Exam 3 Unit 3

Chunk

A grouping of information that can be stored in short-term memory

Working memory

A set of active, temporary memory stores that actively manipulate and rehearse information

True

Both positive and negative reinforcement increase the likelihood of a response.

Jennifer is desperately afraid of snakes. Her psychologist believes that her fear of snakes may have been classically conditioned. If her psychologist is correct, Jennifer's fear is the

CR

Which of these statements is correct about eyewitness identification of criminal suspects?

Eyewitnesses are prone to memory errors concerning the accident or crime they witnessed.

Which of the following students should retrieve information more successfully on classroom tests based on studies of recoding strategies?

Irene, who attempts to relate her notes to information she already knows

Which of the following is an example of the behavioral process known as extinction?

Lauren no longer shops at her neighborhood bakery because they stopped making her favorite kind of bagels.

Episodic memory

Memory for events that occur in a particular time, place, or context

Semantic Memory

Memory for general knowledge and facts about the world, as well as memory for the rules of logic that are used to deduce other facts.

Recognition

Memory task in which individuals are presented with a stimulus and asked whether they have been exposed to it in the past or to identify it from a list of alternatives

Recall

Memory task in which specific information must be retrieved

Short-term memory

Memory that holds information for 15 to 25 seconds

Long-term memory

Memory that stores information on a relatively permanent basis, although it may be difficult to retrieve

"Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally" (PEMDAS) is a popular way for math teachers to help their students remember the order of operations (Parenthesis, Exponents, Multiplication and Division, Addition and Subtraction). This is an example of:

Mnemonic devices

Hippocampus

Part of the brain's limbic system and plays a central role in the consolidation of memories

Amygdala

Part of the limbic system, it is involved with memories involving emotion

_________ are organized bodies of information stored in memory that bias the way new information is interpreted, stored and recalled.

Schemas

Sensory memory

The initial, momentary storage of information, lasting only an instant

Memory

The process by which we encode, store, and retrieve information

Dan was riding a bus when the engine backfired and made a loud "bang." His heart started pounding, and he felt sick with fear. The next time Dan got on a bus, these unpleasant feelings returned. How would Pavlov explain what happened to Dan?

The unpleasant feeling had become a conditioned response.

In order to "cry" during a particular scene, an actress held a handkerchief soaked in onion juice close to her face. The onion juice served as a(n)

UCS/Unconditioned Stimulus

According to eyewitness testimony research, which of the following increases the likelihood of identification errors?

When eye-witnesses are asked to identify a perpetrator from a race other than their own

The encoding specificity principle is a hypothesis that states:

a retrieval cue will be effective to the extend that information encoded from the cue overlaps or matches information in the memory trace.

Psychologists regard memory failures (i.e., forgetting) as a(n)

adaptive function that allows the brain to work efficiently

Which of the following has a significant effect on the accuracy of eyewitness memory?

age of the eyewitness, the presence of weapons, and the wording of questions that are asked about the crime

Estelle has fond memories for the night her husband proposed to her. This memory probably involves not only her hippocampus but also her:

amygdala

Which is the correct order of the four parts of learning theorized by Bandura?

attention, retention, initiation, motivation

Your _____ memory helps you recall what happened to you during your first day of college.

autobiographical

Kim enjoys skiing and finds that she goes on the slopes as often as she can. Kim's behavior may be explained by Thorndike's Law of Effect, which states that

behavior that is rewarding or satisfying is likely to be repeated.

"What's your ID number?" the associate asks over the phone. "Seven, six, four . . ." you begin. After a brief pause, you continue, "seventy-two . . . sixteen thirty-eight." To ease the burden on the associate's short-term memory, you are giving the number in ______ rather than as individual digits.

chunks

When she was 6 years old, Anita went to a camp where she had a wonderful time. Two years later, her parents drove past the camp on their way to a family vacation. Anita had an unaccountable positive feeling sweep over her. Her positive feelings can be explained through the process of

classical conditioning.

When Nora goes into a cupcake bakery, she is surrounded by cues associated with cupcakes. her response elicited by these cues is to expect a very delicious dessert. When she waits until she gets home to eat the cupcake, that is exactly what she experiences. However, when she eats the cupcake at the bakery it is not as delicious as she predicted. Which concept explains this phenomenon of cues reducing the strength of the unconditioned response (i.e., enjoyment of the cupcake)?

conditioned compensatory responses

Caitlin loves to get email from her friends back home. Her computer makes a "boing" noise every time an email arrives. Before she got this computer, the "boing" noise meant nothing to her, but now she really loves that noise. The "boing" on her computer has become, for Caitlin, a(n)

conditioned stimulus

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments, the neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response is known as the

conditioned stimulus.

A researcher reads the following list of words to a group of participants: night, dream, bed, quiet, pillow, snore, nightmare, blanket, alarm. The researcher then asks the participants to write down as many words as they can recall from the list. Several write down the word "sleep," which was not on the list. This example BEST illustrates:

constructive memory

When asked to describe an examination room at his doctor's office, John seemed to do an accurate job. However, he included a framed medical degree on the wall that was not there. This is an example of:

constructive memory

According to _____ theory, memory failures occur because we do not have sufficient retrieval stimuli to access information that is stored in our long-term memory.

cue-dependent

Two years after graduating from college, Allison is trying to remember what she learned in her class on analytical chemistry. She is experiencing memory ______, caused by nonuse.

decay

The stimulus controlling the operant response is called a __________ stimulus. For example, students do not learn simply when material is set in front of them. Instead, the material sets the occasion for learning to occur.

discriminative

Which principle describes when an unusual event, typically in the context of similar events, will be recalled and recognized better than uniform events?

distinctiveness

Ilana is trying to remember a set of dates for her history class. While she practices the dates, she makes up rhymes and stories to go with them. This method of improving her memory by adding to the information she is trying to remember while practicing it is called

elaborative rehearsal

Thinking about the meaning of the information to be reviewed and trying to form associations with information already in memory is called _____.

elaborative rehearsal

It is critical to use good interviewing techniques with eyewitnesses after an event because good interviewing techniques can:

enhance the quality and quantity of information obtained from an eyewitness.

When you tell your roommate about what happened on the way to class, that information is retrieved from _____ memory.

episodic

A man loses his superstitious fear of black cats when bad outcomes do not happen after he sees one. What is this process called?

extinction

Michaella used to feel a twinge in her left arm every time she saw the flower poster that was displayed in the doctor's office where she got her flu shot. However, it has been six months since she got the shot and although she has since visited her doctor, she no longer feels a twinge when she sees the flower poster. In behavioral terms, this process is called

extinction.

Memories that we believe to be real, but never actually occurred are called _____.

false memories

Imagine that you are a memory researcher and want to learn about memory errors. You decide to meet with participants and ask them about the time they went camping with their family (even though they have never camped in their lives). At first, the participants are hesitant, not really remembering the camping trip (because it never happened!). However, after you show them a few Photoshopped images of them in a sleeping bag and in the forest, they begin to remember details about the trip - how the family went berry picking or that an animal tried to get into the food supply. This phenomenon is referred to as:

false memory

Encoding is the memory process primarily concerned with

getting information into memory

Scientists do not believe that instrumental learning is simply a stimulus-response pattern. Instead, reinforcers are said to lead to behavior that is __________, or influenced by the current value of its associated goal.

goal-directed

Jules was recently in a motorcycle accident that damaged portions of her limbic system, particularly the hippocampus. You would not be surprised if Jules experienced a(n)

inability to consolidate new memories

A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience is called

learning

In a study, researchers asked one group of participants to watch a video about two friends in an unpleasant argument. They asked another group of participants to watch the same video, but told them that it was a video of two friends enjoying a lively discussion. Afterwards, the researchers notice that participants who were told the discussion was an argument were more likely to falsely report that the people in the video were yelling, frowning, and angry. This is an example of

misinformation effect

Sarah wants to go to the movies, but she forgot to wash the dishes as her mother asked. She is not allowed to go to the movies. If Sarah is less likely to forget to wash the dishes in the future, she has experienced

negative punishment.

Sara's shoes hurt her feet terribly. She took them off and immediately felt relief. She is likely to take off her shoes again when they bother her. This behavior is an example of

negative reinforcement.

A child who learns to play kickball by sitting back and watching is engaged in:

observational learning

Soon after the popular people in her group started to smoke cigarettes, Barb started smoking, too. Barb's behavior is an example of what kind of learning process?

observational learning

Whenever a student answers a question in class, Professor Goldsmith responds, "That's a great question; thank you for asking it." Students are subsequently more likely to ask questions in Goldsmith's class. This example most clearly illustrates

operant conditioning.

Which term refers to the phenomenon in which old memories can work in a forward direction to interfere with new memories?

proactive interference

The process by which an aversive stimulus decreases the probability of a response that precedes it is known as

punishment.

Multiple-choice exam questions generally test

recognition

If your episodic long-term memory were disabled, you would be unable to

remember details of your own personal life

The testing effect refers to:

repeated self-testing as a way to enhance retention of information.

If new experiences disrupt recall of old experiences, this is referred to as:

retroactive interference

Following a car accident, William has little recall for information that he knew from before the accident. He does not recognize members of his family, and he does not remember where he works or what he enjoys doing. William is suffering from

retrograde amnesia

Edward Thorndike's experiments with caged cats showed that

satisfying responses are more likely to be repeated in subsequent situations.

When exposed to adults who say one thing and do another, children will tend to:

say the same things and do what they observed the adults did

Charlene flew to see her grandparents on a plane that was piloted by Janet Harris. When Charlene arrived they asked her how she enjoyed the flight. "It was a wonderful flight, and the pilot was very good. He was able to avoid turbulence." Charlene's inability to remember the pilot's gender may have been influenced by

schemas

In a follow-up study to the original Bobo Doll experiment, Bandura noted that children are less likely to model aggressive behaviors on TV or in movies if they:

see the aggressor get punished.

Penny raises her hand when she wants to speak in the classroom; however, she does not need to do so at home. This is because at school, her operant behavior is under _________ control.

stimulus

Milton's boss asks him to come into her office. To determine whether this request is a signal of good or bad news, Milton looks to see if his boss is smiling or frowning and whether the tone of her voice sounds positive or negative. Milton is using _____ to inform his decision.

stimulus discrimination

When Terrence is driving and sees a police car, he immediately steps on his brake. When he sees a fire truck, he does not step on the brake. Terrence is demonstrating

stimulus discrimination.

A pet cockatiel mistakes a ping-pong ball for its own egg and sits on the ping-pong ball instead of its egg. This demonstrates the conditioning principle of

stimulus generalization.

Buffy was petting her cat when she heard a loud clattering from an upstairs room. She became very startled. Now, she feels a bit fearful when she touches anything furry. This process would be referred to in behavioral terms as

stimulus generalization.

When an animal that was conditioned to respond to a red light also responds to a pink light, it has experienced

stimulus generalization.

When Carla was a child, she ate too much cotton candy at the fair and became very ill. For many years she avoided cotton candy and even the smell of it made her sick. This example demonstrates:

taste aversion conditioning

Every time you eat cotton candy, you are reminded of the time you went to a carnival with your best friend and ate cotton candy until you were sick. In this example, the cotton candy represents:

the retrieval cue

Stimulus generalization is strongest when

the stimuli are very similar to each other.