final exam nutrition
Saturated fatty acids predominate in which of the following lipids?
butter
The mineral found in the body in the most abundance is ________.
calcium
Sugars, starches, and dietary fibers are examples of ________.
carbohydrates
Energy-yielding nutrients include ________.
carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
The three elements in simple sugar are ________.
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
The smallest functional unit of the human body is the ________.
cell
Which of the following lipids is a precursor (can make) for estrogen and bile?
cholesterol
Blockage of a major artery is caused by a blood clot. These clots may form when ________.
cholesterol plaques build up in artery walls
Foods that provide a greater contribution to nutrient needs than calorie needs are said to be ________.
nutrient dense
In the Mediterranean Diet, the majority of fat in the diet is supplied by ________.
olive oil and olives
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is associated with
omega-3 fatty acid metabolism.
Insulin is made in the ________.
pancreas
An essential component of coenzyme A is ________.
pantothenic acid
Recommendations suggest that we consume approximately 20% of our fat as monounsaturated fats. All of the following would be appropriate to use to achieve this goal EXCEPT ________.
peanut oil
Niacin is necessary in the diet to prevent the disease called ________.
pellagra
A coordinated muscular contraction that propels food along the GI tract is called ________.
peristalsis
The storage form of carbohydrates in plants is ________.
starch
Excess amounts of most fat-soluble vitamins are ________.
stored in the liver or adipose tissue
Heartburn is caused by ________.
the backflow of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus
Once absorbed, the majority of glucose is transported from the small intestine to the hepatic portal vein (tunnel) to ________.
the liver
The vitamin that prevents beriberi is ________.
thiamin
The nutrients added to enriched grains typically include ________.
thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folic acid, and iron
The major function(s) of the stomach is/are ________.
to mix ingested foods with gastric juices to form chyme
Lipoproteins are important for ________.
transport of fats in the blood and lymphatic system
Lymph ________.
transports fat-soluble particles from the intestinal tract to the general circulation
Lingual lipase breaks down ________.
triglycerides
Atherosclerosis may lead to Alzheimer-related dementias as well as heart disease and strokes.
true
Ghrelin is a hormone that increases appetite.
true
High-protein diets are often associated with increased intake of saturated fat and cholesterol in the diet.
true
Iron deficiency is the most common mineral deficiencies worldwide.
true
Large doses of riboflavin are nontoxic.
true
Lecithin and bile are examples of emulsifiers.
true
Maintaining one's ideal body weight is a good means of decreasing risk of type 2 diabetes.
true
The Protein RDA for the elderly populations is 1.2g per kilogram of weight.
true
The man-made partially hydrogenated fats found in stick margarines and processed baked goods are called trans fatty acids.
true
The quantity of minerals in the soil can influence the amount of minerals in the plant grown in that soil.
true
Trace minerals are present in the body in smaller quantities than are major minerals.
true
Vegetarian diets are most often low in calcium, vitamin D, vitamin B-12, iron, and zinc.
true
The most common type of diabetes mellitus is ________.
type 2 diabetes
Irreversible nerve damage may be caused by excessive intake of _______ supplements.
vitamin B-6
Pyridoxal, pyridoxine, and pyridoxamine are three forms of ________.
vitamin B-6
Supplements of the water-soluble vitamins ______ and _______ are most likely to cause toxicity symptoms.
vitamin B-6; vitamin C
Fruits and vegetables contain which water soluble vitamin?
vitamin C
People who smoke have an increased need for ________.
vitamin C
Phytic acid binds some minerals so that they cannot be absorbed. Phytic acid is found in ________.
wheat grain fibers
A toxic effects of this vitamin may be a fishy body odor.
choline
The recommended amount of protein as a percentage of total energy intake is ________.
10% to 35%
Typically, major minerals are needed in amounts of ________ mg or more daily.
100
Which of the following represents a BMI range considered to be healthy for most adult men and women?
18.5-24.9
Which of the following is considered a desirable blood level for total cholesterol?
200 mg/dl or less
The reference calorie intake for calculating percent Daily Values on Nutrition Facts labels is ________.
2000 kcal
A man weighs 154 pounds and is 70 inches tall. His BMI is ________.
22
The AI for fiber for women is ________.
25 g/day
The fluid mixture that moves from the stomach to the duodenum is called ________.
chyme
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend that total fat intake should not exceed __________ of total calories and saturated fat intake be limited to _______ of total calories.
35%; 10%
The energy value of dietary carbohydrates is _____ kcal per gram.
4
Lee Brown is a 23-year-old college student. Which of these would indicate that he is at greater risk for chronic diseases associated with obesity?
41-inch waist
Approximately how many calories are in this Chick-fil-A meal that provides 41g of carbohydrates, 29g protein and 17g fat?
430 calories
What would be the recommended amount of protein for a 121-pound female?
44 g/day
Of the total day's energy intake, most dietary guidelines recommend that carbohydrates provide _____________ of energy.
45%-65%
Mike has been told to reduce his fat intake to less than 30% of his total calories. It has been recommended to him that he consume an average of 2000 calories per day. How many grams of fat should he consume per day?
67 grams
Normal fasting blood glucose levels range between ________
70 and 99 mg/dL
The functions of protein include ________. providing structural support to body cells, producing antibodies to fight infection, contributing to acid-base balance, All of these are functions of protein.
All of these are functions of protein.
Individuals with lactose intolerance can usually tolerate small amounts of ________.yogurt, nonfat milk, cheddar cheese, All of these are often tolerated in small amounts.
All of these are often tolerated in small amounts.
Good sources of folate include ________.All of these choices are accurate, oranges, enriched cereals and grains, dried beans, leafy green vegetables
All of these choices are accurate.
In which of the following metabolic pathways are coenzymes required? All of these choices are accurate.Glycolysis, Citric acid cycle, Beta-oxidation, Electron transport chain
All of these choices are accurate.
Signs of protein deficiency may include ________. edema, mild to moderate weight loss, poor resistance to infection, All of these choices are accurate.
All of these choices are accurate.
The semi-starvation of anorexia nervosa results in many physiological changes, such as ________. decreased basal metabolism, lanugo, iron-deficiency anemia, dry, scaly, cold skin, All of these choices are accurate.
All of these choices are accurate.
To counteract the binge, the bulimic patient may ________. induce vomiting, take laxatives, over-exercise, All of these choices are accurate.
All of these choices are accurate.
An evaluation of nutritional health includes ________. biochemical assessment, dietary assessment, medical history, All of these choices are correct, anthropometric measurements
All of these choices are correct
After major surgery, hospital patients may be at risk of PEM due to ________. poor prior health, low dietary intakes, increased needs for recovery, All of these choices are correct.
All of these choices are correct.
An increased fiber intake within recommended guidelines may ________. decrease risk of diabetes, lower blood lipid levels, decrease risk of certain cancers, All of these choices are correct.
All of these choices are correct.
Sorbitol is ________. a sugar alcohol, absorbed and metabolized more slowly than glucose and other sugars, a nutritive sweetener used in candies and gums, All of these choices are correct.
All of these choices are correct.
The villi found in the gastrointestinal tract ________. are finger-like projections into the lumen of the small intestine, are covered with the brush border (microvilli), contain cells that produce mucus, hormones, and enzymes, produce a large surface area for nutrient absorption, All of these choices are correct.
All of these choices are correct.
Usual symptoms of diabetes mellitus include ________. weight change, excessive thirst and urination, blurred vision, All of these choices are correct.
All of these choices are correct.
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans are designed to reduce the risk of ________.cancer, cardiovascular disease, obesity, All of these responses are correct.
All of these responses are correct.
Which is true about the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)? They apply to people in Canada and the U.S., They differ by age group., They include Recommended Dietary Allowances and Tolerable Upper Intake Levels., They were created by the Food and Nutrition Board., All of these responses are true.
All of these responses are true.
Which condition is NOT usually associated with type 2 diabetes?
Autoimmune destruction of beta cells of the pancreas
Which of the following foods contains the least amount of lactose per serving?
Bagel
Which of the following is NOT an enzyme? Bile, Protease, Sucrase, Lipase
Bile
What will happen to fat digestion if a gallbladder is removed?
Bile will be directly secreted to the small intestine, continuing fat digestion.
Vitamin B-12 is found in which of the following foods?
Chicken
Which group of foods provides substantial amounts of vitamin C?
Citrus fruits and vegetables
Many factors influence food choices. Which factor relates to the knowledge, beliefs, religion, and traditions shared by a group of people?
Culture
The small intestine is divided into three segments. List them in descending order.
Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
Which structure prevents food and liquid from entering the airway?
Epiglottis
The coenzyme form of riboflavin is ________.
FAD
Which is NOT a complex carbohydrate? Glycogen, Starch, Fiber, Glucose
Glucose
Which of the following lipoproteins contains the highest proportion of protein?
HDL
What is a common function of plant sterols?
Inhibit absorption of "bad" cholesterol
__________________ develops before type 2 diabetes and is characterized by body cells becoming less sensitive to the effects of insulin.
Insulin resistance
Which of the following organs is NOT part of the digestive organ system? Small intestine, Pancreas, Kidneys, Liver
Kidneys
Which of the following would be seen on a blood lipid profile of a patient who was recommended to make dietary changes to reduce his or her risk for cardiovascular disease?
Low HDL and high LDL
Which lipoprotein is responsible for transporting cholesterol from the liver to tissues?
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
Which of the following foods represents the most nutrient-dense source of riboflavin?
Low-fat milk
What eating behavior does MyPlate specifically encourage?
Make at least half your grains whole grains.
Which of the following B-vitamins is found in the widest variety of foods (i.e., different food groups such as vegetables, grains, meat)? Pantothenic acid, Vitamin B-12, Vitamin C, All of these choices are accurate.
Pantothenic acid
Which group of individuals has the highest requirement for folate?
Pregnant women
What would happen to dietary protein if HCl were not being produced in sufficient quantities?
Protein digestion could not fully occur because proteins could not be denatured and pepsinogen could not be converted to pepsin.
To help best maintain the vitamin C and B-vitamin content of foods, which of the following food preparation methods should be used?
Stir-frying
In what order does food pass through the organs of the GI tract?
Stomach, Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum, Colon
What type of claim is "calcium builds strong bones and teeth"?
Structure/function claim
Which of the following does NOT describe a vitamin?
They provide a rich source of energy.
Which is correct regarding trans fatty acids?
They raise blood cholesterol and lower HDL cholesterol.
In what form is most body fat stored?
Triglycerides
Thiamin should be given to an alcoholic patient who has ________.
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Tissues are defined as ________.
a collection of cells that perform a specific function
Celiac disease is best treated by ________.
a gluten-free diet
A body mass index of 40 represents ________.
a high risk for health problems
Hunger can be defined as ________.
a physiological drive to find and eat food
When over 10 amino acids are chemically linked by peptide bonds, the resulting product is known as ________.
a polypeptide
The absorptive process that requires energy in the form of ATP is ________.
active absorption
All of the following are essential amino acids except: leucine, isoleucine, alanine, valine
alanine
The basic building blocks of protein are ________.
amino acids
The liver converts toxic __________ to _________ so the kidneys can excrete it.
ammonia, urea
Saliva contains ________.
an amylase and mucus
The chief contributors of saturated fatty acids in the U.S. diet include ________.
animal products
The psychological desire to eat certain foods and reject others is defined by:
appetite
Glucose, galactose, and fructose ________.
are monosaccharides
When plant proteins are compared to animal proteins, they ________.
are usually deficient in one or more essential amino acids
To be defined as a "good" source of calcium, a food must contain ________.
at least 10% of the Daily Value for calcium in 1 serving of the food
The main objective of Healthy People 2030 is to help Americans ________.
attain healthy, thriving lives and well being, free from preventable disease disability, injury, and premature death.
All the following are good sources of omega-3 fatty acids EXCEPT ________. flaxseed oil, salmon, avocados, walnuts
avocados
Segmentation as a function of the GI tract involves ________.
back and forth contractions that break apart the food mass
An example of a probiotic is ________.
bacteria in yogurt
The body's total daily energy expenditure includes ________.
basal metabolic rate, thermal effect of food, and effects of physical activity
For most adults, the greatest portion of their energy expenditure is for ________.
basal metabolism
A high intake of raw egg whites (>12 per day) can inhibit absorption of ________.
biotin
A stroke ________.
blocks blood flow in the brain
Most B-vitamins function as __________.
coenzymes
When 2 or more plant proteins are combined to compensate for deficiencies in essential amino acid content in each protein, the proteins are called ________.
complementary proteins
Foods containing all essential amino acids in the proportion needed by the body are designated as ________.
complete proteins
Cooking an egg destroys its physiological property by ________.
denaturation
When food proteins reach the stomach, HCl ________ the protein.
denatures
The side chain, or R portion, of an amino acid ________.
deterimines the name of the amino acid
Dietary sugars and starches are called "protein sparing," which means ________.
dietary protein can be used for protein synthesis and other vital processes, rather than being used as a source of energy
The major symptoms of kwashiorkor in children are ________.
edema and growth failure
The principal function of dietary carbohydrate is to provide ________.
energy
Most dietary fats will ________.
enter the lymphatic system
The (obesrvational) study of the distribution of disease in human populations is ________.
epidemiology
Alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid are classified as _________ fatty acids.
essential
Marasmus is characterized by ________.
extreme weight loss and fat loss
A female who smokes would require 75 mg of vitamin C.
false
Americans typically eat more omega-3 fatty acids than omega-6 fatty acids.
false
Before an amino acid can be used for energy, the amino group must first be stripped through a process called denaturation.
false
Compared to the typical American diet, vegetarian diets are generally lower in dietary fiber.
false
Dietary supplements are tightly regulated by the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA).
false
Individuals who are attempting to build up their muscles need 3 times as much protein as those who are not building muscles.
false
Individuals who have apple-shaped obesity tend to accumulate subcutaneous fat around the abdominal region and have a greater risk for chronic disease.
false
Lacto-ovo-vegetarians exclude meat, poultry, fish, and eggs from their diet.
false
Proteins are assembled in the mitochondria of the cell.
false
Riboflavin can be made in the body by gut bacteria.
false
Some minerals can be synthesized in the human body.
false
The Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes program eliminates all processed foods and red meats.
false
The t-RNA copies the code for protein instruction from the DNA in the nucleus of the cell in protein synthesis.
false
Zoochemicals are physiologically active compounds found in plants.
false
Insufficient production of bile is mostly likely to impair absorption of ________.
fat
Which of the following are complex carbohydrates not broken down by digestive processes:
fiber
A defect in the formation of the neural tube during early fetal development (spina bifida) can occur from a lack of ________.
folate
Too much of this vitamin may mask a vitamin B12 deficiency.
folate
Megaloblastic anemia develops as a result of deficiencies of __________ and __________.
folate; vitamin B-12
A sugar not commonly found free in nature that combines with glucose to form the disaccharide lactose is ________.
galactose
A painful, red, inflamed tongue, which is sometimes symptomatic of riboflavin deficiency, is called ________.
glossitis
The body is capable of making glucose from non-carbohydrate nutrients, such as the amino acids of protein, by a process referred to as ________.
gluconeogenesis
The human brain and other nerve tissues use mostly _________________ as fuel.
glucose
The enzyme sucrase breaks down sucrose into ________.
glucose + fructose
Phospholipids consist of ________ and can _________ fats.
glycerol, two fatty acids, and phosphate; emulsify
To be eligible for bariatric surgery an individual must have a BMI ______.
greater than 40
The genetic disorder sickle-cell anemia produces a profound change in ___________ structure.
hemoglobin
Fats that are liquid at room temperature can be made more solid by the process of ________.
hydrogenation
All of the following are unmodifiable risk factors for heart disease EXCEPT ________. hypertension, gender, age, genetics
hypertension
Low blood glucose is called ____________, whereas high blood glucose is called ____________.
hypoglycemia; hyperglycemia
The bacteria that usually inhabit the large intestine are prevented from backing up into the ileum by the action of the ________.
ileocecal sphincter
When body systems are operating normally and nutrient stores are being maintained, an individual is said to be ________.
in desirable nutritional status
Excessive intakes of saturated fatty acids tend to ________.
increase cholesterol deposited in arteries
An evidence-based, non-dieting approach to health which focuses on hunger and fullness is called:
intuitive eating
An example of a prebiotic is ________.
inulin, a poorly digested carbohydrate found in foods such as onions, garlic, and asparagus
When the diet contains more energy than is expended, the excess energy ________.
is stored as fat in adipose tissue
One essential difference between anorexia and bulimia ________.
is that the person with bulimia turns to food during a crisis or problem, whereas the person with anorexia turns away from food
In general, excess amounts of water-soluble vitamins are excreted via the ________.
kidneys
Primary lactose intolerance results from ________.
lactase insufficiency
The principal sugar found in milk is ________.
lactose
Bile is formed in the ___________ and stored in the ___________.
liver; gallbladder
Three important disaccharides are ________.
maltose, sucrose, and lactose
In a dietary deficiency of folate, there are decreasing numbers of mature red blood cells to carry the oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. This condition is known as ________.
megaloblastic anemia
Which of the following foods provides all of the essential amino acids?
milk
Human digestion of food begins in the _______, where the enzyme _____ breaks down a small amount of starch.
mouth; amylase
All persons with diabetes ________.
need to eat a diet that will control their blood sugar
A growing child who is consuming adequate protein but only 50% of his or her energy needs will likely be in ________.
negative nitrogen balance
Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) from the pancreas ________.
neutralize the acid contents in the duodenum
Flushing of the face and skin can result from pharmacological doses of ________.
niacin
The presence of ___________ chemically distinguishes protein from carbohydrate and fat.
nitrogen
For which vitamin is there no TUL established?
none of these have an establish TUL
The RDA for protein for most healthy adults is ________.
0.8 g/kg of body weight
A safe rate of weight loss would be:
1-2 pounds per week
Phytochemicals are ________.
plant substances that provide health benefits
A nutrient-dense source of thiamin is ________.
pork and pork products
The sequential order of the amino acids in the polypeptide chain is called the ________.
primary structure
A diet that is deficient in carbohydrate will ultimately force the liver to ________.
produce glucose from amino acids
Niacin can be found in
protein containing foods
Most vital body proteins are in a constant state of breakdown, rebuilding, and repair. This process is called:
protein turnover
Anorexia nervosa can be defined as ________.
psychological denial of appetite
The sphincter that allows chyme to pass into the small intestine is known as the ________.
pyloric sphincter
Thiamin, niacin, and riboflavin work together in important biochemical pathways that ________.
release energy from carbohydrate, fat, and protein
According to guidelines from the American Heart Association for the general population, saturated fats ________.
should be replaced by monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fats
Glucose is classified as a ________.
simple sugar
Most of the digestive processes occur in the ________.
small intestine
Water-soluble vitamins are absorbed in the ________.
small intestine
Secretions from the pancreas include ________.
sodium bicarbonate and digestive enzymes
Lipids with high saturated fatty acid content are generally ____________ at room temperature.
solid
Oxalic acid binds some minerals so they cannot be absorbed. Oxalic acid is found in ________.
some leafy, green vegetables, such as spinach
