FIRE PROTECTION
Class C Extinguisher
Circle, Blue, Electrical equipment
Class D
Combustible metals; heat-absorbing medium which is not reactive with burning metals
10 sqm
Coverage of one sprinkler head for extra hazard occupancy
20 sqm
Coverage of one sprinkler head for light hazard occupancy
Stage 4
Decay or Cooling period; gradual consumption of fuel in the compartment
Class C
Energized electrical equipment; no water, use electrical non-conductive extinguishing agents
Congested High Fire Load Areas; Loss of Integrity of Fire Wall; and Proximity of Buildings
External Fire Spread due to:
Half-way Stage 1 and half-way Stage 2
Fire Growth: Active Fire Protection, Development of heat and flames
Half-way Stage 2, Stage 3 and Stage 4
Fire Growth: Passive Fire Protection, Load bearing capacity of materials is maintained. Prevention of fir spread to other compartments.
Life Risk Areas
Fire zoning (hospitals); areas in which all occupants are ambulant and able to move unaided away from a fire. eg. Outpatient department; Service Zone
High Life Risk Areas
Fire zoning (hospitals); areas in which persons may reside and are not able to move unaided away from a fire. eg. Intensive Care Unit, Operating Department
High Fire Load Areas
Fire zoning (hospitals); areas which, because of their construction or contents, contain large amounts of combustible materials, thereby constituting a fire load in excess of that normally found eg. Gas Storage, Linen Closets
High Fire Risk Areas
Fire zoning (hospitals); areas which, due to their function, are more usually susceptible to an outbreak of fire, or to a rapid spread of fire or smoke. eg. Kitchen or Boiler Room
Class B
Flammable liquids and gases; exclude air from burning materials
Stage 2
Flashover; rapid change from local fire to one involving all combustible materials in a room
Stage 1
For Growth: Active Fire Protection, Slow rate of burning
Stage 3
Fully developed fire; all materials in compartment are alight; maximum rate of the release is dependent on either available ventilation or quantity of fuel
Air ducts; Vertical Shafts; Ceilings; and Non-Fire Rated Doors
Internal Fire Spread due to through:
Mechanical Fire Detection
Makes use of manual and automatic (electric/electronic) methods of informing the occupants in charge that a fire has occurred in a given location
Stage 1
Pre-flashover or growth phase; involves flaming combustion of item and may lead to spread of fire
Fire Avoidance
Reducing the possibility of accidental ignition of construction materials, as well as fittings and fixtures.
Class B Extinguisher
Square, Red, Flammable Liquids
Class D Extinguisher
Star, Yellow, Combustible metals
Automatic Sprinkler System
System of water pipes, discharge nozzles, and control valves designed to activate during fires by automatically discharging enough water to control or extinguish a fire.
6 meters; 23 meters
Wet standpipes shall be determined so that all portions of the building are within _____ of a nozzle attached to a hose _____ long
Standpipe
a pipe installed in the building not part of the water supply system but primarily for use as water conveyor in case of fire
Fire
a rapid oxidation process accompanied by the evolution of heat, light and emission of sound
Wet Standpipe System
a standpipe system having piping containing water at all times; a piping network connects to all levels of building
Fire Growth Restrictions
aimed at ensuring that the growing fire is extinguished immediately and at providing adequate time for firemen to arrive, control the fire and evacuate the occupants
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
are most effective on Class B and C fires; the gas disperses quickly, these extinguishers are only effective from 1 to 2.4 feet; is stored as a compressed liquid, as it expands it cools the surrounding air
Dry Chemical
are usually rated for multiple purpose use; contain an extinguishing agent and use a compressed, non-flammable gas as a propellant
Fire Containment
assumes that measures to control a growing fire may bot be successful, hence its maximum size needs to be restricted both to reduce the risk and to allow effective firefighting; fire cladding of structural components to ensure stability of structural frames
Timber
combustible and spreads flames
Fire Compartmentation
containing fire-prone areas by means of fire-resistive enclosures; to limit fire and smoke spread, allow longer escape time, and to reduce the maximum potential size of the fire
Halon
contains a gas that interrupts with the chemical reaction that occurs when fuels burn; use to protect valuable electrical equipment since it does not leave a residue and will not damage appliances
Escape Provisions
cover a range of passive or active systems which permit the occupants to move or be moved to a place of safety within or outside the building
Fire Control
covers those devices and systems which fire aid firefighters in actively extinguishing the fire and end it earlier than a free-burning fire
Steel
does not burn; high conductivity spreads heat; loses half of its strength in 550°C
Calcium Silicate
excellent thermal shock resistance; up to 100°C
Fuel, Oxygen, Heat
fire triangle
6-7 storeys
fire truck should be 5.6 meters away on 20 meter-building height or _____ storeys
8-9 storeys
fire truck should be 6.7 meters away on 25 meter-building height or _____ storeys
10 storeys
fire truck should be 8.5 meters away on 30 meter-building height or _____ storeys
Concrete
high fire resistance, disintegrates at 400-500°C
Masonry
high fire resistance; cracks at 575°C; are subject to high temperatures during manufacture
Siamese Connection
is located outside the building for additional water supply
75° angle
maximum and safe angle of a fire truck ladder
Smoke Control
measure which can assist to some extent occupants in the fire zone but particularly needed for other adjacent areas
63mm
minimum diameter for those more than 15 meters from the fire service connection
51mm
minimum diameter for wet standpipe is _____ for those less than 25 meters from the fire service connection
Dry Standpipe System
no longer being utilized in new buildings; a standpipe is connected to the building exterior for connection to the fire department
Class A
ordinary combustible materials, wood, paper, plastics etc; use water
Pendant
projects through a finished ceiling when piping is exposed
Firefighting Shaft
provides access to a building for fire brigades; fully-equipped with service elevator, stair and lobby
3.6 meters to 6 meters
sprinklers can be spaced from _____ apart
Glass
standard float, toughened and laminated panes do not provide any fire resistance
Stairways Landings
standpipes should be located in _____
Smoke Dispersal
technique of clearing smoke locally by provision of natural cross-ventilation or mechanical venting.
Smoke Containment/Barrier
technique of restricting the movement of smoke by the provision of fire resisting elements.
Pressurization
technique whereby air is blown into spaces which are designed to be kept clear of smoke.
Upright
used above piping when piping is exposed
Visual Fire Detection
To visually expose fire risk and fire load areas to building occupants; fire-prone areas should be visually accessible; provide peepholes on doors
Class A Extinguisher
Triangle, Green, Ordinary combustible