 100 $, with each permit covering 1 tC. If a company gets 3 permits for free for the year, and the company burns 6 tC of fossil fuel in that year, what does the company do?
buys 3 permits and thereby loses 300 $
Imagine that the price of a single permit is 100 $, with each permit covering 1 tC. If a company gets 0 permits for free for the year, and the company burns 6 tC of fossil fuel in that year, what does the company do?
buys 6 permits and thereby loses 600 $
Which of the following is not the same as the rest? a) micron b) millionth of a meter c) thousandth of a meter d) micrometer e) µm
c) thousandth of a meter
Which of the following is not a gas giant? a) Neptune b) Jupiter c) Venus d) Saturn e) Uranus
c) venus
What is CaCO3?
calcium carbonate
Luke Howard
came up with the cloud classification system in 1803
A carbon-pricing scheme in which 100 permits are given out for free and 2000 permits are auctioned with proceeds divvied up among all households is best described as
cap & trade and everyone gets the money
A carbon-pricing scheme in which 2000 permits are given out for free and 100 permits are auctioned with proceeds divvied up among all households is best described as
cap & trade and polluters get the money
A carbon-pricing scheme in which 2000 permits are given out for free and 100 permits are auctioned with proceeds spent on renewables research and development is best described as
cap & trade and polluters get the money
A carbon-pricing scheme in which 100 permits are given out for free and 2000 permits are auctioned with proceeds spent on renewables research and development is best described as
cap & trade and victims get the money
In this carbon-pricing scheme, the market sets the price of carbon emissions.
cap-and-trade
Which of the following gases is relatively opaque to longwave radiation?
carbon dioxide
In this carbon-pricing scheme, the government sets the price of carbon emissions.
carbon tax
What is CO3−−?
carbonate ion
H2CO3
carbonic acid
What is H2CO3?
carbonic acid
Climate sensitivity is the
change in temperature for a doubling of CO2
climate sensitivity
change in temperature for a doubling of CO2
A natural-gas-fired power plant is powered by
chemical reactions
Silicate rocks _______ which locks up the remaining carbon in new limestone on a timescale of _____ years
chemically weather, 100,000
High clouds
cirrus, cirrostratus, cirrocumulus
Which of the following is a mechanism built into the Kyoto Protocol to allow countries to avoid reducing their own emissions?
clean development mechanism
Mie Scattering
clouds scatter sunlight with no preference
Low atmospheric surface pressure usually corresponds to
cloudy and rainy weather
Compared to the Earth, is Mars cold or hot?
cold
By what process does a blob of air move its heat from Earth's surface up into the atmosphere?
conduction
By what process does air that is in contact with the Earth's surface get heat?
conduction
Why does a small piece of burning paper float up into the air?
conduction
What do we call a fundamental law of physics that says that stuff is neither created nor destroyed?
conservation law
If the Earth suddenly becomes warmer than its steady-state temperature, the Planck feedback tends to make the Earth
cooler
When it depressurizes, gas
cools off
What is the proper order of core temp, skin temp, and wet bulb temp
core > skin > wet-bulb
What is the most certain way to date glacial ice?
counting layers
What caused the Great Oxygenation Event 2.4 billion years ago?
cyanobacteria
Which of the following describes the planet Mercury? a) no atmosphere b) smallest planet c) closest to the Sun d) all of the above
d) all of the above
Which of the following is not an SI unit? A)second b) kilogram c) Kelvin d) foot e) Joule
d) foot
Does pressure increase or decrease with altitude?
decrease
The Climate Science Legal Defense Fund
defends climate scientists being threatened or harassed
The divvying up of the world into Annex-I and Annex-II countries broadly reflects
different economic conditions in North America and Western Europe compared to the former Soviet Socialist republics
Problems with using past emissions
disadvantages new companies and does not necessarily reduce the amount of fossil fuel used
The acidified ocean is returned to its original pH by
dissolution of calcium carbonate
Fossil Free UC is trying to get UC to
divest from fossil-fuel companies
If we could somehow double the albedo of Mars, would its temperature go up or down?
down
What types of thermometer measure humidity
dry bulb and wet bulb
What force holds electrons in orbit around the nucleus?
electromagnetic
What force prevents you from pushing one hand through your other hand?
electromagnetic
Latent heat
energy hidden in a particular phase of matter
In summer, photosynthesis ____ respiration
exceeds
Halocarbons are still found in aerosol spray cans.
false
Pressure decreases as we move downwards in a fluid like the ocean or atmosphere
false
Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit
fancy antenna that picks up microwave signals emitted by Earth's atmosphere and travels in polar, sunsynchronus orbits
Compared to the Earth, is Mars farther from the Sun or closer to the Sun?
farther
Joseph Fourier
first person who postulated the greenhouse effect in 1824
Svante Arrhenius
first predicted global warming in 1896
1857
first weather forecasts made
Final perturbation =
forcing/feedback parameter
Cumulonimbus
from near the ground to above 50,000ft, rain, long thick clouds.
Where does radiation move energy into, out of, or within the Earth?
from the Sun to the Earth from the surface to the atmosphere within the atmosphere from the Earth to space
Where does conduction move energy into, out of, or within the Earth?
from the surface to the atmosphere
Where does convection move energy into, out of, or within the Earth?
from the surface to the atmosphere
Anthropogenic sources of methane
fugitive natural gas, livestock, landfills/rice paddies
Why is the sky blue?
gas molecules scatter short wave-lengths more than long wavelengths
Jules Charney
gave the first modern estimate of Earth's climate sensitivity
Tilting PV panels towards the Sun allows them to
generate more power per panel area
When a gas is depressurized, its temperature
goes down
When a gas is pressurized, its temperature
goes up
Cap and trade
government sets the amount of CO2 and the market sets the price
Carbon tax
government sets the price of CO2 emissions and the market sets the amount of CO2 emissions
curve of binding energy
graph with 1/x shape on 2nd quadrant with fusion coming from the left and fission coming from the right with energy per proton and neutron on the y-axis and number of neutron and protons on the x-axis
Forces in our universe
gravitational, electromagnetic, strong, weak
greenhous effect
greenhouse gases let shortwave in, but trap longwave
T = 2
half visibility
Cumulus
heap
Sensible heat
heat we can feel
Condensation of water vapor does the following.
heats the air
When it pressurizes, gas
heats up
<273 K
heavy jacket and hat
A toaster converts________-grade energy into_________-grade energy.
high / low
The higher the k and/or ρ of some gas in the atmosphere, the___the effective height of emission to space.
higher
the ____ the T, the _____ the pv*(T), the ______ water evaporates
higher, higher, faster
Goal of the Paris Agreement
hold warmings below 2K
strong force
holds neutrons and protons together when they are close together
Which of the following is an example of convection?
hot air balloon rises
Which emits water molecules at a faster rate?
hot water
H+
hydrogen ion
What is H+?
hydrogen ion
John Tyndall
identified the gases responsible for the greenhouse effect
T = 1
in between
positive feedback
increases the size of the perturbation
What motivated the formation of the International Meteorological Organization, later renamed the World Meteorological Organization, in the 1800s?
invention of the telegraph, large size of storms compared to European countries, & a desire to make weather forecasts
A positive forcing
is an externally applied increase in the net inflow
A negative forcing is
is an externally applied reduction in the net inflow
What happens when sinking cold air moves to higher pressures?
it compresses and warms
If the number of air molecules in a sealed jar is doubled without changing the temperature, how does the pressure in the jar change?
it doubles
If the number of water molecules in the air is doubled without changing the temperature, what happens to the water vapor pressure pv?
it doubles
If the temperature of air in a sealed jar is doubled without changing the number of air molecules, how does the pressure in the jar change
it doubles
What happens when rising hot air moves to lower pressure?
it expands and cools
What is so super about a supercomputer?
it has many ordinary computers connected together
If the height of a sand dune is 50 meters and the net inflow of sand is 10 kg/s, what can we say about this sand dune?
it is not in steady state
If a sand dune's feedback parameter is +8 kg/s/m, what happens if we suddenly reduce the height of the dune by 2 m?
it will disappear
If a sand dune's feedback parameter is −5 kg/s/m, what happens if we suddenly add 4 m of sand?
it will go back to its original steady state
Which of the following is a mechanism built into the Kyoto Protocol to allow countries to avoid reducing their own emissions?
joint implementation
Which countries uses Fahrenheit?
just the U.S.
An AMSU measures temperature at many heights in the atmosphere by measuring atmospheric emission at multiple wavelengths on the side of an oxygen resonance that each have a different
k and so a different τ=1 level
What are the units of kinetic energy?
kg m2/s2
Change in T =
kp x change in z, you can increase optical depth by increasing distance or density
Which of the following is not a positive feedback?
lapse-rate feedback
Lifting a 20-kg weight a height of 0.5 m a total of 7 times requires________lifting a 5-kg weight a height of 1 m a total of 15 times.
less energy than
273-285 K
light jacket and sweater
Convection
liquid or gaseous matter moves, carrying its joules of energy with it
If RH < 1, then
liquid water evaporates
T = 4
little to no visibility
For longwave, there is _______ scattering but ________ absorption
little, a lot of
What do we call the radiation emitted by a planet?
longwave
Imagine that the carbon tax is 100 $/tC. If a company burns 3 tC of fossil fuel in that year, what does the company do?
loses 300 $
Imagine that the carbon tax is 100 $/tC. If a company burns 6 tC of fossil fuel in that year, what does the company do?
loses 600 $
A coal-fired power plant converts_____-grade energy into_____-grade energy
low / high
stratocumulus
lower level below 6,000ft; puffy clouds.
cumulus
lower level below 6,000ft; rain clouds puffy with vertical development.
Which of the following is not one of the primary pieces of evidence for global warming?
lunar brightness records
supercomputer
made up of individual computers no more special than your laptop
What was James Watt's primary contribution?
making the steam engine much more efficient
The Curiosity rover is on which planet?
mars
Which of the following was a consequence of the Great Oxygenation Event
mass extinction due to toxic oxygen, oxygen is added to the atmosphere, Earth freezes over
gravitational potential energy =
mass x gravitational acceleration x height
With the exception of high-energy nuclear reactions, which of the following is always conserved?
momentum, mass, energy
How many COPs have there been?
more than 20
An extra molecule of CH4 in the atmosphere causes___an extra molecule of CO2 in the atmosphere.
more warming than
Plastering all residential roofs with solar panels would generate
much less than 60 TW
A cap and trade scheme with auctioning of all permits preferentially favors
neither
A carbon tax with proceeds divvied up among all households preferentially favors
neither
Vertical clouds
nimbostratus, cumulonimbus
Which of the following is not a greenhouse gas?
nitrogen
Do suction cups work in space?
no
hothouse climate
no glaciers even at the poles
Which of the following is a violation of conservation of energy? car races, ball races, tree grows
none of these answers
Which of the following is a violation of conservation of mass? car races, ball races, tree grows
none of these answers
If a sand dune's feedback parameter is +1 kg/s/m, what is the final perturbation if a forcing of -2 kg/s is applied?
nonsense question because the dune is unstable
If a sand dune's feedback parameter is +3 kg/s/m, what is the final perturbation if a forcing of 3 kg/s is applied?
nonsense question because the dune is unstable
static equilibrium
nothing moving in or out
Americium comes from
nuclear bombs and nuclear reactors
Americium in your smoke detector releases energy by
nuclear fission
Existing nuclear power plants are powered by
nuclear fission
A hypothetical tokamak power plant is powered by
nuclear fusion
The Sun is powered by
nuclear fusion
If constructed, the Keystone XL pipeline will carry
oil from Albert tar sands
If constructed, the Dakota Access Pipeline will carry
oil past Native-American land
A cap and trade scheme with free distribution of permits based on historical emissions preferentially favors
old companies
A carbon tax with proceeds returned to companies based on historical emissions preferentially favors
old companies
What does optically thick mean?
opaque
Gas opaque to radiation
optically thick
Large optical depth (τ>1) corresponds to being
optically thick
Small optical depth (τ<1) corresponds to being
optically thin
1873
organization is established to exchange weather data in Europe
Why is the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere decreasing?
oxygen is being reacted with carbon to make carbon dioxide
Which of the following is the ideal gas law?
p ∝ NT
What is appropriate clothing for 280 K?
pants and a sweater
Investment Tax Credit
pays for 30% of the cost of installing solar PV on your roof
T = 0
perfect visibility
Permafrost
permanently frozen ground
What do we call the layer of the Sun that emits light to space?
photosphere
By what process do cyanobacteria release oxygen?
photosynthesis
IPCC Assessment Reports are split into
physical science, adaptation and mitigation
What kind of orbit do most AMSUs fly?
polar
Net metering
policy that allows residential customers to pay only for the net amount of electricity they use
Freezing silicon in a vat is a way to generate
polycrystalline silicon
Is the ice-abedo feedback a positive or negative feedback?
positive
cloud feedback
positive feedback the warmer it is, the less clouds there are, the lower the albedo, the more sunlight is absorbed
water vapor feedback
positive feedback when the air gets warmer, it holds more water vapor which causes the air to warm even more
With respect to Earth's temperature, an increase in CO2 in the atmosphere can be described as a
positive forcing
Nimbo
precipitation
Tyndall effect
preferential scattering of blue light
Production tax credit
provides 2 cents/kwh of electricity generated by a wind turbine in the 10 years since its installation effectively pays for 50% of the installation
Energy Star
provides info that helps consumers save money and reduce emissions; responsible for halting per-person growth in emissions in CA
Which of the following are examples of a gas being pressurized?
pumping up a tire, igniting a fuel-air mixture in the Diesel-engine piston, pushing a balloon downward in a pool
Relative humidity =
pv/pv*
electromagnetic radiation
radiation by photons
The dissolution of CaCO3....
raises the pH, allowing more CO2 to dissolve in the ocean
pv*
rate of molecules fleeing a liquid surface
pv
rate of molecules sticking to a liquid surface
Capacity factor
ratio of actual power output to rated power output
Which of the following is not a step in enacting a new treaty?
reconciliation
Rayleigh scattering
redirects photons in a new direction; affects mostly shortwave
negative feedback
reduces the size of the perturbation
The purpose of a Stevenson screen is to
reflect away sunlight, provide shade, and provide a ventilated enclosure
feedback
response of the flows to the perturbation
Imagine that the price of a single permit is 100 $, with each permit covering 1 tC. If a company gets 6 permits for free for the year, and the company burns 3 tC of fossil fuel in that year, what does the company do?
sells 3 permits and thereby earns 300 $
Phil Tagami is trying to
ship coal to Asia through an Oakland port
295-300 K
shorts and t-shirt
What do we call the radiation emitted by the Sun?
shortwave
Permafrost is
soil that is frozen all year long
Which of the following is not synonymous with the others?
solar power tower
What is serial computing?
solving a single problem on a single computer
What is parallel computing?
solving a single problem on multiple computers at the same time
For shortwave, there is _____ scattering but _______ absorption
some, little
The fossil-fuel industry employs scientists and public-relations firms primarily to
spread doubt about the state of climate science
content of the IPCC
stabilization of greenhouse gas, developed countries should take the lead, Annex I countries are developed, Annex II are wealthy developed countries that should given financial support, Conference of the parties shall occur every year
Corporate Average Fuel Economy
standards set by the federal government that say the average fuel economy of vehicles sold by a car company in a given year cannot be higher than a certain value
What word do we ascribe to a sand dune that has no grains of sand being added or removed?
static equilibrium
What do we call a situation where wind is actively blowing sand onto and off of the sand dune, but the height of the sand dune is not changing in time?
steady state
The objective of the IPCC assessment reports is to
summarize the state of climate science
Stevenson screen
surface air thermometer that features a max and min thermometer; demonstrates 2 K in warming
285-290 K
sweater and pants
Pressure is prop
temp X # of gas molecules
How much power the AMSU gets from each wavelength corresponds to _____ at different _______ in the atmosphere
temperature, heights
According to the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, the saturation vapor pressure p ∗ v is a function only of
tempeture
Fossilized plankton/oil comes from
the Jurassic period (150 mya)
The divvying up of the world into Annex-I and non-Annex countries broadly reflects
the North-South divide
stock
the amount of stuff in a container
What best describes the atmospheric greenhouse effect?
the atmosphere lets shortwave pass through but greenhouse gases readily absorb longwave
Fossilized peat/ coal comes from
the carboniferous period (300 mya)
feedback parameter
the change in net inflow per change in stock
perturbation
the current stock minus the stock in the original steady state
What is the lapse rate?
the decrease in atmospheric temperature with height
What is the definition of wavelength?
the distance from a peak to an adjacent peak
Why does burning fossil fuels cause global warming?
the extra atmospheric CO2 lifts the τ = 1 layer to a colder level in the atmosphere
Nuclear power plants use the power from
the fission of uranium
What is albedo?
the fraction of sunlight reflected to space
Where does the oxygen in the atmosphere come from?
the great oxygenation event 2.4 gya
What is the cloud base?
the height at which the rising air first condenses water vapor, the height at which rising air hits a relative humidity of one, the height at which the saturation vapor pressure first equals the rising air's vapor pressure
connective available potential energy
the kinetic energy of wind that a cloud could generate by rising through the atmosphere with no entrainment; increases by 7%/K
Rated power
the power output under ideal conditions
The Clausius-Clapeyron equation tells us
the pressure of water molecules leaving a liquid surface
Permafrost melting leads to
the release of CO2
Lifting a 10-kg weight a height of 0.5 m a total of 5 times requires_______lifting a 5-kg weight a height of 1 m a total of 5 times.
the same energy as
The timescale for a process is
the time it takes for the process to be mostly done
The active layer is
the top layer of soil that thaws out at least once every year
Active layer
the upper layer of permanently frozen soil that thaws briefly during the summer
Relative humidity is
the vapor pressure in the air divided by the saturation vapor pressure.
In the ocean and in the atmosphere, pressure is equal to
the weight per area of overlying fluid
Halocarbons were initially phased out by international law because
they generated the ozone hole
Which radiates the most power, a wall with a total area of 2 m^2 and temperature of 310 K, or a chair with a total area of 2 m^2 and temperature of 310 K?
they radiate the same power
Many of those who deny the science of climate change today also previously denied the science of
tobacco and cancer the ozone hole acid rain
runaway greenhouse
total feedback becomes positive, causing the oceans to boil
What does optically thin mean?
transparent
methane hydrate
traps methane in a water-ice lattice and burns
Four main points of evidence of global warming
tropical glaciers, borehole temperatures, surface air thermometers, satelites
In a house, hot air rises and cold air sinks
true
In a pot of water heated from below, hot water rises and cold water sinks
true
In the atmosphere, hot air rises and cold air sinks
true
What is another name for shortwave?
ultraviolet
Joule
unit of energy
Watt
unit of power
Studies of boreholes reveal that these layers of the ground are warmer than they would be in the absence of global warming.
upper layers
Denoting wind speed by v, the kinetic energy of a blob of air is proportional to
v2
Denoting wind speed by v, the power generated by a wind turbine is proportional to
v3
Which of the following is an example of radiation?
warm hands by the fireplace
If the Earth suddenly becomes cooler than its steady-state temperature, the Planck feedback tends to make the Earth
warmer
AMSU records show the atmosphere
warming at low altitudes and cooling at high altitudes
The unique fingerprint of CO2-induced global warming is
warming at low altitudes and cooling at high altitudes
fingerprint of global warming
warming at lower altitudes and cooling at higher altitudes
RV > 1
water condenses
RH < 1
water evaporates
Which more strongly absorbs longwave radiation? a) oxygen b) water vapor
water vapor
If RH > 1, then
water vapor condenses
What is the Earth's biggest positive feedback?
water vapor feedback
What is acidic water?
water with a high concentration of H+ ions
Visible light
wavelength .4-.7 micron; emitted by Sun and light bulb
Radiowave
wavelength 1-10m; emitted by radio and TV towers
What happens when we calculate the average temperature of Earth the same way that we did for Mercury and Mars?
we get too cold of a tempeture
equilibrium climate sensitivity
we wait until the Earth equilibrates (100 years) to the new CO2 level before differencing the mean temperatures
1950
weather organization is renamed the World Meteorological Organization and becomes part of the UN
Which way do storms move in the continental United States?
west to east
Fusion
when nuclei combine to produce a nucleus of greater mass
Protons dictate
which element an atom is and also the behavior of the atom bc protons = electrons
What color are clouds as seen from space?
white because water drops and ice scatter all wavelengths
Dakota Access
will bring oil through native American water source
What is appropriate clothing for 260 K?
winter jacket and earmuffs
Charles David keeling
woke up scientists to global warming
Rachel Carson
wrote Silent Spring in 1962 and exposed the maleffects of DDT
Do suction cups work in the deep ocean?
yes
Shortwave
~.5 micron; emitted by Sun
Longwave
~10 micron; emitted by planets
From what optical depth into the Sun does the Sun emit light to space?
τ= 1
How deep into a gas does the gas emit radiation like a solid surface?
τ= 1
As the Earth cools, the atmosphere holds ____ water vapor and that tends to cause the Earth to emit ____ radiation to space.
"less" and "more"
As the Earth warms, the atmosphere holds ____ water vapor and that tends to cause the Earth to emit ____ radiation to space.
"more" and "less"
Utility-scale solar power costs roughly how much to install per watt of rated power?
$1/W
Earth total feedback parameter
-1 W/m2/K
If a sand dune's feedback parameter is +25 kg/s/m, by what amount does its net rate of inflow change if we apply a sudden height perturbation of −5 m?
-125 kg/s
If a sand dune's feedback parameter is −3 kg/s/m, what is the final perturbation if a forcing of −9 kg/s is applied?
-3m
If a sand dune's feedback parameter is −15 kg/s/m, by what amount does its net rate of inflow change if we apply a sudden height perturbation of 3 m?
-45 kg/s
Solar harvesting by plants yields
.5 W/m2
Phanerozoic
.5 gya - present
max power extracted from the wind for an intermediate air flow =
.59 = betz limit
Max power from wind =
.59 X rate at which kinetic energy passes through
What is a typical capacity factor for a wind turbine?
0.3
If a sand dune's feedback parameter is −8 kg/s/m, what is the final perturbation if a forcing of 4 kg/s is applied?
0.5 m
900 millibars equals
0.9 bar
Only need ____% of Earth's area to get 60TW of power from solar
1
When wind turbines are distributed over a property to maximize the electrical power generated per land area, roughly what amount of electrical power per area can we hope to generate?
1 W/m2
Ocean acidification puts 60% of the carbon burned by humans into the ocean on a timescale of
1 thousand years
amount of carbon in hydrates is estimated at
1,000-10,000 GtC
over all depths, permafrost contains
1,500 GtC
What is roughly the maximum potential global power generation from hydroelectric dams?
1.5 TW
Taken altogether, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, and halocarbons are responsible for how much radiative forcing?
1.5 W/m2
What is the modern estimate for the likely range of Earth's climate sensitivity?
1.5 to 4.5 K
kinetic energy =
1/2 x mass x speed squared
Crops occupy _____% of the Earth's land mass
10
Using the minus-thirty-and-halve approximation, what is 50 ◦F in Celsius?
10 C
Current global emissions
10 GtC yr = 2.5 ppm
In a dry atmosphere, what is the numerical value of the lapse rate?
10 K/m
Americans consume
10 Kw/person
If a lightbulb produces 100 J of heat and light while on for 10 seconds, how much electrical power does the lightbulb consume?
10 W
How high is the Earth's atmosphere?
10 km
Gravitational acceleration of Earth
10 m/s2
Using Wien's law, what is the peak wavelength of radiation emitted by an object with a temperature of 300 K?
10 micronS
The acidified ocean is returned to its original pH on a timescale of
10 thousand years
At Earth's surface, atmospheric pressure is equivalent to
10 tons per square
Methane in the atmosphere oxidizes to CO2 on what timescale?
10 years
Roughly what fraction of land area is suitable for wind power, i.e., has a wind class of 3 or higher?
10%
What percent of land on Earth reaches 3+ wind class?
10%
The world would need ____ TW power to all live like Americans
100
Human
100 W
After ocean acidification and dissolution of calcium carbonate, silicate weathering removes the remaining 20% of the extra carbon still in the atmosphere on a timescale of
100 thousand years
What is the likely amount of carbon contained in methane clathrates?
1000-10000 GtC
How much power does the average American consume?
10000 W
If the partial pressures of nitrogen, oxygen, argon, and water vapor are 780 mbars, 200 mbars, 10 mbars, and 30 mbars, what is the total pressure
1020 mbars
Roughly how thick is Earth's atmosphere?
10km thicc
The burning of carbon up to this point has lead to how much additional carbon in the atmosphere
120 ppm
An overshot water wheel generates power by capturing the gravitational potential energy of water as it is carried by the wheel from its top to its bottom. If a 2-m-diameter overshot water wheel processes 7 kg/s of water, roughly how much power does it generate?
140 W
Averaging over all land, day/night, seasons, and weather, the power per land area of sunlight is
150 W/m2
If a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen has a total pressure of 900 mbars, and if the partial pressure of nitrogen is 720 mbars, what is the partial pressure of oxygen?
180 mbars
In what year was the greenhouse effect postulated, thereby initiating the field of climate science?
1824
The first prediction of global warming was made in what year?
1896
In what year did congressional testimony first raise public awareness about global warming?
1988
The IPCC was founded in___and issued its first assessment report in___
1988 and 1990
Borehole paleothermometry reveals a mean global ground-temperature increase over the past ~100 years of
1k
What is the current radiative forcing from the extra CO2 that is currently in the atmosphere?
2 W/m2
Current increase in CO2 is
2 ppm/year
The carbon contained in peat down to 1 meter is equivalent to how many years of fossil-fuel burning at the current rate of emissions?
20
Consider a 0.01-kg feather initially at rest, so vi = 0, at height hi in a vacuum. It is dropped and reaches a final speed of vf = 20 m/s at the ground, where hf = 0. What was hi?
20 m
Consider a 2-kg bowling ball initially at rest, so vi = 0, at height hi in a vacuum. It is dropped and reaches a final speed of vf = 20 m/s at the ground, where hf = 0. What was hi?
20 m
Roughly what fraction of the carbon burned by humans is still in the atmosphere as CO2 after 10,000 years?
20%
The dissolution of CaCO3 will allow an additional ____% of carbon to be hidden on a timescale of _____ years
20, 10,000
How much carbon is there in peat worldwide down to one-meter depth?
200 GtC
So far we have burned
200 GtC coal, 150 GtC oil, 50 GtC gas
A typical building has 3 meters between floors and the average American adult weighs 80 kg. How much energy does it take to lift 5 average American adults up 2 floors in a typical building?
24 kJ
What is 0 ◦C in Kelvin?
273 K
Preindustrial CO2 concentration
280 ppm
What was the preindustral concentration of carbon dioxide?
280 ppm
Berkeley
280-300 K
Earth
288 K
What is the average temperature of Earth?
288 K
If Earth's mean temperature increases from 288 K to 291 K when CO2 is doubled from its preindustrial concentration, what mean temperature would you expect if CO2 were quadrupled from its preindustrial concentration?
294 K
In an atmosphere with water, approximately what is the temperature at a height of 4 km if the temperature at a height of 2 km is 283 K?
296 K
By how much have Berkeley's warm-season maximum temperatures increased over the past 125 years?
2K
If planet A is the same temperature as planet B, but has twice the area, how much more rapidly does planet A lose energy by radiation?
2x
Roughly how much power will a 10-MW wind turbine generate?
3 MW
The avg American consumes how much carbon annually?
3 tons of coal, 22 barrels of oil, 2400 m3 of gas
Using Wien's law, what is the peak wavelength of radiation emitted by an object with a temperature of 100 K?
30 MICRONS
Averaging over all land, day/night, seasons, and weather, and assuming a typical solar-cell efficiency, the electrical power per land area generated by PV panels is
30 W/m2
On planet Zorkon, the effective height of longwave emission to space is at 9 km where the temperature is 210 K. If the lapse rate in Zorkon's dry atmosphere is 10 K/km, what is the surface temperature?
300 K
If a planet's TSI is 2000 W/m2 and its albedo is 0.4, how much power per area must the planet radiate?
300 W/m^2
How many Joules of heat are generated by a heater that outputs 500 W for 10 minutes?
300 kJ
Which causes the greater amount of additional warming? an increase of CO2 from 300 to 400 ppm or 400 to 500ppm
300 to 400
Peak wavelength =
3000 micronK/temp K
What is 30 ◦C in Kelvin?
303 K
The wet-bulb temp of death is
308K
On planet Kruftulon, the effective height of longwave emission to space is at 3 km where the temperature is 310 K. If the lapse rate in Kruftulon's dry atmosphere is 10 K/km, what is the surface temperature?
340 K
Permafrost accounts for ____/1500 GtC in soil
350
Preindustrial Oil concentration
350 GtC
The human body produces about 100 W of heat. How much heat does the human body emit in an hour?
360 kJ
Water boils
373 K
How many rocky planets are there in our Solar System
4
If we hold the concentrations of greenhouse gases constant at the levels anticipated in 2100 for the RCP4.5 scenario, roughly how much globally averaged warming would we get if we waited long enough?
4 K
Earth formed
4.5 gya
Precambrian era
4.5 gya - .5 gya
Using the minus-thirty-and-halve approximation, what is 110 ◦F in Celsius?
40 C
Preindustrial oceanic carbon concentration
40,000 GtC
Roughly how much power will a 300-W solar panel generate?
45 W
Bake a cake
450 K
Which of the following is a typical temperature of an oven?
450 K
Solar could produce up to
4500 TW
If a sand dune's feedback parameter is +24 kg/s/m, by what amount does its net rate of inflow change if we apply a sudden height perturbation of 2 m?
48 kg/s
Americans emit _____ as much CO2 per person than the global average
4X
Biomass can yield a maximum of
5 TW
Emission of longwave radiation to space occurs at
5 km
Preindustrial coal concentration
5,000 GtC
Ectotherms require
5-10X less food than endotherms
The power per area emitted by an object, in W/m2, is equal to?(Stefan & Boltzmann law)
5.67(T/100)4
Preindustrial land plants carbon concentration
500 GtC
Paleozoic
542 mya - 251 mya; weird sea creatures
Consider a 0.01-kg feather initially at rest, so vi = 0, at height hi in a vacuum. It is dropped and reaches a final speed of vf = 10 m/s at the ground, where hf = 0. What was hi?
5m
Consider a 2-kg bowling ball initially at rest, so vi = 0, at height hi in a vacuum. It is dropped and reaches a final speed of vf = 10 m/s at the ground, where hf = 0. What was hi?
5m
If we hold the concentrations of greenhouse gases constant at the levels anticipated in 2100 for the RCP4.5 scenario, roughly how much land warming would we get if we waited long enough?
6 K
How much kinetic energy is in a 3-kg ball traveling at 2 m/s?
6 j
How many times has a snowball Earth occurred?
6 times, during the precambrian period
What is the approximate power per area emitted by the inside wall of an oven in W/m2 ?
6 x 4.5^4
What is the approximate power per area emitted by a person in W/m2?
6(3^4)
In an atmosphere with water, what is the numerical value of the lapse rate?
6.5 K/km
To allow all 10 billion people to live like Americans, roughly how much electrical power does humanity need to generate?
60 TW
Total power from nuclear
60 TW for one year
_____% of the burned carbon can be hidden as bicarbonate on a timescale of _______ years
60, 1,000
Preindustrial atmospheric carbon concentration
600 GtC
What is the temperature of the Sun where it emits light?
6000 K
Which of the following is a typical temperature of the Sun?
6000 K
No ice sheets
65-34 mya
According to the Clausius-Clapeyron equation, p ∗ v increases with temperature exponentially at a rate of approximately
7%/K
Current population is ____ billion, it will rise to ____ billion by 2100
7, 11
Power emitted by Sun
70,000,000 W/m2
Self-cleaning oven
750 K
