FULL Culture and environment FINAL

What is the bund of a rice field?

the little mounds that separate the plots

One of the great technological feats of industrial agriculture is to create crops that ______ _____ fertilizer

took more!

broad define: political ecology

Costs and benefits of environmental interactions affect people unequally

The contrast between europeans and eskimos defined by bad environmental determinism

personality theories (Eskimo personality (overly calm)- they have to sit around and do nothing cuz of winter; European bravery-industriousness (at same time, the cold makes brave Europeans)

Maine salmon industry collapsed in _____ due to _____ _____ _____

Maine salmon industry collapsed in *2000* due to *infectious salmon anemia*

who is MS Swaminathan

appointed as science advisor Borlaug ally

what does mar muos stand for?

festive labor party

How do GH and agric affect each other?

they both affect each other...

What did Malthus think about Okewoods population?

Thought that the small population boom was causing poverty, the growth rate and poverty went hand in hand. The poor were overproducing and could not feed all their children

Why are fertilizers dangerous to move?

- Explosion of a fertilizer plant in West, Texas in 2013 killed 3, injured 176, destroyed several buildings including a middle school. - Worst industrial accident in U.S. history was the 1947 ship explosion at Monsanto ammonium nitrate fertilizer plant in Texas City, Texas, killing more than 500 people.

What is a positive check?

die young

What was Robert Braidwood theory

"hilly flanks theory" nondemographic / achievement

when did inida become independent?

1947

BIOTECHNOLOGY define:

A precise process in which scientific techniques are used to develop useful and beneficial plants

Broad define: Cultural ecology

Cultural institutions are adaptations to environment

What are two new problems with shift to cafos?

Fertility shortage on farm pollution in cafo

What was Midway Atoll (the guano island)

Guano island: Midway atoll: scene of the 1942 Battle of Midway, called most decisive naval battle in history (today wildlife refuge)

I = P x A x T (a formula!)

Impact= Population x Affluence x Technology

What is post-fordist agriculture?

Inbreeding, pesticides, big medicine, tractors

India's overall food grain production was actually growing _____ before the _________ than after it when the _______ ______ was in effect.

India's overall food grain production was actually growing *FASTER* before the *2-YEAR DROUGHT* than after it when the *GREEN REVOLUTION* was in effect.

Classic example of SSC and rituals and environment

Maring (rappaport)

Hunger not mainly a food production problem note 41.2 million tons more wheat/rice than Indian buffer stocks could store in 2002 (factoid)

Note 41.2 million tons more wheat/rice than Indian buffer stocks could store in 2002 (factoid)

Effects of PL-480 Irony?

So did Indians need PL-480 because they weren't producing enough food or were they not producing enough food because of PL-480

Will GW lead to isolated food crises?

With absolute certainty. But food crises will require *political and economic solutions*

define dibbling

a

Today our agricultural industry is concerned with ____ _____

big data

Kofyar are a perfect case of _______ agricultural change

boserupian (extensive- less crowded. gradually work to intensive, will go back)

How did debt and tractors coincide? why did banks want to know if u owned a tractor

debt and mechanization: you are credit worthy if u have a tractor- tractor is a hand protecting people, but really its not so straight forward Banks evaluate credit-worthiness partly on tractor ownership

When were first cattle feedlots around?

early 1950

Density of hill villages

hill villages population density 100/km^2

How did we change bananas?

loss of seeds

Did green revolution promote coculture?

no, did monoculture

Bread is broken... meaning

the content of protein, iron and zinc in modern wheat is going down!

How was GLF called a malthusian disaster?

the food crisis between 1958-1961, which led to starvation of 20 million people, was due to erosion of "natural capital", "uncontrolled human fertility", "depletion of land's fertility"

How did agri engineers benefit from tractor adoptation?

they were concerned with tractor adoption: many ppl are concerned with mechanization, and agriculture engineers served their interests/ *they trained farmers, told them to buy, fixed tractors* Further more, land grant colleges making hybrids, industry encouraging overproduciton

laws of cultural development (according to neoevolutionist)

cultural development varies directly as the amount of energy per capuita per year harnessed and put o work and as efficiency of this work

Is it wrong to seek causality between environment and ppl?

Nothing illegitimate about seeking some causality in env, but always ask what aspect of environment explains what, by what mechanism, and does it fit data?

Problem with Naturally Drought Tolerant Crops, Why arent they grown?

Pearl millet: -- it is not a money maker...

When did demand for guano dwindle?

Peru's guano dwindles by 1870s

Who is affected by extreme weather events?

EVERYONE

Where are Kofyar from?

Jos Plateau, Nigeria

Father of neoevolutionism

Leslie white

When did Hog cafos come along?

1970's

Unilineal evolution: how did st louis fair play into it?

What did it mean to be more evolved - Did not mean to be demeaning and racist - had people on display to show what ppl were like

How would kofyar modify land?

hundreds of terraces! deep slopes in fields - making hillside like stairs

Biggest Example of Discrete appropriations

hybrids / industrialization

What is a misconception about agricultural growth in Africa... thought to be impossible without....

industrial - EXTERNAL-inputs - they are poor... "No improved seeds from crop science. No nitrogen fertilizers. No animal vaccines. No electric pumps"

Newer demographic theories: (the specific theory)

(Wills on Mogollon Indians) specific theory: Indians in SW U.S. cultivate maize as storable Spring food (agriculture to allow foraging)

intensification on the frontier

(population density up to 100/km2; market stimulus) - what would happen? With less land (population is going up) - they have to move away from swidden- back to intensive - they were not pulled 100% into market economy - Driven by boserupian devices

4 big sources of GHG from agric: why?

1. Burning 2. Livestock 3. N Fertilizer (not all of it ends up on the crops) 4. Rice

Why did animals leave farms for CAFOS? 1. not literally, but why was there a shift 2. what happened to the price of corn? 3. What does this have to do with salmon?

1. Farmers couldnt compete with CAFOS 2. Cost farmers more to grow feed corn than cost cafos to buy it 3. Commodity corn was sold for less than it was to grow 4. corn was fed to lots of cattle- that didnt eat it before 5. Salmon now bred to tolerate grain

common view of fertilizer (3)

1. Fertilizer is essential to food and to sustaining food and future 2. fountain that feeds growing population 3. could not survive with out it

shrimp

1. Intensive shrimp farming, 1980 Taiwan, then Thailand, Indonesia and China 2. Spread in L America, e.g. R/Purina in Ecuador 3. All suffer dramatic failures by mid 1990s; virus & bacterial 4. China dominates; Viet Nam booming now but individual farms failing 5.Integrating research industries (e.g. DNA markers for viral disease)

A few things set the stage for industrial agriculture: 1. 2. 3. 4.

1. LBJ humanitarian 2. PL-480 3. Borlaug mexican seeds 4.

Malthus premise in retrospect 1. Population ____ restrained by social and biosocial preventive checks 2. Food production increased by processes other than putting more land under the plow and more people behind the plow (those two things are....)

1. Population IS restrained by social and biosocial preventive checks 2. intensification (internal change in production how ppl manage farms) industrialization (external energy- technologies )

leibig was unique because he 1. diagnosed soil like ______ 2. "a wholly new synthesis of ________ chemistry", and "one of the most important scientific books ever published" 3. The book established leibig as an international public figure 4. Howard: "stranglehold" over agricultural science

1. Soils diagnosed like *MEDICINE -farmer needs to send sample to chemist and they will diagnose what elements you need* 2. "a wholly new synthesis of *AGRICULTURAL* chemistry", and "one of the most important scientific books ever published" 3. The book established leibig as an international public figure 4. Howard: "stranglehold" over agricultural science

1973: (2 people): _____ _____ - _____ _____ 1. Like _____, manipulating _____outside of organism -- Cf. genome editing, next time 2. Used ______ -extrachromosomal DNA ring in bacteria 3. Frog gene inserted into plasmid containing _________-_______ gene; _______ inserted into E. coli 4. First GM (engineered) Organism - organism containing genes that have been directly modified* -- Cf. plant domesticating and breeding: only operate on _________ and cannot modify genes (only gene_______)

1973: (2 people): *Herb Boyer - Stanley Cohen* 1. Like *Berg*, manipulating *DNA* outside of organism -- Cf. genome editing, next time 2. Used *plasmids* -extrachromosomal DNA ring in bacteria 3. Frog gene inserted into plasmid containing *antibiotic-resistant* gene; *plasmid* inserted into E. coli 4. First Genetically Modified (engineered) Organism - organism containing genes that have been directly modified* -- Cf. plant domesticating and breeding: only operate on *phenotypes* and cannot modify genes (only gene *frequencies*)

A significant number of people described as foragers in the Kalahari in the mid-20th century descended from people who ....

A significant number of people described as foragers in the Kalahari in the mid-20th century descended from people who *owned herds that were lost in the late 19th C rinderpest epidemic.*

A study from a few years ago showed over ______ deaths from MRSA in the US, compared to around _______ deaths from AIDS.

A study from a few years ago showed over *18,000* deaths from MRSA in the US, compared to around *16,000* deaths from AIDS.

Aldous Huxley (1932) wrote what book on biological engineering?? what was it about? Didn't use that term but is exactly what he was writing about Brother, biologist Juliuan Huxley, had written "The Applied Science of the Next Hundred Years: Biological and Social Engineering" Life and Letters 11 (1934): 38-46.

Brave New World; about how state controls reproduction-- - 5 castes of humans - Lower castes bred to not resent - High level of production - High levels of consumption

Case study of balinese water temple show how _____ regulates _____

Case study of balinese water temple show how RELIGION regulates ENVIRONMENTAL RELATIONS

Modern theories: what did Binford have as theories looking at organization of Nunamuit -hunters vs. Kung- foragers - non agricultural Lower ET

Et= effective temperature- how long summer is and how hot it is- how much solar stuff lower ET, spatial-temporal incongruities People are collectors Hunters - spent time hunting and bringing back- making freezers They bring back the food to eat at a different timeee

From Stone 2010, Anthropology of Genetically Modified Crops: 1. ______/_____ crops adoption in US with little controversy 2. Initially how were GM foods in Europe accepted? 3. In 1998 what did Sansburry do to their GM crops?

From Stone 2010, Anthropology of Genetically Modified Crops: 1. *Industrial/fodder* crops adoption in US with little controversy 2. Initially how were GM foods in Europe accepted? *(Flavr Savr sauce) only small controversy; labeled (only sold as tomato sauce) - sold at lower price* 3. In 1998 what did Sansburry do to their GM crops? *took all of them off their shelves*

In an article writen titled: The Search for Authenticity the author said

From a left population: it would be better if the bushmen died off- they have become inauthentic - apalled by the kagga kamma - they were presented in a way that was demeaning

GLF showed importance of _____ ______ on food production, and how _____-driven misunderstandings can starve - kill _____ million ppl

GLF showed importance of *CULTURAL ECOLOGY*on food production, and how *IDEOLOGICAL*-driven misunderstandings can starve - kill *40* million ppl

GMO yields? 1. what has happened to the yields of corn? 2. Soy yields

GMO yields? 1. what has happened to the yields of corn? -- Have not been uniformly more productive -- Yields have been better or worse depending 2. Soy yields - Studies: slight yield drag for HT soy

Reason why gauno was REALLY profitable

It was made profitable by *government allowing ppl to mine guano with terrible treatment of workers*

Is rice paddy intensification boserupian? why or why not?

KINDA YES in some ways 1. high input, local resources 2. high output 3. under high population density When you compare upland swidden - non intensive- with paddy intensive rice to industrial... the swidden is more efficient (philipines) NO in OTHERS: it is the exception to the rule: 1. Rice is biggest food production, but it doesn't FIT the Boserup model. 2. It is built on observations of what the farmer has to do to farm... (ecological model) -fire and fallow is ecological goldmine 3. Ecology of rice makes it different. Paddy rice is NOT gradual, you are either one or another. Paddy rice... it's a huge amount of rice! 4. Consistent marginal returns for rice/ intensive agri- you have decreasing marginal returns (put way more in to get way little out)

Density of farmstead compounds

Pop density > 500/km2 in hillfoot villages

How does potato famine show malthus's ideas of population ,poverty, and "things as they are" are false?

Potato famine (1843-50) - Population 8 mill Starve 1 mill Emigrate 1 mill Not clear population was problem as Malthus would say: The ppl In ireland had really small land- only way you could feed family on tiny land was from potatoes The hand of god was working to kill people - MALTHUS Ireland food exports rose throughout the famine. In 1846 alone, at the height of the famine, Ireland exported over 730,000 cattle and pigs to England (Kinealy, 2002 The Great Irish Famine: Impact, Ideology and Rebellion).

______ and others working on golden rice: had worked with patented genes and technology... which meant...

Potrykusand others working on golden rice: had worked with patented genes and technology... which meant... *The ppl don't have the right to make golden rice because the ppl with patents have it...*

what was risk management in china for agriculture?

RISK MANAGEMENT deadly serious business/ had to do with putting grains in graineries to save, and then before GLF they were told to eat all of their stores of food- where they then had no back ups to eat when yields were low.

Set asides- were based on ______ acreage, and the more _____ you have the more money you get for not growing it.

Set asides- were based on *YIELD* acreage, and the more *LAND* you have the more money you get for not growing it.

Labor is a social process

Sierra Leone rice farmers were urged to plant HYV by various projects but HYV's rarely outperform traditional varieties due to uncertain supplies of fertilizer. Richards' data shows what makes the biggest difference in yields is access to timely labor, and To secure the timely services of a labour group it is necessary both to command a range of social skills (to know how to talk to convenors) and to be in a position to offer the right kind of food and other perquisites. Labour groups will down tools if the food is considered inadequate. The rules are explicit. The group must be offered rice, and the sauce must contain fish or meat and sufficient salt. Some groups have a 'company doctor' who tests the food on offer to decide whether the work should proceed. Alcohol, cigarettes and cola are additional inducements to timely and careful work .

What was the problem with having such high fixed costs and a less fluid farm economy?

That is, where farmers were used to a fluid economic circumstance, in which poor crops would result in the family eating less meat or having fewer trips to town, a good crop year would result in better and more plentiful food, home furnishings, and so forth. With so much money tied up in expensive machinery, however, that fluidity was severely compromised, as farmers paid bank notes on the equipment loans first, and other expenses such as family living costs or feed costs took second place.

What is a sorghum nursery?

The farming season is started early by planting sorghum in nurseries. They would plant their plants early! Then transplant them into the fields

The feeding efficiency of ______(feed:meat) has fluctuated between ______ in the last _____ (Smil 2002).

The feeding efficiency of *BEEF* (feed:meat) has fluctuated between *9-14* in the last *CENTURY* (Smil 2002).

What was boserups stance on pop growth?

agnostic

GLF was the largest _______ marxist revolution

agrarian

how does marx fit in to conversation of fetish?

commodities in capitalist society often become fetishes

Wheat moved from _____ to _____

mexico to india

19th century England, what is the metabolic rift?

soil depletion?

People use intensification to refer to any agriculture: -- we are concerned with these ones...

"powered by changing local practices, labor, and technology: people start doing things differently, working more, and devising relatively simple (but often quite effective) technologies"

Boserup on Malthusian theory (& classical economists)

- Agriculture inelastic; variables= amount tilled, inherent fertility - "little more can be done" - farmers maximize production still assume farmers are maximizing production "we will have to produce twice as much food by 2050" - why wouldn't they?

Cultural ecology Case Studies: 3. Maring ritual & warfare (Rappaport)

- Ecological functions of religious ritual - Cycle of feasting- ritual warfare that is an adaptation

When was E. D popular?

-- Long/ongoing history but particularly prevalent as expanding European/ Euro-American culture encountered cultural and environmental variation -- Popular in 1800's when colonization -- Reports come back about diff ppl groups and decide to say hm maybe this environment produces this behavior

1. Water requirement for meat 2. why is stone turned off by these numbers about water requirement? 3. fallacy that not eating beef would lead to _____ not being grown

1. "the total amount of water needed to produce one pound of beef is 1,799 gallons; one pound of pork takes 576 gallons ..." 2. What does it mean to "take" water? - Sustainability depends on how/where it is moved - small scale production may have no effect on aquifer even if water-"inefficient" - But does beef always require water? 3. fallacy that not eating beef would lead to*corn* not being grown

The contexts to talk about GMOS

1. *Agriculture (Evolution of Industrial Integration)* Fertilizer Mechanization Breeding Pesticides Confinement GM crops 2. *Political Economy (effects on institutions including corporations, academy, govn)* State subsidy Commodification Academic capitalism 3. *Design of Life Forms* Breeding Cloning Recombinant DNA Genome Editing

What is special about bacterial plasmids? 1. Contains special genes that .... 2. Key to spread of ________ _______

1. Bacterial plasmids contain special genes; *can move between organisms* by various methods; can self-replicate. 2. Key to spread of *antibiotic resistance*

What makes rice the most important single food production system in the world?

1. In acres planted, 3rd behind wheat & maize 2. But most maize = nonfood or food precursor 3. Wheat less productive- globally produces more food than any other

3 key things about ehlrich position

1. See poverty and population problems 2. See the causal links 3. Population / overpopulation is viewed as bad

Non demographic theories

1. Unintentional processes 2. Value added - sweetener, beer, bread

Agricultural industrialization in us due to :

1. induced innovation 2. History of Land grant university/ aes 3. ww2 4. Domestic politics 5. National integration vs colonialism

Will GW lead to less nutritious food?

Almost certainly. And this will erode the benefits of yield increases. But industrial agriculture has been developing less nutritious foods for a long time anyway. Nutrition is not a money maker.

Howe did carrots change?

Carrot: enlarged and more palatable, less woody-textured edible taproot

In 1934- what happened to maize?

In 1934, *often cited as the key year for hybrid maize introduction*, *36 million acres were taken out of production* by federally-sponsored acreage reduction.

Broad definitions Neo-evolutionism

Industrialized societies are more "evolved" because they capture energy more efficiently

Marx: looks at macro or micro level

MICRO: Looks beyond generalized costs/benefits to differences acc. to class -- Would never focus on overall benefits to a society- never focus on the Shoshone group as a whole, would look within

Robert Kaplan wrote a book about overpopulation in this nation... the irony about that was

New Guinea Irony is that new guinea is not densely populated One of the lowest population densities in the world (1989) about .42/arable ha

2 problems with IPAT

Terms in "equation" are problematic: AFFLUENCE AND TECH - "affluence": often times its poverty that pushes ppl to behave in environmentally destructive ways EX. Mountain top removal: environmentally disasterous Ppl think its beneficial: poor who need work The rich because they benefit Affluence leads to people spending money on food that is "environmentally adventagious" Example farmers market Technology: Putting buffalo over cliff- some technology reduces environmental impact (no tech) Lazer leveling: flattening the ground (stops erosion - reduces environmental impact) SOME can make point about GMO's - producing crops that produce own insecticide (BT) More environmentally friendly than what ppl spray on it

What was the case of Chakrabarty v diamond (1980)? This case led to the first ____ of a living organism. 1. Chakrabarty was a general electric scientists: - he combined.... - filed for a _____ - but what happened? 2. when it went to the supreme court what did they decide? 3. court side-stepped what question? 4. What did this open door to?

This case led to the first *PATENT* of a living organism. 1. Chakrabarty was a general electric scientists: - he combined *2 diff bacteria* - filed for a *patent* - *originally turned down- because they said you can't patent a product of nature* 2. Decided to give patent: - 1st utility patent on living organism - Dissent: congress explicitly excluded animate inventions from utility patents 3. Court sidestepped question on *whether the modifications to the organism were so great that it was no longer a natural phenomena* 4. Opened door to gene patents: and patenting basic lab methods: Gene patents aren't on gene itself, it's on using the gene in experiemtns

Whose interests were aligned under tractors?

1. Agricultural engineers 2. Chemists

Kroeber did research with these people and focused on ....

Cultural and natural areas of native North America- studied cultural ecology

Cultural Ecology Case Studies: 4. Yanomamo warfare (Harris)

Patterns of group conflict preserve hunting reserves

Economies of scale for rice farms

SMALL: - only works well on a small scale - there is a lot of skill involved in the farm - skill replaces scale

define Technology fetishism:

Seeing *TECHNOLOGIES* as having *SELF-CONTAINED POWER* that actually resides in people and institutions

Kofyar main crops

Sorghum and Pearl Millet others: cowpeas, groundnuts (peanuts & bambara nuts), and other crops

Classic example of Small Scale Conflict (SSC)

Yanomamo (chagnon)

When did they first domesticate? why is it hard for them to domesticate salmon?

norway first domesticate in 1950 1. LIFECYCLE (spawn in fresh water- body chem to migration in open sea- go back to die in fresh water) 2. Diseases collapse the salmon population 3. Fish farm viruses spread from farms to wild salmon

What does land institute do?

work on perrenial plants... - Root and prairie plants - the perenial crops would be a huge step forward to deal with hotter conditions, etc.

What is the trend for yield vs price of corn

yield goes up a lot price keeps dropping

Problem with developing submergence tolerant rice?

you cant control weather conditions, so what happens when ur field is under water for 3 weeks??!

Hersey and ____ say that agricultural industrialization came about when? when did pollan say?

Tractors 1918. earlier

IRRI institutional needs: (author)

"*sufficient splash to justify Ford's and Rockefeller's massive investment*'' (Cullather 2004)

_____ is another bacterium messes up digestive track of caterpillars and kills them - a natural ______. Is only good at killing caterpillars Legal + harmless to humans; pesticide used by organic farmers WashU professor isolated insecticide ___ gene and stuck it in crops

*Bt* is another bacterium messes up digestive track of caterpillars and kills them - a natural *pesticide* Is only good at killing caterpillars Legal + harmless to humans; pesticide used by organic farmers WashU professor isolated insecticide *Bt* gene and stuck it in crops

What was key in cow CAFOS? vs chicken cafo

*Cow CAFO*: 1950 cheap grain *Chicken*: 1930 FED SUBSIDIES- Natiional Poultry Improvement Plan- research on disease control, breeding, husbandry in confinement systems

What is the fish sewage in Kolkata ?

- Farm fish in the sewage- plankton grow fast and biodegrade the bacteria and then fish come and grow fast -Shallow; plankton grow fast in Kolkata sun, biodegrade bacteria and grow fish food - fishers call the sewage "liquid gold" - Dry out rotationally every few years, grow crop of radishes, apply lime -Fresh sewage comes in; algae blooms reduce coliform to zero in 3 days - Release fish in gradually keeping balance be oxygyn needs of fish and microorganisms like plankton - Manipulate mix of fish species to occupy micro-niches (top, middle and bottom feeders) - Plant water hyacinths, stabilize mud banks, provide shade for fish - Control unwanted species like slugs with certain seeds like neem

qualities of pearl millet?

- less productive than most grains - cultivation steadily decline in Nigeria (replaced by maize) - but it ties the system together - Ecological advantages of intercrop- pearl millet intercrops NICELY WITH SOURGHUM. - Pearl millet is short season crop/ Sourghum is long season crop - Pearl millet (grows quickly- low expectations) great for drought! - Drought-resistant - Early crop for food security- comes early when crops are lowest - Can eat, sell, brew (preferred) - in frontier they sold it- up in the homeland didn't sell - Beer instrumental in farm labor because it mobilizes groups

4 types of IPR: -- 2 approved by USPTO (or require government approval) -- 2 not individually approved by USPTO (happen automatically)

-- 2 approved by USPTO: *1. Trademarks* *2. Patents (design and utility patents)* *utility patents are the biggest of IPR: strongest form of protection* -- 2 of them are not approved (happen automatically) *1. trade secrets* *2. copyrights*

Kroeber possibilism and environment has ______ on culture.

-- Anti-environmental buttt There has to be a role in environment because he did work with native americans -- There is a certain way environment can shape culture -- Possibilism: nature sets up what is possible law of "Environmental limitation on culture" PROBLEMS: she said shouldn't have been advanced culture in Maya Lowlands - there are huge pyramids

How can we apply Marx ideas about capitalism to the environment? (marx was mostly interested in urban society and how ppl exploited each other- but can apply here)

-- Basic model of accumulating wealth through exploitation can be applied to environmental interactions: -- capitalism exploits nature "by expropriating nature's capital and underinvesting in repair of impacted ecological systems, squeezing surplus from the landscape"

Machakos case

-- British colonial officers thought oh no! They are wrecking the environment- high population density in small plac COUNTER: -- More people less erosion (environmental -- Boserupian model Per capita went up as ppl intensified agriculture -- Teraces in agriculture make it largely sustainable and stop erosion

MAYA religion alcoholic beverages drunk include:

-Fermented honey drinks -palm wine and fermented fruit drinks -maize beer -pulque

Since GMO's have been introduced have we curbed hunger and reduced pesticide use?

23 years after GM crops were introduced, probably not producing any more food. Insecticide use has dropped some but herbicide use has skyrocketed.

Intensification on the Frontier

-Simple hoe technology basically unchanged - Added work in dense, complex cropping calendar - Labor inputs of 1500 hrs/yr; work-year lengthened - Weeding, mulching, fertilizing, but very limited external inputs - Rely heavily on animals for fertilizer! They don't need the chemical fertilizers- cuz that cost moneys - Use fertilizer (chemical) but don't use it often - classic intensive

Cultural Ecology Case Studies: 5. Intensive sustainable agriculture (Netting, Stone)

-Social organization adjusts to farming practices

What is an example of simultaneous labor demands? why do wppl have to work together

-have to have lots of people there to do it! Example barn raising- one person cannot tilt the whole wall up Ex. For kofyar (millet)- cover millet so it remains dry during the rainy season- needs to dry up. Get millet on top of rack- light fire under it- then cover the stack from rain (thatch) Tie it into throwable bundles- then the person on top of rack puts it up- other is putting it up Evangelicals come and tell them drinking is sinful

Marx: basic theory of political economy of ________

Basic theory of political economy of CAPITALISM- analysis But broad theories about economics along the way

Between 1950 to 1980, the use of N fertilizer (increased/ decreased) by ______ times. Per acre seed rates ______.

Between 1950 to 1980, the use of N fertilizer *INCREASED* by *17* times. Per acre seed rates *DOUBLE*.

what is herbicide tolerance

Crop can tolerate herbicides Accused of being an animal + human pesticide in Europe - Not necessarily full evidence as of yet

Since 1930's the number of farms has (increased /decreased)

DECREASED

How did the green revolution change agriculture?

Green revolution (1960) evaded massive famine: -- Research argues that green revolution - was about making crops that needed pesticides and stuff -- Want peasant farmers to be dependent on the big company foods -- Seeds you have to buy from company (cant even reproduce urself!) -- Green Revolution plants highly dependent on fertilizer and pesticide -- Rather than being an unfortunate side effect, dependence on these industrial inputs was often seen as a major benefit Hybrid seeds valuable because have to be bought

Multi cropping define vs intercropping define

Multi cropping: In agriculture, multiple cropping is the practice of growing two or more crops in the same piece of land in different growing seasons. inter-cropping: Intercropping can be extensive or intensive farmers: grow (a crop) among plants of a different kind, usually in the space between rows.

Who was a free market devotee ("solved" airline bumping problem)

Simon

Broad define: marxism

Wealth is accumulated through exploitation of people and nature

Does it fit the data?

dont understand slides- go back to look

Why did kofyar go up to the jos plateau?

it was a defensive settlement- kofyar was a good group for slave trade and economic raiding, they went up to the hills and up into a defensive settlements

in what instance is cynobacteria bad?

lake Eerie- ruining water supply

When did salmon consumption increase a lot?

rise in 90's to 2010's

How did Norman Borlaug comes and "fixes the crop"

saw wheat as top heavy- falling over- taking over too much space - he makes dwarf wheat "Saves one billion lives"

Key to how CAFOs work is the ____ ______ of smallholders

self exploitations

Why is the contemporary form of input-intensive industrial agriculture is inherently incompatible with reversing the course of global warming.

selling inputs to farmers fertilizer machines seeds GMO technologies chemicals data turning overproduced crops into value-added products cows chickens pigs Doritos beer ethanol HFCS plastics etc etc

problematizing individuation

understands environmental degradation as the product of *individual shortcomings* best countered by action that is staunchly individual and typically *consumer-based* (buy a tree and plant it!)

green revolution: Actually refers to _____ and __________ practices that happened in 1960-70's that involved wheat and rice- _____ is main place green revolution started

green revolution: Actually refers to *BREEDING* and *INSTITUTIONAL* practices that happened in 1960-70's that involved wheat and rice- *INDIA* is main place green revolution started

GLF was dramatic case of _____ intervention into agriculture

state

What can small scale rice farms do to a hilly landscape ?

they can turn a steep hillside into productive surface!

Broad meaning of NeoMalthusianism and the 3 types

they took malthus's ideas and built upon them- changed, but were influenced by malthus 1. Reproductive 2. Environmental 3. Industrial

three things that borlaug wanted in a crop.... 1. ______ intensive 2. ________ resistant 3. ______ adapted

three things that borlaug wanted in a crop.... 1. *IRRIGATION* intensive 2. *DISEASE* resistant 3. *WIDE* adapted

misconception about African soil

v infertile- not true

Malthus was different size than the people at okewood, how so?

"like a different race from the lads who played cricket at Cambridge" - noticibly smaller, he was on average 8 inches taller, its a measure of nourishment

Lewis binford theory was

, demographic (general): "Post Pleistocene Adaptations" Didn't think culture "got ready" then achieved

Cultural ecology Case Studies: 2. India's "Sacred Cow" (Harris)

- Shocking to Americans but ecologically advantageous - Religious values shaped by ecology

Why are cows so inefficient? 1. Gestation and lactation 2. metabolism rates 3. how much is edible?

1. Gestation and lactation: *BOTH LONG* 2. metabolism rates: *(~45% of their metabolized energy goes into weight gain, vs. ~67% for pigs)* 3. how much is edible? *(carcass weight averages 62%, vs 74% for pigs and 90% for poultry) (Smil 2002:615)*

1840: There are two major developments in fertilizers?

1. Guano trade 2. Soil sciences

Dynamics of food system: 1. why do we eat so much cheap beef? 2. being vegetarian? 3. overproduction of ____ as main problem 4. What would happen if we all stopped eating beef?

1. Industrial agriculture doesn't exist because people eat so much cheap beef; people eat so much cheap beef because of industrial agriculture 2. Being a vegetarian doesn't change that relationship 3. The whole system exists because of overproduced corn- 4. if everyone stopped eating beef- it would just go into ethanol

Norin 10 was special because...

1. Way out in front in terms of Fertilizer-intensive, non-lodging (lodging= falling over) (theory of induced innovation) 2. Norin- 10 (wheat short stalk) - when plants are fertilized intensely, they don't know what to do with the extra nutrients- so it grows long stalks- when long stalks happen- they fall over (lodging) 4. Non lodging- they can take up more nutrients without growing long stalks (just more seeds) : high yielding (THAT'S DECEPTIVE, BETTER TERM= HIGH RESPONSE)

1. Indias export production relied on... 2. Was it cheap to grow? 3. why do they want to export?

1. export relied on JUTE-fibrous plant- not really used for food-- used as twine 2. Cheap to grow because of government incentives 3. want to export to build their heavy industry... "As the American scientific establishment geared up to combat India's food crisis, Indian agriculture was quietly experiencing an export boom."

Distinctly American system of production arises in American south: 1. what was this system 2. when did it start?

1. fully integrated system 2. started in 50's

Explain how yanomamo fit all three theories 1. indig. maladapt 2. indig adaptive 3. exogenous maladaptive

1. indig. maladapt Indigenous and Maladaptive: natural urges in absence of "civilizing" culture: fighting over women and admit it. Yanomami claim to be fighting over women, Chagnon cites Hobbes but not all "primitives" have such war; why here? Man in primal state 2. indig adaptive Adaptive war: Protein Theory (Marvin Harris) Warfare and associated institutions to maintain hunting buffers for crucial protein (see Gross) Look at diet- they are protein short in terms of what they are eating Hunting is important- so if you want to have dependable supply of protein- you have to have a big territory so you can get the animals Therfor- they have large buffer zones around villages- fighting with each other- villages are pushed away from each other 3. exogenous maladaptive spread of "civ"- colonial powers, missionaries, trading posts > Tribal Zone: create tribes and spread conflict/violence. Can see 3 kinds: you have zones on fringes of the colonial powers- to have unity against them - tribal zones resistance (indigines vs Euros); native-native under European direction. 16th, 17th cent colonial wars usually fought w/native auxiliaries (as late as 1883, US pursued Geronimo w/Indian forces including Apache scouts) internecine war; esp. over western goods, or from pop displacements. European powers bring in axes, guns, medicine -- waves of contact in Amazon, latest wave starts in 40s; missions (Salesians introduce shotguns), posts, 1958 malaria control station depopulation; but more importantly, it concentrates population and produces large villages, w/attendant soc disruptions central reason = steel tools 10x more efficient than stone axes (slash&burn isn't as efficient as Boserup w/o steel!!); steel tools greatly prized but still in short supply in 60s. - local ppl the yanomamo struggle with each other to get access to the tools of western societies, then as the struggles increased, they wanted access to guns! So Yanomamo trek and move villages to get better access to suppliers - spatial pattern of attacks- they attack ppl nearest the trading post. If you are near trading post- you will get attacked these + other items in posts revolutionize economic relations - creates conflict over steel tool- then villages near posts are greatly privileged; political imperative to stay close to source of western manufactures can raid but prefer long-term access; get new goods, then when worn down can trade for hammocks, curare arrows, food, etc. Ferguson analyzes geography of attacks: most common attack is against village between you & source steel tools produce conflict, then are used to make conflict more deadly: shotguns & ammo, machetes, canoes so settlement anchoring, which worsens depletion problem plus missionaries discourage long absences for hunts Ferguson includes effects of epidemics, breakup of social alliances, etc

GLF Disrupts key elements of intensive sustainable farming.... 4 aspects are

1. social organization of production 2. scale of agriculture 3. risk management 4. agricultural ecology and indigenous technical knowledge

What was the Famous call (clarion call) for fertilizer chemistry? when/ who/ what 1. wheat harvest depends on saltpeter from ____ 2. but _______ land reserves depleted, 3. ________ saltpeter reserves are running out fast 4. ______ is therefore urgently needed as a plant nutrient 5. Must be top priority for ________

1898: British chemist *Sir William Crookes* famous speech on *"The Wheat Problem" said we need to figure out how to fix nitrogen* 1. wheat harvest depends on saltpeter from *Chile* 2. but *Europe's* land reserves depleted, 3. *Chile's* saltpeter reserves are running out fast 4. *Nitrogen* is therefore urgently needed as a plant nutrient 5. Must be top priority for *chemists*

What is a poldered field for paddy rice? when was the picture taken on the slide?

18th century china, the polder is the structure around the swamp, the wall keeping the paddys in

How is SSC seen as exogenous and maladaptive?

3: Exogenous / maladaptive: -- caused by expansion of "civilized societies" - political ecology - Ferguson's theory of tribal zone -- He is not the only one who has the general view of small scale conflict -- Diseases by settlers-- Transformation of eosystems by alien animals and plants -- Changes in the way of life made pssible by new goods and technology

Mid-20th C theory of economic development: 4. "reservoir of cheap labor" for industry- 5. Need "_____ _____" for economic "Takeoff" (Rostow) 6. economies need a push to go into cities and produce american style capital economies

4. "reservoir of cheap labor" for industry- 5. Need "BIG- PUSH" for economic "Takeoff" (Rostow) 6. economies need a push to go into cities and produce american style capital economies

If reproduction were unchecked women would have >____ amount of children

40

When was there a surge in india fertilizer production/ consumption?

69-70

Conditions favoring sustainable development from below

Ability to develop/adapt own social institutions (cf. Chinese in GLF) Ability to balance production for use/exchange value (cf. many market-oriented development projects) Not unique

African scientists from monsanto: media-- saying sweet potato will be more sustainable than ....

African scientists from monsanto: media-- saying sweet potato will be more sustainable than *SUDANIC HO*

Agricultural industries - to turn Asian farmers into _________ IRRI wanted to change ______ (type) farmers into modern high tech- _____ of agricultural technology- In ADDITION: wanted to transform _____ process of rural farmer to train them to ______... thought the new seeds would train Filipino farmers to think in terms of..... (3 things)

Agricultural industries - to turn Asian farmers into *CUSTOMERS* IRRI wanted to change *SUBSISTENCE* farmers into modern high tech- *CONSUMERS* of agricultural technology- In ADDITION: wanted to transform *THOUGHT* process of rural farmer to train them to *THINK*...thought the new seeds would train Filipino farmers to think in terms of..... *TECHNIQUES, MACHINES, FERTILIZERS*

Agricultural science has been making foods (MORE OR LESS) nutritious anyway 1. What happened to micronutritients of zinc in wheat? Why? 2. What happened to protein?

Agricultural science has been making foods *LESS* nutritious anyway 1. What happened to micronutritients of zinc in wheat? why? *they make them more PRODUCTIVE, and therefor less nutritious* 2. What happened to protein? Scientists developed technology to make bread with *lower-protein wheat*, *which allowed them to increase wheat yields.* This benefitted the producer but "it was as if the customer unconsciously adapted his taste to the type of bread best suited to mass production and rapid turn-over". Breeders always say they breed for "quality" but it is for certain qualities.

How did we change animals?

And animals... In the past, domesticates were often smaller (less dangerous); more docile and more social, and you get mutations for secondary products (e.g. wool). How do animal designs change with industrial agriculture?

Demographic transition theory:

As death rate goes down, population growth increases MORE THAN EVER- but will eventually drop - even if you reduce mortality rate the cultural change of women having LOTS OF KIDS- will not change until later - culture will catch up when mortality goes down and people will have less babies

What was a key part of feasting:

BEER! Feasting hypothesis (non demographic) theory of how agriculture started - Goes along with the beer, sweetener, thing

Did ehlrich believe Borlaug?

BELIEVES IT after ridiculing it: "clowns who are talking of feeding a big population in the year 2000 from make‐believe 'green revolutions' ... should learn some elementary biology, meteorology, agricultural economics and anthropology"

Classic example of rituals and environment

Bali Rice (Lansing)

ex. of small scale local hydraulic engineering in the 12th century

Bamboo aquaducts bicycle leg power to move buckets of water uphill Stream irrigation- persian wheel

Bunded fields are examples of _____ scale water ______. They use _____ to make it

Bunded fields are examples of SMALL scale water CONTROL. They use HANDS to make it

Borlaug promotion of wheat: 1. 1967 import ______ tons Mexican seed 2. Borlaug claims to be fighting _____ ______ indian scientific establishment BUT some of world's best breeders fight indian agricultural systems so they will get on this new stuff 3. had developed their own fertilizer-intensive ____ and_____ but didn't push complained about _____ seeds at first- because they required ______ they didn't have 4. Which type of seeds should they be planting? A. Mexican wheats did not yield well w/o.... B. stress problems of reliance on ... C. Borlaug calls them the worst obstacle 5. ______ triumph narrative irresistible to Indian officials- they side with ______ 6. Massive ______ imports, new factories, guaranteed profits - subsidize ______ profits 7. Heavily subsidized ______ mostly for mega-farms in ______ - they were targeted towards north where there were wheat farms provide _______; ______ 8. government investment in _______ (_______ bring up water for agriculture-- , dams, canals) 8. start food corp to buy wheat & rice at guaranteed prices

Borlaug promotion of wheat: 1. 1967 import ______ tons Mexican seed 2. Borlaug claims to be fighting _____ ______ indian scientific establishment but some of world's best breeders fight indian agricultural systems so they will get on this new stuff 3. had developed their own fertilizer-intensive *wheat and rice* but didn't push complained about *Mexican* seeds at first- because they required inputs they didn't have 4. They *SHOULD* be planting a *LOT OF LOCALLY ADAPTED VARIETIES* - so you don't just rely on one A. Mexican wheats did not yield well w/o *HEAVY INPUTS* B. stress problems of reliance on *very few varietieS* C. Borlaug calls them the worst obstacle 5. *TECHNOLOGY* triumph narrative irresistible to Indian officials- they side with *Borlaug* 6. Massive *fertilizer* imports, new factories, guaranteed profits - subsidize *fertilizer* profits 7. Heavily subsidized *fertilizer* mostly for mega-farms in *Punjab* - they were targeted towards north where there were wheat farms provide *pesticides; credit* 8. goverment investment in *infrastructure* (*tubewells* bring up water for agriculture-- , dams, canals) 8. start food corp to buy wheat & rice at guaranteed prices

How does case of INDIA 1876-79: show malthus's claims "things as they are" are false. (HOW DID HE IMPACT POLITICS HERE)

British colony: the person in charge of relief said it was population growth was the problem for it and starvation (Malthusian views) Lord Lytton: Indian population tends to grow faster than the food it produces. .. attempts to mitigate famine & sanitation only "enhance evils resulting from overpopulation They exported 358,000 tons of wheat to UK in 77-78

Amazon Yanomamo -

Chagnon's monographs describe 1964-72, Orinoco-Mavaca area in so. Venezuela (also in Brazil) Yanomami (Chagnon's sub-group is Yanomamo) are slash-burn farmers; plantains cassava, peanuts, & maize; wild food gathering; hunt for protein in large buffer areas be/village territories villages varying in size 20-100; fairly mobile, fission- form new villages low pop density; reports range from under 4/km2 to .5/mi2 SCARCITY OF WOMEN! Chagnon measures 64 women 100 men, Lizot reported case of 39:100 ; practice female infanticide level of conflict astonishing; Chagnon reports war leading cause male death: up to 40%, and famous militarism & belligerence (Chagnon's Studying the Yanomamo dramatizes...) Warfare conflict - steal women- gang rape There was astonishing level of conflict Many were killed

What is it called when something changes from use to market value? How does this happen?

Change from USE to MARKET = commodification- means it is made for market Happens in different ways: it depends on the good -- Famous case of textile industry at center of Industrial Revolution In agriculture, still going on (more in a minute) - pieces are commodified

Chart of how agric makes ____ is how it contributes to ____...

Chart of how agric makes *MONEY* is how it contributes to *GHG* ...

Bacteria: Food production via genetic engineering: - wounds on trees allow things to get in.... such as ______ _____ disease

Crown gall disease results from a bacterium (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) inserting genes into a plant, forcing it to create a tumor that makes lunch (nopaline) for the bacterium. Not social but important to upcoming discussion of GMO's.

What is the value added theory of agriculture/ how is it supported?

Cultivate crops- you get sweetener- bake into bread- brew into beer: Fermentation This could be a driver for early domestication - why sacrifice mobility? More worthwhile to grow and produce for alcohol and sweetener "In the early 1950s Robert Braidwood and Jonathan Sauer suggested that the earliest use of domesticated cereals in the Near East may have been for beer making and not for bread ... As Sauer (1953:516) put it, "Planting and harvesting small grains without the plough or other efficient tools would seem to me a game scarcely worth the candle except for a more rewarding stake than mere food." Despite Mangelsdorf's critique, we think that Braidwood and Sauer's suggestion should be expanded to include the New World as well. In other words, the extraction of stalk juice as a sweetener and possibly for making alcohol may have been a key factor in the domestication of Zea."

Cultivation per se did not have an impact on population --- saying it did is an overly ______ approach. Give examples:

Cultivation per se did not have an impact on population --- saying it did is an overly SIMPLISTIC approach e.g. research shows maize agriculture had little demographic impact until long after introduction; only with better ceramics, more sedentism, better landraces (Kohler et al 2008 Amer Antiq 73:645, Neolith Demog Trans in SW).

Will genetic modification lead to more nutritious food? what does the history say?

MOST BRED FOR HT -- no improved nutrition or no yield increases

Where did Ehlrich, Simon and Commoner get their roots about their theories?

Ehlrich : Malthus Simon : free market capitalist (smith) Commoner: Marx

ejido define

Ejido: communities with communal use-rights. In 30s Cardenas breaks up big haciendas into communal ejidos. By 1940, with support for ejido ag, productivity boomed, number of landless plummeted, as did rural out-migration.

What Good is a Beer Party?

Enjoying work together Increase labor You push yourself harder when you are with a bunch of people who are working together.. Meet simultaneous labor demands

Boserup ideas:

Environment & technology are independent variables- given this environment and the tools they have= this is how we understand what their culture is like; cf. Boserup later in course Boserup is known for her theory of agricultural intensification, also known as QAYS's theory, which posits that population change drives the intensity of agricultural production. Her position countered the Malthusian theory that agricultural methods determine population via limits on food supply. Boserup: Technology is dependent

Franz Boas work was a reaction against... 1. he was a professional .... 2. Anti _____ and anti _____ , so he subscribed to _______ particularism

Franz Boas - papa Franz works among cultures in PNW- Reaction against environment determinism 1. Professionalizing anthropology - prof ethnographer - worked in PNW and had sim environment, but had cultural differences (group histories) 2. Anti environmental, anti evolutionist, subscribed to historical particularism

attributes of Hog farms

Fully enclosed metal barns; Feed silos, exhaust fans, manure lagoons Breeding facilities Gestation crates Farrowing crates Growout facilities

How do fertilizers make people sick? 1. acute sickness 2. long term health 3. birth defects

How do fertilizers make people sick? 1. acute sickness: *when concentrated in drinking water, nitrates cause various medical problems including cyanosis or blue-baby syndrome* 2. long term health: *Nitrate fertilizers alter the endocrine, nervous and immune systems of organisms and alter gene expression* Nitrate in drinking water produces animal carcinogens; it seems to promote cancers of digestive tract -- gene expression 3. birth defects: *long-term research on effects of agricultural chemicals on fetus development shows the damaging effects of nitrates (also some herbicides)*

Neoevolution foundation (leslie white theory)

IDEA: Need to be able to rank and show evolution 1. He has not been taken seriously in academia, but public still sees this way 2. Need to do go back to this axis of development - but do it better main import today in popular thinking, not academic researcH 3. returned attention to social evolution 4. THE axis of cultural advancement: ENERGY

The key to the model of boserupian intensification is ____ pop rises

IF

Intensification on the Frontier High Labor Investment in Complex Carefully Balanced Agricultural Calendar

INTRICATE BALANCE: This labor is the fuel that the farming system runs on, and mobilizing it is much more complex than everyone just working on their own farm...

What is IRRI what kind of rice did they develop for what country? They saw spectacular results due to...

IRRI (International Rice Research Institution) develops input-intensive rice - outside of mexico city- does work on wheat and corn for the world - they make it for philippines later on Spectacular results due to *idealized field conditions (high fertility, water, pest control)*

we can all agree about agriculture AND evolution

ITS IMPORTANT TO HOW CULTURE HAS CHANGED- It links to fundamental aspects of culture

In Mexico, India and Philippines: Green Revolution crops were not actually "high-yielding" and had no self-contained power to feed more people or cause change But they were tool to promote ________ ________. In india change....

In Mexico, India and Philippines: Green Revolution crops were not actually "high-yielding" and had no self-contained power to feed more people or cause change But they were tool to promote *AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIALIZATION* In india change *POLICIES*

Ehlrich said india:

In The Population Bomb- Ehlrich 1968. Ehrlich said it was a fantasy that India would ever feed itself..

According to Joel Cohen Ehlrich, Simon and Commoner have basic positions. If they are sitting at a table, what is their solution for not having enough dinner?

Joel Cohen's version of basic positions: 1. Ehlrich: have fewer diners at the table 2. Simon: bake a bigger pie 3. Commoner: improve table manners

How did lawes follow a similar path to leibig? 1. he was fixated on the ______ potential of his research, even cancelled his honeymoon to set up _____ to produce _______ _____ ____ 2. Agricultural chem department established - worldwide craze in ______ soil analysis

John Lawes: 1. he was fixated enough on the *COMMERCIAL* potential of his research to cancel his honeymoon to set up a *FACTORY* to produce *"Lawes Artificial Manure"* 2. Agricultural chemistry dept's established -- Worldwide craze in *LUCRATIVE* soil analysis

Kofyar show how ______ farming runs on labor which shapes _____ institutions.

Kofyar show how INTENSIVE farming runs on labor which shapes SOCIAL institutions.

Leibig attacked ______ theories, humus pushes _______ (Law on minimum)

Leibig attacked VITALISTIC theories, humus pushes REDUCTIONIST

Leicester Hemingway did this weird thing with his raft to collect guano

Leicester Hemingway (brother of Ernest) proclaimed his raft anchored off the coast of Jamaica to be the micro-nation of "New Atlantis" in 1864 - Cited bird droppings on the deck and invoked GIA real intent = promote marine research and protect the fishing claim recognized by neither the US nor Jamaica, and New Atlantis was destroyed by a tropical storm two years later

How organization of work shapes social institutions

Little outside input! Except the hoe- the hoe would last more than lifetime:- buy one and that's it! It was entirely locally produced: run on labor... What were the institutions that MADE THAT LABOR HAPPEN? There were three types of labor: household, reciprocal, festive...

Modern demographic transition

Low fertility and low mortality

What do people normally explain environment as? why is this problematic?

NORMALLY EXPLAIN- problem: why "we" are superior. (by our own criteria- we are superior!) ignoring change through time- the cultures will look diff 20 yrs earlier People falter in making an argument- FOCUS ON MECHANISM AND DATA To explain theory (they miss this)

Narrative of GMO's 1. Why were GMO's different than hybrid seeds? 2. Biotech needs to perform..... 4. What company was a big part of this? 5. The message they decided on?

Narrative of GMO's 1. Why was this different than hybrid seeds? *farmers adopt them and its okay* 2. Biotech needs to perform *PR stuff* 4. *Monsanto* big part of these 5. The message they put across is that *GMO's are technologies that are needed to feed the global south!*

Do cattle live their whole lives in CAFOS?

No, normally first part of life on a pasture

Norway notable for policies aimed at long-term salmon management; - cf. other countries like Chile - _______ short-term profits, tons of _______ to fight off diseases Leader in animal ______: unlike US (even going beyond EU policies), animal welfare law =recognizes salmon ________. e.g. electric stunners at slaughterhouse; fishfarm workers attend regular fish welfare courses But even Norwegian salmon plagues by environmental problems ...

Norway notable for policies aimed at long-term salmon management; - cf. other countries like Chile - *UNSUSTAINABLE* short-term profits, tons of *ANTIBIOTICS* to fight off diseases Leader in animal *RIGHTS*: unlike US (even going beyond EU policies), animal welfare law =recognizes salmon *SENTIENCE*. e.g. electric stunners at slaughterhouse; fishfarm workers attend regular fish welfare courses But even Norwegian salmon plagues by environmental problems ...

Not only that borlaug bred wheat that was better- he bred wheat that needed lots of _____- at a time when mexico was getting lots of _____ from ______

Not only that borlaug bred wheat that was better- he bred wheat that needed lots of *INPUTS*- at a time when mexico was getting lots of *INPUTS* from *MX AND AM*

Political ecology: basic ideas and why its different from cultural ecology

POLITICAL ECOLOGY: - Most would say its not Marxist, but there is a Marx sense: - cultural ecologist are functional: what makes this work - Political ecologist look and say who benefits from the system? o look more wide angle o who are winners and losers

Was starvation the main way malthus thought ppl died? why or why not ?

POSITIVE checks, including a very wide range of societal ills, the problem is VICE- Food shortage leads to vice and sickness, which usually precede starvation. Famine was only the last resort

4 pest campaign- was to get rid of 1. 2. 3. 4. How many sparrows did they kill? why did this hurt production?

Pest managment: Program of exterminating all 1. fleas 2. flies 3. rats 4. sparrows. The government recorded killing of 1,367,440 individual sparrows. With their predators removed, the pests feasted on the harvest

Innovation - yam heaps and pink weeds

Pink weed- saps output 30-40 percent, and it spreads fast. In spring - hoe up mounds to make the yams Kofyar innovation- we will hoe up sorgum fields (to get rid of the weeds in sept-november) and also to make yam heaps that will be used in spring-- this is important because it pushes down labor for next year and it also gets rid of the weeds Tilling (heaping) labor-intensive; need to reduce spring bottleneck Weed striga Buttress sorghum stalks This is INNOVATION! Also potential value of mur mos

Pollan makes the argument that "The urbanization of America's animal population would never have taken place if not for the advent of cheap, federally ______ _____"

Pollan makes the argument that "The urbanization of America's animal population would never have taken place if not for the advent of cheap, federally *SUBSIDIZED CORN*"

Neolithic demographic transition

Pre-agricultural Low fertility, low mortality Pre-modern agricultural (Neolithic) High fertility, high mortality shift from low birth rate to higher birth rate rises, followed by mortality rate rise. is the mirror image of the contemporary demographic transition (Bocquet-Appel 2009)

How does food regulate population according to Malthus?

Preventive check: keeps people from being born

Will agricultural technology companies meet the challenges of GW?

Probably not, but they will capitalize on it for public relations.

Example of hunting as costly signaling: what is the evidence?

Quantitative studies show men rated as better hunters had much higher fertility (See Hawkes & Bliege-Bird)

Why could SSC be seen as indigenous and adaptive?

SSC seen as often a relatively nonlethal way to adjust population and resources -- BUILDS SOCIAL AND POLITICAL BNDS -- NON LETHAL WARFARE TO DRIVE PPL OUT TO ADJUST POP DENSITY

the political argument against malthus

Really a policy doctrine disguised a science 1. Ideas not new, just newly convenient to rising elites from industrial revolution Not a new piece of science./ had been around for a long time/ it was just packaged at the time when all the winners from industrial revolution wanted to hear it -- The lot was poor -- If you own the factories: malthus is bff- the reason ppl are starving is "law of nature" not because you are paying them poorly: People want this idea

the three dogmas about SSC

SSC: 1. indigenous and maladaptive (Built into cultures around the world- this is bad) 2. indigenous and ADAPTIVE (happens commonly in cultures but is adaptive) 3. Exogenous/ maladaptive (Brought from outside- but its maladaptive

How does agricultural tech change a lot? (Think IRRI and CGRI system)

Seeds and other technologies are developed all the time Seed varieties developed by the thousands by international, national, and local breeding centers; universities; governments; seed companies; even farmers themselves.

Seeds were not just a tool- they made governments ______ agriculture. -- He "was once asked if he saw himself as a technician, a kind of county agent to the world. 'No,' he replied. 'We move governments.'

Seeds were not just a tool- they made governments *SUBSIDIZE* agriculture. -- He "was once asked if he saw himself as a technician, a kind of county agent to the world. 'No,' he replied. 'We move governments.'

How did households change on the frontier? 1. Labor demands= 2. Production limited more by _____ than _____ 3. They do / do not want a big family labor force- small farms doing really intense work (Mean household size?- rate of polygyny?) 4. Most nuclear young married couples move out or stay together

Small nuclear family in hills, changed into large multifamily polygynous household - in 10 yrs household numbers doubled! Hi fertility characteristic of frontiers - including 18th C US, where TRM thought he saw natural population growth 1. Labor demands= increase 2. Production limited more by LABOR than LAND 3. They WANT a big family labor force- Mean household size?= 10 rate of polygyny= 3-4 4. Most nuclear young married couples STAY WITHIN THE FAMILY- STAY AT HOME

what was scale of agriculture in China?

Small- especially with rice

What are the main crops of the Kofyar?

Sorghum, peanuts, millet, yam heaps, sesames

IDEAS ABOUT DOMESTICATES IN A POLITICAL SENSE Advanced societies did wheat barley and corn, less advanced relied on root crops like potatoes taro and manioc. WHY? BIG IDEA: Different crops led people to act differently PROBLEM: it takes out human agency- what people chose to do

Storage crops like barley, corn, wheat created different politics and societies (yield once a year and store- need to protect from theft- create warrior classes, hierarchies, tax schemes) while tubers cant be stored (curse of potatoes)

How is stotting a costly signal (what is stotting)

Stotting (the kicking the feet in the air)- it's a costly signal- Costs extra: but it shows that they have so much energy they can do this (impress predators &mates)

Why does rice not fit the Boserup Gradualism? What is it called to switch from swidden to intensive rice?

Swidden ("upland") rice and Intensive ("paddy", "wet") rice The change is QUALITATIVE, you do swidden, or you do intensive, no in between

What did steward find with the western Shoshone?

The Shoshone adapted to their environment, - they had Scattered resources - Best way to exploit was move in small groups - Didn't have chiefs- not because they hadnt evolved - Its chiefs wouldn't have made sense - No reason to claim land- no way to enforce if you move a lot 1. effective environment in Great Basin 2. technology bow-club-net 3. mobility 4. impermanent camps 5. family groups except winter encampments and hunts 6. political authority, land tenure adjust to "core" practices

There is a self- reinforced spiral of ______ and ______ - if you invest in expensive machines ,need to increase ______ to pay for it. - the machine becomes more __________. Adopting them to push farmers to ______- _____ and then you need more __________. - There are government subsidies based on ________.

There is a self- reinforced spiral of *SCALE* and *MECHANIZATION* - if you invest in expensive machines need to increase *SCALE* to pay for it. - the machine becomes more *ESSENTIAL*. Adopting them to push farmers to *SCALE UP (buying farms around them* and then you need more *MACHINES*. - There are government subsidies based on *ACREAGE*

What is waffle ridging? which part of intensive process was that

They had to till the fields into "waffle-ridges" : eliminates erosion! - the water flows into pockets, and then the plants are planted on high areas

The phrase that describes malthus' tough talking realism in Principles of Population

Tough-talking realism; "Things As They Are" (rain on the Enlightenment parade) stabs on enlightenment- he doesn't write about optimism- more doom and gloom view of prospects

Tractors were not merely a problem of capital outlay for the tractor or the combine or the automobile but was also the cost of ________ them. Economists were hearing about was that it was an ________ (fixed) cost.

Tractors were not merely a problem of capital outlay for the tractor or the combine or the automobile but was also the cost of *MAINTAINING* them. Economists were hearing about was that it was an *INFLEXIBLE* (fixed) cost.

US agriculture timeline: 1920s: ________ 1930s: ________ 1940s: ________ - And to ethanol - And CAFO's - And to Fast Food Nation

US agriculture timeline: 1920s: *Tractors* 1930s: *Hybrids* 1940s: *surplus fertilizer from bomb factories, - breed fertilizer- intensive maize - greatly increased watering - increased pest problems - And to ethanol - And CAFO's - And to Fast Food Nation

US postwar N fertilizer- 1. start of WWII (1940) the nitrogen fixing capacity was at .______ tons 2. Post war (1950) it was at ______ tons

US postwar N fertilizer- 1. start of WWII (1940) the nitrogen fixing capacity was at *100k* tons 2. Post war (1950) it was at *1.5 mill* tons

Barry Commoner view of capitalism

View capitalism is a big problem: Profit motives What agricultural business are doing How we allow corp to externalize costs Commoner did not blame population but rather profit motives of large corporations and government allowing them to shift environmental costs to society

What thoery of agriculture did Gordon Childe have?

V. Gordon Childe, materialist, environmental, semi-demographic - OASIS THEORY Local population/food plays a role; need for more food in restricted areas (rising sea levels)

What was rice previously used for? more so than for food

alcohol! "came to find a pleasing remedy in the marvel of fermentation that turned the grape to wine and barley to beer. About the same time, it seems, the Chinese took a similar step with a cocktail of fermented rice, honey and fruit. Archaeologists have discovered the dregs of Chinese happy hours in pottery jars up to 9,000 years old, in the later stages of the Stone Age known as the Neolithic period. A chemical analysis of the residue, they reported yesterday, had traces that matched herbs, acids, beeswax and modern rice wine - ingredients of a heady drink... the first direct chemical evidence for early fermented beverages in China, not long after rice was domesticated."

Kofyar social institutions are perfect example of...

cultural ecology- steward - that land and organization determines social organization "The organization of work, in turn, is hypothesized as having a determinant effect upon other social institutions and practices"

Malthus and his father daniel had disputes over this school of thought .... (explain

enlightenment - intellectual movement- change and reduce power of church- wrote about progress and reason over faith-- optimism among them - age of enlightenment in Europe and Colonies, stress reason and science (opposed to faith, superstition) social progress; optimism

What was N-fixation used for?

father of gas warfare involved in invention of Zyklon B - used in gas chambers- HARBER was jewish and helped kill his own relative-- Wife killed herself- he thought that poison gas would quicken war and save lives

what is behavioral ecology, what does it focus on?

focus on adaptive fitness of behaviors in evolutionary context: - Cultural ecology tends to ask how cultural institutions serve to protect & feed people - Behavioral ecology tends to ask how specific individual and group behaviors affect passing on of genes- costs and benefits of behaviors AFFECT FITNESS: HOW THINGS PLAY OUT IN EVOLUTIONARY CONTEXT. Models often don't separate humans and nonhuman creatures

Main question: - does the spiral of needing more tractors, bigger land, etc. allow farmers to produce more or ______ them to produce more? pollan- rise of commodity corn

force them

Churchill described Africa as Europes .... because

future bread basket because Britain works on industrial development- Britain does the cotton- clothes! Industrial development with food from outer areas/ agricultural development elsewhere

What is the Optimal Foraging Theory

hunters often go after non-optimal animals (smaller would be better) - HUNTERS GO AFTER BIGGER ANIMALS! THEY SPEND MORE ENERGY, AND HAVE LESS SUCCESS - expending energy on a non optimal (cheetahs spending more energy on an antelope that gets away) - As applied to people, not specifically about "foraging" - includes hunting

Movie notes

in g docs

WHat is measurement of intensification

output/ unit time

What type of rice has the soup ecology?

paddy

a

s

Why is the argument that GM crops are for feeding the global south wrong?

the second largest creator of GM crops is Brazil and Argentina which make HT soybeans - for animal fodder... the next is india, and china, and pakistan only create cotton

Morgan lewis henry and his theories about ...

unilineal evolution e.g.: savagery, barbarism, civilization, based largely on criteria of environment & foodways - So theory built around specific ECOLOGICAL-DEMOGRAPHIC dynamics along the evolutionary scale

The problem with the position that wealth indicators rise with population increase is that...

Disparities can increase oversimplified

1. 1980s: Exploratory work on ______ (part of rice ppl eat) _______. 2. carotene = 3. Vitamin A deficiency = 4. 1992-99: Potrykus & Beyer work funded by _________ Scant media attention ____ _____ 5. 2000: proof of concept article Grain turns yellow because of ____ _______ (the good things)

1. 1980s: Exploratory work on *Endosperm* (part of rice ppl eat) *carotene* 2. carotene = *Vitamin A precursor* 3. Vitamin A deficiency = *a nutritional maladies* 4. 1992-99: Potrykus & Beyer work funded by *Rockefeller* Scant media attention *beta keratin* 5. 2000: proof of concept article Grain turns yellow because of *Beta Carotene* (the good things)

Examples of failure of entitlement (leading to starvation)

1. GLF (China 1959-61) 30-40m deaths CAUSE: Mao disrupted most key aspects of wheat and rice production KEY FACT: Population fed itself before and after Mao's disruptions; refused food relief 2. Ireland (potato famine 1845-48) 1.5 m death CAUSE: Blight on potatoes that peasants had to exclusively subsist on KEY FACT: Grain & pork exports to England rose throughout famine*

1995-97: GM's Two Home Runs: the two main types: Account for ___% of all GM acres planted worldwide

1. HT (herbicide tolerance) mostly Roundup-Ready (glyphosate tolerant) 2. IR (insect resistance) Bt These 2 traits account for over 98% of all GM acres planted worldwide

Berry Commoner position

1. He looks at differences in food production systems - Environmental specific-- Rather than saying population growth as simply wrecking the environment - You can have prosperity when pop is low or high, - you can have poverty when population is low or high

Generally the boserup model said:

1. Need more space to do work... 2. the fallow shortening LEADS TO 3.less reliance on fire & fallow LEADS TO 4. new labor demands efficiency- output decreases with intensification output per unit area/ time increases population growth is the independent factor here causing change

Safety and Yield are not the only considerations in crops. But they are important: 1. On safety: While recognizing the inherent difficulty of detecting subtle or long-term effects in _____ or the ______, the study committee found (THERE WAS OR WASN'T) substantiated evidence of a difference in risks to human health between currently commercialized genetically engineered (GE) crops and conventionally bred crops... 2. nor did it find conclusive _____& _____ evidence of environmental problems from the GE crops. 3. We dont have evidence that they harm humans except for.... 4. On yield increases: yields have increased but consider the problem of the counterfactual: (which is)....

1. On safety: While recognizing the inherent difficulty of detecting subtle or long-term effects in *health or the environment*, the study committee found *no substantiated* evidence of a difference in risks to human health between currently commercialized genetically engineered (GE) crops and conventionally bred crops 2. nor did it find conclusive *cause-and-effect* evidence of environmental problems from the GE crops. 3. Safety: we don't have convincing evidence now that the GM crops we're planting are bad or for humans (*except for herbicide-resistant weeds)* *Just bc we don't have evidence now doesn't mean that they're safe* 3. On yield increases: yields have increased but consider the problem of the counterfactual: *there is no evidence from USDA data that the average historical rate of increase in U.S. yields of cotton, maize, and soybean has changed.*

Example of integrated rice ecosytem: 1. rice 2. mulberry trees 3. silk worm 4. fishies

1. RICE grown in bunded fields surrounded by canals 2. Mulberry trees on surrounding banks; leaves fed to silkworms 3. Silkworms produce cash "crop" of silk; droppings and moultings fed to fish in ponds, canals and paddies 4. Fish eat weeds, insect larvae; produce fertile muck; also food source

Why was liebig so successful even if he was wrong on a lot? 1. Reductionism served whose interest? 2. Went into ______ business after he thought there was a market for _______ enhancers 3. He was a ________ supported scientists and kept ingredients for fertilizers a secret 4. Famous for making ________ foods. Encouraged farmers to send in _________, and claimed he could help, then made a bunch of labs that did this. 5. How did those test labs turn out?

1. Reductionism *was INDUSTRY FRIENDLY* after leibig's theories, there was a surge in fertilizer factories. 2. Went into AGRICULTURE business after he thought there was a market for *FERTILIZER* enhancers 3. He was a *STATE* supported scientists and kept ingredients for fertilizers a secret 4. Famous for making *SUPER* foods. Encouraged farmers to send in *SAMPLES OF FOOD*, and claimed he could help, then made a bunch of labs that did this. 5. How did those test labs turn out? - *FARMERS REALIZED IT DIDNT WORK AND STOPPED DOING IT*

How was leibig's science wrong? 1. nitrogen 2. researchers (his students) 3. Law of minimum

1. Wrong on nitrogen; thought came from air - (we now understand N fixation well) 2. Research stimulated by Liebig: major problems with the rest-- The researchers he trained realized he was wrong 3. even law of minimum: explains why law of minimum was wrong- liebig himself backtracked experiments quickly showed that plant growth was considerably more complex, and that crop yield could be boosted by adjusting various factors other than the supposedly limiting factor. Liebig had to eventually introduce a "Law of Compensating Factors" to account for this, but "Unfortunately, the mechanism and extent of compensation remained unknown, and the law of the minimum was in effect canceled"

what are the four common characteristics of externalized agricultural costs?

1. are neglected 2. occur with a time lag 3. damage groups whose interests are not represented 4. result from actions by parties that cannot be identified

How does human domestication of economic species differs from these non-human forms of food production?(5things)

1. biology: more rapid coevolution 2. religion ("dominion"; Malthusian struggle for improvement; etc.) 3. social politics (domesticates for elites) 4. political ecology: only humans alter plants to create new dependencies 5. Marx's point -- economy of eliminating naturally-evolved traits

5 things wrong with fertilizers

1. dangerous to make 2. dangerous to move 3. wasteful to use 4. dirty to make 5. dirty when washed away (pollution in water)

Environmental Neomalthusianism

1. environmental damage reflexively linked to population EHLRICH came into this - he was a pop star- look at the world, where u see environmental destruction there is over population 2. carrying capacity concept Topic was sustainability- the idea that animals have a carrying capacity PROBLEMATIC TO COMPARE PPL AND ANIMALS : people can change the way they produce when population density changes-

Reproductive neomalthusianism:

1. giving control over reproduction vs. taking control over reproduction -- Line gets crossed over and over again -- they were interested in helping poor keep their #'s down -- Interested in poor having fewer kids whether they wanted to or not -- long history, including Ehrlich He wanted to get a gas- involuntarily sterilize Malthus didnt believe in birth control- against god.

Key aspects of hydraulic paddy rice

1. high inputs/ high payoff for intensive agriculture 2. water has DISTINCT ecology 3. works well in terracing and hill landscapes 4. some large scale landscapes but mostly small scales 5. BUNDED FIELDS NEED TO BE PLOWED lots

Organization of work shaping social institutions: 3 big work - social institutions

1. households 2. reciprocal labor (WUK) 15-20 - No compensation, labor exchange 3. festive labor party (MAR MUOS) 30-150 participants - compensated with beer - social partayy

Guano island act: 1. islands annexed as _____ territory by notifying state dept. 2. claimants often conducted possession ritual of _______ _ _____ with a declaration of possession or erecting a flag 3. "guano island mania" or "guano imperialism" 4. guano merchants claimed _______ (#) islands extensive extraction 1850s-60s

1. islands annexed as *US* territory by notifying state dept. 2. claimants often conducted possession ritual of *BURYING A BOTTLE* with a declaration of possession or erecting a flag 3. Guano imperialism 4. guano merchants claimed *more than 100* islands extensive extraction 1850s-60s

How did Julian steward study cultural ecology

1. look at effective environment (those aspects of env the people interacted with) then ask what basic social arrangements are most directly linked to adapting to that environment 2. So key is organization of work 3. Those institutions of WORK form the "cultural core", which shapes higher aspects of culture such as property rights and ideology 4.Prop rights/ religion/ grow out of the core

axis of cultural development (according to neo-evolutionist) (2 things)

1. overall energy capture 2. efficiency of capture

Describe the soup bowl ecology: 1. Weeds 2. Self fertilizing 3. Fishes 4. Podzolisation

1. transplant seedlings, then flood- the standing water prevents weeds 2. Self fertilizing: Tiny floating fern species provide habitat for cyanobacteria- shades it keeps it cool -- Some cyanobacteria species fix Nitrogen which is super important in plant growth -- Some have antifungal properties -- Nitrogen is abundant in armosphere but mostly in a nonreactive form that crops cannot use -- It needs to be "fixed" in order for plants to use it (more later) 3. fish swim in water and knock the rice- knocking pests off 4. Podzolisation : years of continuous cultivation develops good waterproof hardpan covered in mud - hard fertile ground - organic fertilizers

Instead of accepting Yali's question he could do 2 things

1. we can talk about these things and frame question differently: How did we turn into people that kill off? How did europeans be developed/ how did we get to be a-holes? Why do we have poverty that you don't have 2. Criticism of erasing agency: that we PURPOSEFULLY poison with small pox blanket etc. "If history is reducible to nature (ecology and geography in one case, genetics in the other), then history doesn't really happen. You just wait long enough, and eventually it merely unfolds." J Marks, Anthropomics, June 4 2015 -- Specifically it covers up that outright murder did a lot of the job that germs are blamed for.

Biggest use of corn we use goes to ______. Corn 38% goes to ______ 37% goes to ____ Cows produce greenhouse gasses .... And _____which produces more gasses and it's a cycle

Biggest use of corn we use goes to *ETHANOL, POWERING VEHICLES.* . Corn 38% goes to *ETHANOL* 37% goes to *FEED COWS* Cows produce greenhouse gasses .... And *ETHANOL* which produces more gasses and it's a cycle

What did development officials do to coculture in the philippines

Coculture produced edible snails too! - Development officials introduced golden apple snails! - It is one of the WORST INVASIVE SPECIES! - They eat eggs of other snails

What is good about coculture?

Coculture- fish and molluscs- get carp Coculture requires 68% less pesticide, 24% less fertilizer Swimming carp bump into plants and knock insects off

James Scott on Escape Agriculture : what does that mean?

Escape agriculture describes a type of mountain farming designed to keep the power of extractive lowland states at arms' length. ****** Instead of talking about how they use wheat, and etc. and history unfolds- - Speaks about how people want to avoid state- it's a form of resistance, and chose to farm these things as an agency of --------------------------- Scott describes escape agriculture as inconspicuous and 'illegible', making it as resistant as possible to surveillance, monitoring and appropriation by state authorities. Escape agriculture typically involves low-intensity cultivation of a broad range of crops in combination with hunting, fishing and foraging. This diverse mixture of activities supports flexible and mobile lifestyles that spread risk. Swiddening* [slash and burn farming] epitomises this type of farming. Escape agriculture prioritises crops that thrive at higher elevations and in marginal soils, are relatively easy to cultivate, are often inconspicuous, have low value per unit of weight or volume, mature quickly, and are easily stored in the ground for extended periods. Roots and tubers such as yams, taro and sweet potatoes epitomise escape crops in that they are nearly 'appropriation-proof'

Modern theories: what did Binford have as theories looking at organization of Nunamuit -hunters vs. Kung- foragers - non agricultural High ET

Et= effective temperature- how long summer is and how hot it is- how much solar stuff high ET more abundant & widespread resources- don't worry about where they are; -- foragers move consumers to resources (!Kung); collectors vice versa (Nunamuit) -- dichotomy still used (e.g. Barton, Early Food Production in China's Western Loess Plateau) -- interesting attempt, solid argument but does it fit data? Pattern he wanted to show was the line- there was not a relationship

Externality define

Externality = any action that affects the welfare of or opportunities available to an individual or group without direct payment or compensation; may be positive or negative.

Vladimir Lenin and the kulaks 1. 1918: the biggest problem was the dividing the villages by _________. creating two ______ camps. 2. Kulaks known as ....

"We must place before ourselves most seriously the problem of dividing the *VILLAGE* by *CLASSES*. Of creating in it two opposite *HOSTILE* camps, setting the poorest layers of the population against the kulak elements...to arouse there the same war as in the cities." 2. Kulaks known as *rich men, bloodsuckers.*

other examples of this agricultural movement? (2)

1. Late 1970s, Pol Pot and Khmer Rouge in Cambodia: borrowed the ideology from Mao and took inspiration from Great Leap Forward 2. 1980s, Dergue regime in Ethiopia institutes forced collectivization, inspired in part by ujamaa "all great world-historic facts and personages appear twice... the first time as tragedy, the second time as farce" (The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte. Karl Marx 1852)

How is it that eating fish makes mice fat?

1. Obesogens (chemicals that make you fat) 2. Industrial agriculture is a major cause of obesity because of all the cheap calories that come flowing out of it 2. Compounds in the environment (environment obesogens) that make us fat, change in metabolism 3. It wasn't taken seriously at first NOW IN 2017 ITS SUPER SERIOUS-

Philipine president Marco: 1. Runs on platform of... 2. rice that is ______- intensive 3. ______control of agriculture 4. The rice later allowed him to control ____, _____, (5 things) etc.

1. Runs on platform of *revolutionizing rice* 2. rice that is *input*- intensive 3. *CONSOLIDATES* control of agriculture 4. The rice later allowed him to control *seed, chemicals, loans, machinery, prices and supply*

2016: HT soybean reached ___% of global biotech crop hectarage

2016: HT soybean reached *50*% of global biotech crop hectarage

Who criticized IRRI? Why?

Asian Agric Leaders.... Criticize: 1. These are all small rice farmers, unlike large well-capitalized Pubjabi wheat farmers (they had irrigation and British stuff) 2. Head of the Nepali Dept Agric Research: how can farmers afford all the nitrogen fertilizer? 3. the poor farmer can afford to apply nitrogen...if he can find the money 4. Anthropologist Richards: "by definition, poverty is the condition of not being in a position to find the money"

Borlaug and RF promotion of _______-_______ wheat narrative-surge in attempts to mitigate _______ -perfect set up for ramping up ag production in India (of the drought) -Borlaug—>powerful ally (MS Swaminathan)

Borlaug and RF promotion of *INPUT-INTENSIVE* wheat narrative-surge in attempts to mitigate *DROUGHT* -perfect set up for ramping up ag production in India (of the drought) -Borlaug—>powerful ally (MS Swaminathan)

Which plants (C3 or C4 plants) will be affected by GW? Why is this bad?

C3 (Rice, soybeans, wheat, potato, barley) *WILL BE MORE AFFECTED* C4 (corn, sugarcane, sorghum, millet) Yields of the C4 will go up, and the nutritional quality will go down.. Dietary deficiencies of zinc and iron ... are causing a loss of 63 million life-years annually. Most of these people depend on C3 grains and legumes as their primary dietary source of zinc and iron... C3 grains and legumes have lower concentrations of zinc and iron when grown ... at the elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration predicted for the middle of this century. C3 crops other than legumes also have lower concentrations of protein, whereas C4 crops seem to be less affected

What are utility patents? problem with this ?

Can exclude anyone from making, using or selling the invention Products of nature not patentable; only "inventions" problem? But how much does a product of nature have to be changed before it is an invention? Philosophical question never sorted out in US law.

Corn has increased/ decreased in price while yield increase/ decrease

Corn has *decreased* in price while *yield increase*

Fights in fertilizer science 1. _______ (Liebig- controlling variables) vs ______ research (Lawes) 2. Reductionism vs _____

Fights in fertilizer science 1. *LABORATORY* (Liebig- controlling variables) vs *EMPIRICAL FIELD* research (Lawes) 2. Reductionism vs *VITALISM*

What is the oasis theory

GORDON CHILDE: - End of plecoscene: the oasis thoery- propinquity-- there are deserts and rising sea levels so ppl move to the the deserts near oasis - The fact u have oasis at end of plestocene and ppl move to the oasis' - there are things that happen when ppl live in close quarters - Its not about demographics - Its about learning in concentrated interactions - Population plays a role = Ppl live in a place with lots of ppl, and then they live in close proximity with "beasts" and learn how to use them - (SEMI-DEMOGRAPHIC )

Genetic research and _____ _____ rights enforce each other

Genetic research and *intellectual property* rights enforce each other

Genius of industrial agriculture is its __________ _________.

Genius of industrial agriculture is its EXTERNALIZED COSTS (distant, delayed, diffuse)

How does Climate change effects yields? (tons/ha) 1. CO2 level affects...... photosynthesis and transpiration mainly positive effects on crop growth and water use 2. climate and weather affect yields via temperature A. B. C. D. E. D. phytomicrobiome (define)

How does Climate change effects yields? (tons/ha) 1. CO2 level affects...... *A. photosynthesis and transpiration *B. mainly positive effects on crop growth and water use* 2. climate and weather affect yields via temperature: *A. water* *B. soil* *C. weeds* *D. insects* *E. diseases* *D. phytomicrobiome: what are diff organisms that make up more cells in plants... HUMAN MICROBIOME: the majority of cells in ur body are bacteria*

Barry Commoner, plant biologist at Washington University CONTRAST AND SIM TO EHLRICH.

In CONTRAST to Ehrlich, who sought to distance himself from charges of radical leftism, Commoner's politics were strongly left-leaning, and he aimed to make the environment part of a broader social revolution. SIMILARITIES Ehrlich, Commoner saw links between ecosystem degradation, poverty, and civil rights, but:

In the early 1960s Lee documented Ju/'oansi spent how much time working?

In the early 1960s Lee documented Ju/'oansi as spending an *average of 2 hours daily in subsistence pursuits*

Industrialization of fertilizer 1. according to pollan happened.... 2. according to stone

Industrialization of fertilizer 1. according to pollan: *Industrial revolution in food chain" dates to close of WW2, leading to food production drawing energy from fossil fuels instead of sun* 2. according to stone: *19th C. beginnings - the first chapter of industrialization more in the Geisen & Hersey* *Early 20th C and Interwar developments (industrial N)* *The Main Event: Post-war package*

Ireland exports during potato famine

Ireland not only exported large amounts of *beef, pork and grain* during the "Potato Famine" but *exports rose*. In *1846* alone, at the height of the famine, *Ireland exported over 730,000 cattle and pigs to England*

Japan provided this 3 tiered crop (irrigation intensive, disease resistant, wide adapted) called semi- dwarf "______-___"

Japan provided this 3 tiered crop (irrigation intensive, disease resistant, wide adapted) called semi- dwarf "*NORIN-10*"

Difference between Owen Valley Paiutes and The Deep Spring Western Shoshone

OWEN VALLEY 1. effective env differs: water, more concentrated, predictable resources 2. larger bands; more sedentary; modify environment (hunter-gatherer irrigation!) 3. communal land tenure, property rights

What did the case studying about Maring and their pig rituals reveal (rappaport)

PNG hilly area, cultural diversity Roy Rappaport (Vayda student) fieldwork among Tsembaga (subgroup of Maring-speakers) in early 1960s study of farm energetics & strategies- how energy flows, but work appears in mid/late 1960s heyday of cultural ecology became classic case of religious ritual as adaptive cultural institutions, specifically regulating pig populations and adjusting population/land Pigs for the Ancestors 1968 ( "Religious Regulation of Environmental Relations" High value of pork conflict on frontier triggers war; fighters eat pork w/o drink, limiting fight Big thing of who eats pork Fight on frontier (you took my land) then they fight... They werent big fights - they could eat a lot of pork before the fight! You couldn't drink water though! The fights were short tho, and non lethal winners plant rumbim to thank ancestors, reward allies with pork, then pork taboo Anyone who participated in fighting would be invited to eat pork in festivals afterwards rumbim taken up after ancestors satisfied (which turns out to happen when pigs overpopulate); pork feast war system limits violence!! linked homeostatically with pig population- the festival would happen after war was over- big pork feast... at what tie do we have pork feasst? Ancestors are appeased! They are appeased when there are too many pigs! = AN ADAPTIVE THING!

People said that the Kung san are descendants of _____ and some are ______.... the problem is that....

People said that the Kung san are descendants of HERDERS and some are FORAGERS.... the problem is that THERE IS A LOT OF COMPLEXITY AND DIFFERENCES IN GROUPS

Problem of unilineal evolution? - which ranks culture on a line of evolution (Morgan Lewis Henry)

Problem: evolutionary line of what exactly? -- what actually is it an axis of? - we are more evolved than others? We are more WHAT than they are - what does that mean - In biological evolution, organisms don't become progressively "more evolved"; Compare to other drivers of cultural change (e.g. population) Many examples of environment-culture change not fitting evolutionary schemes (even going backwards!) Leslie white: what it was that was evolving- it was how we use energy

are kofyar economically sustainable?

SOCIO-ECONOMIC stability 1. yes, due largely to flexibilities in subsistence/ cashcrop production and inkind/cash compensation) 2. yes, due to reliable "affordable" inputs (local labor and freedom to mobilize it) limited dependence on external inputs

US solution for extreme weather events?

TECH SOLUTIONS: 1. *Developing Crops for Dependable Intensive Inputs* - in areas with safety nets for farmers and eaters 2. breed crops that will help farmers deal with extreme weather... (submergence tolerant rice-- TOTALLY UNDER WATER)

The developmental goal is to move ppl away from _____ and towards _______ crops.. and this is gendered- targeted towards ____

The developmental goal is to move ppl away from *SUBSISTENCE FARMING* and towards *CASH* crops.. and this is gendered- targeted towards MEN

How did unintential domestication happen? example?

Unintentional (becuz how we behave) without intending to, EXAMPLE: non-shattering rachis 1. Trying to get seeds, the shattering will scatter, and you will get tough rachis in your basket 2. Bias towards tough rachis Rubbish heap (around human pop) protect from normal selective pressures 1. Plants growing around human populations are protected from natural pressures 2. Protected from animals, get more water, 3. They are protected in human populations

Veggies: A study of 13 key nutrients in 43 garden crops (basically vegetables) over the last 50 years. The results: breeding for _____ _____ led to significant decline in 6 nutrients ranging from ____-____%.

Veggies: A study of 13 key nutrients in 43 garden crops (basically vegetables) over the last 50 years. The results: breeding for *RAPID GROWTH* led to significant decline in 6 nutrients ranging from *5-38*%.

What would kofyar cash crop?

Yams: More crop for less work Boserupian process!! - Also driven by the desire to move into cash cropping

Political ecology: in depth: what is it about?

o Not necessarily Marxist but focus on power, political economy o How and why are costs & benefits of environmental interactions shared unequally o Especially by moving the lens back to larger scales of analysis or longer timeframes o Critique of cultural ecology as blind to politics, so misses larger dynamics and helps to naturalize unequal costs & benefits

What is the trend for consumption of 1. beef 2. pork 3. chicken 4. turkey

1. Beef at the top, big spike in seventies, then tapers off now 2. Pork stable 3. Chicken really increased from 90's 4. turkey increased in 90's not as much as chicken

1. where do they produce a lot of hogs? 2. how is this part of environmental racism?

1. Iowa still the top- producing state, North Carolina went from fifteenth to second in hog production between the mid-1980s and mid-1990s. 2. This explosive growth resulted in thousands of CAFOs located in the eastern half of the state—squarely in the so-called Black Belt, a crescent-shaped band throughout the South where slaves worked on plantations. After emancipation many freed slaves continued to work as sharecroppers and tenant farmers. A century later, black residents of this region still experience high rates of poverty, poor health care, low educational attainment, unemployment, and substandard housing.

Three theories of agricultural development (define each) 1. malthus 2. intensification 3. Industrial

1. Malthus : *(preindustrial), farming struggle to keep up with food needs, determined population, farms produce as much as they can* 2. Intensification *(local inputs/labor), overall productivity determined by population, farms produce as much as they need, optimize efficiency* 3. Industrial *(external inputs), factories become part of agriculture, capital captures value from state in developing & deploying technologies, overproduction*

Why does small scale rice farming depend upon the houshold?

1. SOCIAL CONCOMITANTS- show how household is the main driver of small scale sustainable farming 2. Generally applies to intensive cultivation but especially true of paddy rice 3. reliance on hhold labor: locally adapted, highly skilled, invested in the farm 4. Control labor schedule 5. hhold controls land (long-term invest- ment in paddies, hydraulics, etc.)

Describe what happened with african american workers on the Navassa Island (guano island) in 1899

1. Uprising by African-American workers, 5 supervisors were killed. 2. No charges against mining company but dozens of workers convicted of felonies; 3 sentenced to death. 3. Death convictions appealed to Supreme Court; bizarre decision based on ambiguous GIA wording: never states that islands were part of the United States, but rather "be considered as appertaining to the United States" and no one knew what that meant 4. Hinging on argument weather this was in the US or not. 5. The guano island "be considered as appertaining to the United States" They didn't have power to overrule it because it wasn't the US 6. Benjamin Harrison commuted the sentences to life in prison

What is CRISPR?

CRISPR "genome editor" vastly improved over earlier models -- easier, cheaper, less IPR-encumbered, more precise than rDNA

In principles of population, (1798) who were Malthus's bad guys?

Condorcet and Godwin

How does malthus fit into the ideas that SSC is either maladaptive or adaptive

Definitely indigenous but can be cast as both- adaptive and maladaptive 1. maladaptive with respect to the overpopulated poor- poor tribes In a way it was maladaptive- like vice 2. adaptive within larger system overseen by God. There are forces food production and population- it was just nature it was gods way

Differences between cultivars of a single crop suggest that breeding for decreased sensitivity to atmospheric _____ concentration could partly address these new challenges to global health.

Differences between cultivars of a single crop suggest that breeding for decreased sensitivity to atmospheric *CO2* concentration could partly address these new challenges to global health.

Who was Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin

Female author, thinker, intellectual : wrote many books So far ahead of her time- no other women could make money as philosopher. Made arguments that women shouldn't be decorative pieces Got her in trouble Her books include: 1. Thoughts on the Education of Daughters, 1787 2. The Female Reader, 1789 (no copies extant) 3. A Vindication of the Rights of Women, 1792 4. Historical and Moral View Of The Origin and Progress of The French Revolution , 1794

Fertilizer science rise 18c- life forces theorized 1. nitre: 2. many proposed vitalism: 3. Spiritus (humus)

Fertilizer science rise 18c- life forces theorized 1. nitre: *-- mysterious substance in the air that could take material form in manure* 2. many proposed vitalism:* all living organisms animated by life force* 3. Spiritus= *guiding spirit/ debate about the role of humus, special soil with vital source (upper darker layer of soil)*

Food production separates us from beasts (true/false- why)

Food production DOES NOT SEPARATE US FROM BEASTS 1. Insects (especially ants!) farm fungi 2. Amoeba farm bacteria 3. Bacteria genetically engineer plants to produce food

Will agricultural crises cause famines? why or why not?

Food supplies ALWAYS *fluctuate.* Famine is *not* caused by *underproduction,* but by societal decisions that food is not an entitlement. *(society decides what ppl are entitled to and what they are not)*

Global Food politics- different histories and developments: Britain was classic example of .....

Global Food politics- different histories and developments: 1. Britain was classic example of *outer-directed agro-colonialism*

How is Borlaug industrial neomalthusian legend? Green revolution industrial neomalthusian legend 1. Narrative that depicts the fact you need to: ... 2. Green revolution shows validity of Malthusian overpopulation because.... 3. _________ _______ motives as humanitarian Borlaug is 4. Technology _________

Green revolution industrial neomalthusian legend 1. Narrative that depicts the fact you need to: *develop industrial technologies to fight malthusian disaster* 2. Green revolution shows validity of Malthusian overpopulation because.... *we would have starved if not for the green revolution- validifying malthusian... a billion would have starved!* 3. *Agricultural development* motives as humanitarian Borlaug is 4. Technology *fetishism*

Selling ______ rights was bad for Bushmen because - Jars image of the bushmen - they have "Delicate balance" (PETA) - It is problematized - The bushmen are not the same as they used to be not "real" - Not authentic

Hunting

what is leibigs law of minimum?

It states that growth is dictated not by total resources available, but by the scarcest resource (limiting factor). The law has also been applied to biological populations and ecosystem models for factors such as sunlight or mineral nutrients.

Russia and the Bolshviks: 1. _______'s famine in _______- ______, then Stalin takes over and it gets worse 2. Continued attempts to incite ______ war in country against _____ started killing in 1928 3. 1929 Peasants _______; land, animals declared ______ property, and they were organized into ______ ________

Russia and the Bolshviks: 1. *LENIN*'s famine in *1921- 1922*, then Stalin takes over and it gets worse 2. Continued attempts to incite *CLASS* war in country against *KOULAKS* started killing in 1928 3. 1929 Peasants *COLLECTIVIZED*; land, animals declared *STATE* property, and they were organized into *AGRICULTURAL BRIGADES*

MAP borlaugs "shuttle breeding": describe what shuttle breeding is and how this works

SHUTTLE BREEDING: - He would plant in the summer in the mountains, take those seeds down to the winter crop - Then take the winter crop seeds and bring them back up north to highlands LEADS TO *"Wide adapted" photoperiod-insensitive* wheat (does not respond to changes in day light) - selected for crops not sensitive to light, so it was "wide adapted" - could be planted at different altitudes. Other breeders would not have agreed with this, they tried to make crops specific for an area: not able to be transported *Wide adapted crops because they were disease resistant* *Not wide adapted because they were fertilizer intensive* *not wide adapted to different levels of soil fertility*

Newer demographic theories: (the Rosenberg general thoery)

hunter-gatherer population pressure as key even when low population - both general and location-specific - (Rosenberg) general theory: large HG territories needed as safety net; decreasing territories creates need for more predictable, controllable resource- need for more stable resource

What is wrong with neoevolutionist idea of efficiency? what makes our crops more/ less efficient

we are less efficient in terms of agriculture because of EXTERNALITIES. Misleading to look at production system like leslie white wanted to do: and see how "efficient"

Is Genetic modification a big deal?

we have been doing it forever?? - Only thing thats new is that it is more precise - corn was modified by ancient mexicans -

Julian Simon key points in film: what was his standpoint on population and why?

1. He saw population as a good thing... more economic growth and can deliver more goods and services. 2. average prosperity increases with an increase of pop. If overall subsistence rates go up its a good thing. 3. Believes capitalism can make the world a better place-- Capitalism thrives by providing goods and services Life is better for majority

FARMING can make u sick: 1. b4 farming harris lines- what were they- why did they disappear 2. nutritional profile 3. mortality

1. Illinois Valley: Harris Lines indicate arrested growth - harris lines indicate "hungry times" they had less constant food supply, and therefor when they went through periods of food insecurity- they stopped growing but calcium kept going into the bone- making visible lines 2. NUTRITIONAL PROFILE GOT WORSE! They decrease with agricultural foods, but bones show delayed adult stature - Adult stature was achieved later in life - Also increases in various pathogens (e.g. some fungal diseases from soil) -Cavities were created 3. mortality INCREASED

1. Rice doesn't go up until when during green revolution? 2. What happens to minor grains and why? 3. what was the trend of India food produciton? how did g revolution change it? 4. changes in per capita production of grains? (FACTOID)

1. Rice doesn't go up until 10 yrs after the revolution 2. Minor grains: stagnate in the green revolution due to taking minor crops out/ not focusing on them 3. Going up, during green revolution, the trend stays the same- they all increasing and the grains not a part of the green revolution also increase along with wheat 4. Per capita production of grain: In 1968, the breakout year for Borlaug's wheat varieties in India that led to the name "Green Revolution," wheat yields jumped 24% over the previous year. But pulses jumped 42%.*

Why are fertilizers polluting? 1. millions of tons of chemical fertilizer washing off farm fields are most widespread _______ in the world 2. causes ________ _______ plankton outbreaks 3. creates ________ _______s, wiping out aquatic life

1. millions of tons of chemical fertilizer washing off farm fields is the most widespread *CONTAMINANT* in the world 2. causes pernicious *pfisteria plankton* outbreaks (gross lessions in fishy that make them inedible) 3. creates *algae blooms*, wiping out aquatic life A study in Nature put numbers to these expected future conditions: by 2050, an estimated 59% of all nitrogen fertilizer will be applied in developing regions located upstream of the type of marine ecosystems most vulnerable to phytoplankton blooms (Beman et al. 2005). Bigger and bigger problem in the developing world

Political ecology examples:

1. political economy of Kalahari foraging 2. slash & burn and rainforest destruction 3. Green Revolution as commodifying agriculture

What were the classic malthusian / ehlrich predictions on food supply? counter arguments

1. we will run out of food -- price spike of corn in 2008 was due to making deisel from corn... -- grow corn to run tractor now 2. wont be able to feed our country 3. Will degrade environment

What is an obligate cultigen: example:

A plant that has to be reproduced by people- it cannot reproduce without ppl cuz it has been changed- CLASSIC EX. CORN! - corn cannot go feral (plants unable to reproduce w/o human intervention) are a subset of domesticates rare with animals (we don't even control cats' reproduction very well) but modern age does breed animals that can't even grow to adulthood

Arch site showing swidden cultivation

At a *Rio Negro* archaeological site in the Amazon, *soil charcoal -- apparently from swidden cultivation -- was dated to 4000 BC.*

Mexico Ag Program wheat: 1. Borlaug's trademark "______ breeding" which led to wide adapted crops

Borlaug classic neomalthusian- also incredibly inpatient

Most externalized costs are 3 things:

Externalized costs of agriculture: - the effects are 1. Distant - fertilizer going down stream 2. Delayed -DDT exposure as young - predisposed to cancer 30-40 yrs later 3. Diffuse- cant tie it neatly to one farm or one chemical

The social prestige- feasting theory:

FEASTING THEORY: (conspicuous consumption- inspired by yuppies around him and potlatch) -- Potlatch big conspicuous consumption feast 1. The conspicuous consumption of wealth 2. Deep roots in human history 3. Early crops- you can grow them- you have a rare commodity: THAT IS A FORM OF WEALTH 4. Social theory of agriculture 5. Feasting as a reason for what agriculture is about 6. You can capitalize on this rare commodity 7. Prehistoric evidence of feasting? - next slide

From 1800-2000 world population rose just over _______ while agricultural production rose around _________

From 1800-2000 world population rose just over *6 fold from 1 to 6 billion* while agricultural production rose around *ten fold*

From 1996 to 2014 trends: 1. Herbicide tolerance 2. Stacked Traits 3. Insect Resistance (Bt)

From 1996 to 2014 trends: 1. Herbicide tolerance: GREATLY INCREASED 2. Stacked Traits: increased a little 3. Insect Resistance (Bt): increases a little

How did GMO technology become commodified? Who were Stanley Cohen and Herb Boyer? 1. what year 2. what did they do? 3. Stanley Cohen came from Stanford, an unusually ________ university, applies for patent on the method which was ______ _____ 4. Cohen sees methods as _____ _____ method and refuses to accept royalties. 5. When was patent awarded? 5. Boyer co-founds ______

How did GMO technology become commodified? Who were Stanley Cohen and Herb Boyer? *Scientists from Stanford and UC-B* 1. what year: *1973* 2. what did they do? *Inserted recombinant plasmid into E. coli (1ST GMO)* 3. Stanley Cohen came from Stanford, an unusually *ENTREPRENEURIAL* university, applies for patent on the method which was *RECOMBINANT DNA* 4. Cohen sees methods as *basic scientific* method and refuses to accept royalties. 5. When was patent awarded? *Patent awarded 1980 after Chakrabarty* 5. Boyer co-founds *Genetech*

How did Indian farmers adapt to delayed monsoons? (3)

Main responses: 1. Changed irrigation 2. Switch to more drought-tolerant crops 3. Delayed planting

Boserup ideas about mid-20th C theory of economic development: 1. Government had set of ideas that linked _______, _______ , ________

Mid-20th C theory of economic development: 1. Government had set of ideas that linked demography, development, agriculture

What type of rice was released in 1966 by IRRI with great fanfare? Called Miracle rice showing technology _______. yield boost is ''lodged in the grain itself-- why is this wrong? Actually distributed with farm _______ supplied by US oil companies _______ & _______.

What type of rice was released in 1966 by IRRI with great fanfare? *IR-8* Called Miracle rice showing technology *FETISHISM* yield boost is ''lodged in the grain itself-- why is this wrong? *not just farm a lot-Forces ppl to become consumers- buy pesticides, fertilizers so on and so forth* Actually distributed with farm *CHEMICALS* Supplied by US oil companies *ESSO* & *ATLAS*.

Define Environmental Determinism:

something in environment determines human affairs

What is wrong with the acheivement theory?

"achievement"? - It might not have spread because its superior? PROBLEMS WITH AGRICULTURE: -- h/g work loads, light even in marginal areas (farming more intense work) -- "domesticable" plants everywhere -- h/g knowledge of plants and cultivation -- diseases from animals like chickenpox -- health considerations include acute vs chronic nutritional stress, caries, fungal diseases, anemia (more below)

Guano island- extraction of guano 1. Work conditions 2. How did the work conditions get to be this way in 1840 and 1854 3. Post- slavery- how did they maintain cheap labor on guano islands? 4. What did some of workers do on the islands? 5. What did government do about the workers?

*1. Work conditions:* Guano mined mostly by hand; dirty and dangerous Miners live in excrement on sweltering rat-infested islands *2. How did the work conditions get to be this way in 1840 and 1854:* 1840: most of work by slaves 1854: peru banned slavery but paid slaveholders to free 25,000+ slaves *3. Post- slavery- how did they maintain cheap labor on guano islands?* -- called it voluntary labor -- not really voluntary -- Hawaiians and Chinese (some fooled, some "simply kidnapped, chained together in the holds of ships that were little different from African slavers -- various other poor people there to work *4. What did some of workers do on the islands?* - Many commited suicide *5. What did government do about the workers?* - didn't regulate labor; even supplied it in cases -- Maryland state pen profitable deal with American importer to supply prisoners to the island mines SENT PRISONERS TO THE ISLANDS

inner-directed national integration of manufacturing into agric defined is....

*inner-directed national integration of manufacturing* Industrial agriculture runs on purchased external inputs, often developed with state backing, and development of industries to absorb overproduction (e.g. meat industry)

Cultural ecology Case Studies: 1. 1960s studies of Kalahari Ju/'oansi (Lee)

- Hunter-gatherers, well fed and adapted - How these folks are well adapted and well fed despite them being hunter gatherers- and its an adaptation to environment

After Malthus' book what happened to his career? What happened to Godwin?

- Malthus was rewarded for his work - Regarded as top economist and political writers in europe Godwin: - Godwin went down in status- job with government - Embarrassing for anarchist - Wrote a rebuttle in 1820 (23 yrs after) "Of Population: An Inquiry concerning the Power of Increase in the Numbers of Mankind, being an answer to Mr. Malthus' Essay on that Subject" Malthus' thoughts about the godwin book: (even though historically might not have been read? Malthus correspondence: "the poorest and most old-womanish performance that has fallen from the pen of any writer of name"

2 examples of algae blooms wiping out aquatic life

-- Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone (most notorious) avg 5,500 mi2 -- hundreds of other dead zones -- 33 mi2 "smelly guacamole" toxic bloom in Florida causes state of emergency in 2016 -- 2011 Lake Erie toxic algal bloom >3x larger than any before; new bloom in 2017!

Why are cows so inefficient?

1. *Long gestation & lactation* 2. *high metabolism rates* (~45% of their metabolized energy goes into weight gain, vs. ~67% for pigs) 3. *less of the body is edible* (carcass weight averages 62%, vs 74% for pigs and 90% for poultry)

Agricultural engineers believed 1. _____ (fewer/ more) workers any nation can have making labor-saving equipment and the ______(more/fewer) using such equipment, the better for the nation and the individual citizen." The mindset and vested interests of the national industrial integration model

1. *MORE* workers any nation can have making labor-saving equipment and the *FEWER* workers using such equipment, the better for the nation and the individual citizen."

Why are fertilizers hazardous to make? (2 things)

1. *Plant explosions:* - 31 and 2442 injured in Toulouse France (2001) - West, TX 2013: 15 died, 260 injured, >150 buildings destroyed including two schools, a nursing home, and an apartment complex - past lots more. 2. *Some common fertilizers are highly EXPLOSIVE!* WHY?? Pollan and nitrogen fixation -- most nitrogen in the atmosphere is N2, tightly bound- very stable -- Plants cant use n2- its to tight -- For nitrogen to be available for plants- they have to be broken apart- takes A LOT OF ENERGY -- Cyano bacteria, lightning strike can do it -- put nitrogen into other molecules (into an ammonia molecule- this is called nitrogen fixing)

Malthus God on vile ness and intense farming

1. - loving god set up a terrible world in which most are miserable 2. He "ordained that population should increase much faster than food" in order to "urge man to further the gracious designs of Providence by the full cultivation of the earth." SET IT UP SO WE WOULD BE MORE INTENSIVE FARMERS- but why not do that in the first place? THERE IS SOMETHING godly about Intensive farming (interesting we are busy disposessing ppl from their land- its not their land- they don't farm legitimately) British settlers blamed native americans for not conquering land

How did US farming become modernly institutionalized? (4 things)

1. 1905 Office of Farm Management "quantitative spirit" 1910-30 2. agriculture being made scientific, Taylorist, "rational & legible to the state" (Fitzgerald, 36; Scott) 3. agricultural education on campuses - courses on modern farming 4. agricultural engineering- departments/ degrees/ etc. "No one will object to calling the farm a factory; it is a factory. The sun and seed are the raw materials..."

1. 1918 made the _____ for tractors, making tractors more useful 2. Why was it during this time they had a labor shortage/ needed tractors? 3. Adoption booms in ______ 4. _________ (#) tractors by the end of WWII. ____ % of farms had tractors 5. As the pace of _______ quickened and the number of farms _______ (Inc/dec) after WW2, ratio between tractors and farms became ________. 6. By the 1970s, there were _________ _______ tractors per farm.

1. 1918, made the first *PTO (power take off)* making tractors more useful. the pto powered the hay, the fertilizer 2. They needed labor because *shortage of workers due to wwi* 3. Adoption booms in *1920's* 4. *2 million* tractors by the end of WWII. *40* % of farms had tractors 5. As the pace of *MECHANIZATION* quickened and the number of farms *DECREASED* after WW2, ratio between tractors and farms became *INVERTED*. 6. By the 1970s, there were *MORE THAN ONE-AND-A-HALF* tractors per farm.

1. 1920s: studies show very ________ economic benefits 2. 1921 study of the effect of _______ adoption shows tractors, automobiles, and even milking machines _______ (did or did not) seem to shorten the farmers' workdays nor lighten their loads 3. 1930s: tractors were saving work but placing enormous strains on farm ________ : for example: - Pre tractors - Post tractors

1. 1920s: studies show very *AMBIGIOUS/ EQUIVOCAL* economic benefits 2. 1921 study of the effect of machinery adoption shows tractors, automobiles, and even milking machines *DID NOT* seem to shorten the farmers' workdays nor lighten their loads 3.1930s: tractors were saving work but placing enormous strains on farm *BUDGET*: Example: - Pre tractors: farms were flexible economies - good harvest/ bad harvest- change life - Post tractors: Tractors were fixed costs (now they are about 100k) -- gotta make payments on it, to keep feeding it gas, oil etc.

1. 1968 _____ production surges -- Rise in yield (AMOUNT PER ACRE) due to______ &_______ -- Rise in wheat acreage from farmers doing what? what did government do? 2. US AID head: "______ Revolution" in direct comparison to _____ revolution 3. But yields always fluctuate what happened before borlaug was there? -- Note other crops (e.g. pulses)(Pulses=lentils and chickpeas - legumes) - there were spikes in pulses along with wheat- the surge was due to the fact there was a drought- then there were rains- and government had provided fertilizer and irrigation -- And other countries where no new seeds 4. What comparisons to china were drawn at this time? what did they see in yields?

1. 1968 *wheat* production surges -- Rise in yield (AMOUNT PER ACRE) due to *tubewells* and *fertilizer* -- Rise in wheat acreage from farmers switching to wheat because of the new favorable policies (Patel, 2013) 2. US AID head: "*Green* Revolution" in direct comparison to *Red* Revolution (Communism) 3.But yields always fluctuate - *even bigger rise before the Mexican seeds (spike before borlaug was there)* -- Note other crops (e.g. pulses)(Pulses=lentils and chickpeas - legumes) - there were spikes in pulses along with wheat- the surge was due to the fact there was a drought- then there were rains- and government had provided fertilizer and irrigation -- And other countries where no new seeds 4. China (often compared to India) *reported one of its best growing seasons ever IN ABSENCE OF GREEN REVOLUTION*

Why are fertilizers dirty to make? (2 examples)

1. 2016 Mosaic Fertilizer Co. (FLORIDA) reported 45-foot wide sinkhole under a pile of waste in its phosphate fertilizer plant, sending *"depositing at least 215 million gallons of polluted, slightly radioactive water into a vast underground aquifer"* (Philpott 2016) 2. December 2012 leak from a coal-to-chemical fertilizer factory in Changzhi, China. 39 tons of potentially carcinogenic aniline poured into the Zhuozhang River, affecting water for over a million people and also having disastrous effects on livestock and on the ecology of the river.

A particular moment in time 1. After 2 decades of expansion, govn funding dries up 2. Because of Vietnam expenses and congress cuts military funding for reserach... 3. Defense dept funding drops from _____ of university research in early 1960s to _____% in 1975. 4. 1970, NIH budget drops ____% success rates for NIH grants from ____% in early 60s to <____% in 1980s

1. After 2 decades of expansion, govn funding dries up 2. Because of Vietnam expenses and congress cuts military funding for reserach... 3. Defense dept funding drops from *1/3* of university research in early 1960s to *8%* in 1975. 4. 1970, NIH budget drops 10% success rates for NIH grants from *60%* in early 60s to *30*% in 1980s

Capitalism vs the climate: 1. Argument: The contemporary form of ______ is inherently ______ with reversing the course of global warming 2. stone says: The contemporary form of ______ _____ _____ ____ is inherently ______ with reversing the course of global warming.

1. Argument: The contemporary form of *capitalism* is inherently *incompatible* with reversing the course of global warming -- Corporations claim to be solving the problem but they are basically in it for the green publicity 2. STONE: The contemporary form of *input-intensive industrial agriculture* is inherently *incompatible* with reversing the course of global warming.

Godwin 1. attributes social ills to .... 2. He could go off the rails, considered an _______ 3. envisioned ____ _____ society 4. Thought we would overcome will overcome sexual passions & need for ____ eventually no ____, no ___, and no _____. 5. Believed equality was acheived by... 6. Why was Godwins ideals about equality historically ironic?

1. Attributed social ills to societal institutions; could be improved by application of reason 2. Considered an Anarchist 1796 Political Justice, 1797 Enquirer collection 3. Envisioned utopian anarchist society 4. Some ideas unrealistic: will overcome sexual passions & need for sleep eventually no crime, no war, and no government. 5. equality by perfecting social institutions; in proposed that "a state of cultivated equality is that state which... appears most consonant to the nature of man" ("Avarice and Profusion" in Enquirer) 6. HISTORICALLY IRONIC: the industrial revolution was making huge INEQEUALITY: ppl were working themselves to death- enormous fortunes- state of inequality ironically: Godwin was holding forth as a top intellectual with claims of man's tendency to cultivate equality just as the most exaggerated economic cruelty was being forged

How is beer "serious business" in kofyar- adding to the value added theory

1. Beer plays key role in religion, agricultural production, 2. Crops they grow : pearl millet (for beer) 3. They drink beer all the time, it fills u up is nutritional - kids drink it 4. "suh" is for beer - means it is for substinence 5.Mescaline, meditation, etc.- And certainly alcohol: the imbibed state is seen as a "sacred" state - serves a social function

GR in MX 1. Cardenas president ________: favored *ejidos* (__________), -- encouraged agricultural science to promote _______ agriculture -- landlessness and rural _____ ______ plummeted -- Period of rural _______

1. Cardenas president *1934-40*: favored *ejidos (semi-communal farming villages)*, -- encouraged agricultural science to promote *ejido* agriculture -- landlessness and rural *OUT migration* plummeted -- Period of rural *prosperity*

outer-directed agro-colonialism defined is...

1. Colonial empire; depends on agricultural imports - set up colonial states that has lots of land and will provide you with food, goods. 2. GOODS: tropical colonies and settler states in temperate areas sugar, cotton, rubber, hides, dyes, etc.; 3. FOOD: early role of US, Ireland, Australia; import of land-extensive foods like meat 4. Metropole as "workshop of the world" -- Britain works on industrial development- and they do the cotton- clothes! -- Industrial development with food from outer areas

Values of kofyar: 1. Mar muos 2. land tenor 3. market production

1. Cultural Value of Muos- nutritious for kids, they would pour it into friends mouths 2. Private Land Tenure NOT always possible 3. Very Little Market Production-- producing for "use value"- ground nut stew (made and sold palm oil for local markets)

What is archaeological evidence of the feasting theory:

1. Deposit contained the remains of a feasting event that occurred in the 8th century AD (chultu n at La Corona in Guatemala, southern Maya Lowlands) 2.Although difficult to sometimes determine the nature of a deposit, feasting is identified through the recovery of certain elements... (lots of ceramics in one place) - where food would be stored 3.Large quantities of animal bones (often different in type and quantity than those consumed on a daily basis n= < 1,000 bones and shell specimens

Humans and Domesticates 1. Domestication is _____ in food production but not the ______ thing 2. Hunter-gatherers "produce" food by irrigating wild grasses 3. Some key domesticates were not primarily food Multiple definitions of domestication, e.g. altered genetically to meet human needs/desires

1. Domestication is KEY in food production but not the SAME thing 2. Hunter-gatherers "produce" food by irrigating wild grasses 3. Some key domesticates were not primarily food Multiple definitions of domestication, e.g. altered genetically to meet human needs/desires

What were problems with rushton? 1. Mechanism 2. Data

1. Examples of mechanism problems: -- Cooperation doesn't lead to social complexity -- The sex mechanisms are silly -- Cooperation in hunting varies with species and culture, not temperature 2. Example of data problems: -- Some of world's most complex indigenous production systems in tropics -- Brain size correlates with body size, not IQ. -- If there really were a good relationship between brain size and intelligence, the smartest people on earth would be professional wrestlers

Often cultivation affected population growth through various mechanisms: - there are generally accepted things that happened in terms of "demography"

1. FOOD more stored food for hungry time may keep more people alive longer allows more regular ovulation shorter birth spacing due to weaning foods Easier to cook and store grains: you can produce more food- and have food that is available at all times Storability prevents starvation Boost of calories (means more women have more periods) Grains have a good weaning food - they can ovulate more Crops can grind and cook with water- feed to babies (shorten birth spacing 2. CHILDCARE more sedentary -> more care available Greatly improved child care- grandmother theory- having them around in the village helps babes Analysis of 130 mortuary populations spanning beginnings of cultivation shows rise of 24% in estimated children per woman (Bocquet-Appel 2009). Greatly improved child care- grandmother theory- having them around in the village helps babes

What happens when there is too much food? 1. Farmers (increase/ decrease) money 2. Farm quantity 3. Rural areas population 4. Encourages ______ - intensive farming 5. Industrial agriculture systems can _________ costs 6. Many of the uses to which we put surplus grains are ______ 7. Food surplus partly due to ______ _________ in colonies

1. Farmers *DECREASE* money- *they go broke* 2. Farm quantity: *the consolidate* 3. Rural areas population: *rural areas depopulated* 4. Encourages *CAPITAL* - intensive farming 5. Industrial agriculture systems can *EXTERNALIZE* costs 6. Many of the uses to which we put surplus grains are *PROBLEMATIC* 7. Food surplus partly due to *export production* in colonies

1. Who was GW Carver? 2. What was his goal? 3. What did he promote? 4.. What did he do/say? 5. Was he successful? why or why not?

1. GW carver- He was a part of the Tuskeegee institute- and said they could save money by not buying chemical fertilizer; need to build up the whole soil, eat local foods, wild greens and hunt 2. Goal: wanting to help Black farmers 3. started as promoter of chemical fertilizer in late 1800s, then in 1902 was backing off and promoting organic - natural humus, leaf litter, etc., 4. He was a part of the Tuskeegee institute- and said they could save money by not buying chemical fertilizer; need to build up the whole soil, eat local foods, wild greens and hunt 4. What did he do/say? Even said chemical-fertilized produce isn't as nutritious- -- this is partly true- industrial bred stuff is not as nutritious Became advocate for peanuts for small farmers They are nitrogen fixing 5. Not successful, because he was swimming upstream - from late 19th C policies and fed-funded research "prioritizing efficiency and production"; and corporate input interests had invaded - "industrial interests like commercial fertilizer manufacturers and implement manufacturers had by and large overcome earlier conflicts with the land-grant schools, and, in fact, had begun working with them

Policies in mexico that led to increase use of wheat: 1. Gov investment shifted away from _____ towards infrastructure (_____, _____,______) 2. land rush by _____ investors to capitalize on _____ investments 3. increased ________ means less _____ -fertilizing (when you allow river to flood in spring- don't need to fertilizer it), so boosts in ______ fertilizer use (imported from US) 4. credit for _____ expansion and _________ 5. guaranteed _____ prices 6. special foreign exchange rates to promote ________ 7. demand for _____-intensive wheats

1. Gov investment shifted away from *ejidos* towards infrastructure (*irrigation, roads, electricity*) 2. land rush by *PRIVATE* investors to capitalize on *GOVERNMENT* investments (Ppl who had lots of money bought land- prices go up and up) 3. increased *irrigation* means less *flood*-fertilizing (when you allow river to flood in spring- don't need to fertilizer it), so boosts in *inorganic* fertilizer use (imported from US) 4. credit for farm *expansion & irrigation* 5. guaranteed *wheat* prices 6. special foreign exchange rates to promote *mechanization* 7. demand for *fertilizer*-intensive wheats

BUSHMEN: 1. Have environmental problems, mainly by _______ ______ - excessive waves of herders - they ______ _____ 2. Bushmen became increasingly dependent 3. They were kicked out of the central ________ (in the way of diamonds and tourism?) why that happened (ppl claim it's the best thing for them) 4. Lawsuits to regain lands 5. In some cases, the only way they could make money was selling ______ rights, which made ________ organization mad.

1. Have environmental problems, mainly by DEPLETED WATER- excessive waves of herders - they DIG WELLS 2. Bushmen became increasingly dependent 3. They were kicked out of the central KALAHARI (in the way of diamonds and tourism?) why that happened (ppl claim it's the best thing for them) 4. Lawsuits to regain lands 5. In some cases, the only way they could make money was selling HUNTING rights, which made PETA organization mad.

1. "Inconveniently, Indian officials declared the famine a _____" (Cullather 2010:223) 1. 2nd year drought increases concerns -- meteorologically _____, politically _______ 3. Bihar: spike in poverty due to ______________ not due to crop failure. 4. 1967 Bihar food rationing leads to "_________-organized _______ _____" ______ primary recipient of PL-480, very little famine 5. Johnson personally oversees shipments, appears as global _____ ________ as war escalates wants to seem like a humanitarian Not someone who is just enciting a war in india

1. Inconveniently, Indian officials declared the famine a *SHAM*" (Cullather 2010:223) 2nd year drought increases concerns -- meteorologically *rare*, politically *convenient* 3. Bihar: spike in poverty due to *drop in export crop (sugar, jute) and so unemployment*... not to food crop failure 1967 Bihar food rationing leads to "*Communist-organized food riots*" *Bihar* primary recipient of PL-480, very little famine 5. Johnson personally oversees shipments, appears as global *humanitarian leader* as war escalates wants to seem like a humanitarian Not someone who is just enciting a war in india

1. Independence in ______ 2. Nehru 1st _________; Gandhi killed 1948; ghandi wanted _____ ________ 2. Nehru policy: develop heavy ______ such as.... 3. Initially (discouraged/encouraged) by US 4. Urban factory workers, Need a lot of cheap ______. 5. Lack of investment in ___ ______ 6. Promote_____ _____ for foreign exchange

1. Independence in *1947* 2. Nehru 1st *prime minister*; Gandhi killed 1948; ghandi wanted *rural movement* 2. Nehru policy: develop heavy *INDUSTRY* such as *STEEL, CHEMICALS, AIRPLANES, INVEST A LOT IN STEEL* 3. Initially *encouraged* by US 4. Urban factory workers, Need a lot of cheap *FOOD*. 5. Lack of investment in *subsistence agriculture* 6. Promote *export crops* for foreign exchange

1. Jan. 1982 GM plants made by: 2. Recombinant Agrobacterium: A. Define agrobacterium: B. They used plasmids with genes for _________ ______ instead of Tumor-Inducing 3. Later another method on transfection developed: gene gun 4. 1994 first GM plant on market: Calgene's "_______ ____ _____" -- modified to ____ ____ ____ -- only sold for (time) _______, but technology worked

1. Jan. 1982 GM plants made by: *Wash U, Monsanto, lab in Belgium* 2. Recombinant Agrobacterium: A. Define agrobacterium: - Doesnt grow like normal bacterium - bacterium that infects plants - Inserts genes into the plant -> natural genetic engineer - Tumor produces bacteria food B. They used plasmids with genes for *antibiotic resistance* instead of Tumor-Inducing 3. Later another method on transfection developed: gene gun 4. 1994 first GM plant on market: Calgene's "*Macgregors Flavr Savr* " -- modified to *rot more slowly* -- only sold for (time) *a few years*, but technology worked

The theory of induced innovation -- how does this explain differences between japan and US? 1. Japan was _______ ______ and had to make ______ _______ fertilizer , intensive grains; sophisticated fertilizers. 2. US has lots of ________. -- the action was moving to new pieces of ______ was easier than investing in fertilizers, and innovation was focused on ________, to save on labor. -- "Experience had shown them that ______ cost more than new _____... [which] probably explains the rather late development of the manure spreader in America... which appeared in 1853".

1. Japan was *LAND-SHORT* and had to make *LAND-SAVING* fertilizer , intensive grains; sophisticated fertilizers. 2. US has lots of *LAND*. -- the action was moving to new pieces of *LAND* was easier than investing in fertilizers, and innovation was focused on *MECHANICS*, to save on labor -- "Experience had shown them that *FERTILIZER* cost more than new *LAND*... [which] probably explains the rather late development of the manure spreader in America... which appeared in 1853".

Three conflicting ideas about the Kagga Kamma "human zoo" 1. people running zoo 2. bushmen supporters 3. those "appalled"

1. Kamma offers you an experience which is truly unique. They will share, as a privilege, their age-old skills and traditions with the visitor. And, amongst the rocks, caves and crevices, you'll find their ancestors' paintings recording events centuries ago. (Ad for Kagga Kamma) 2.The San never asked to leave Kagga Kamma, until their land claim was complete, and then they returned to the Kalahari.Another benefit was it enabled them to find a lawyer willing to assist them claim their land (me!) and after an eight year struggle we won their land back expediency and opportunism in our perjorative terms are survival skills for them. - Roger Chennels, San lawyer, email to GDS

1. Kautsky "_____-_______" qualities of the farm household could be captured by capital via vertical integration. 2.____ can capture this by getting smallholders in _____ and giving them the risk 3. also play a role in creating environmental & p/health problems that affect them (a form of _____-______) 4. takes hold in poor areas in __________ US

1. Kautsky *Self-exploiting* qualities of the farm household could be captured by capital via vertical integration. 2. *Corporations* can capture this by getting smallholders in *debt* and giving them the risk 3. also play a role in creating environmental & p/health problems that affect them (a form of *self-exploitation*) 4. takes hold in poor areas in *southeastern* US

1. Marx says most important commodification is ... 2. How does capitalism do this? 3. This makes capitalism inherently ....

1. LABOR 2. DO NOT HAVE MEANS TO PRODUCE FOR SELF= If people deprived of control over means of producing for themselves, then have to sell their own labor as commodity -- What made industry grow was the dispossession of land in the country side- so people coming in and wanting to have labor- cheap labor force in Britain (SIMILAR TO COTTON AND SLAVERY) -- Classic e.g. of nature of labor changed - the good and its price changing- sell labor cheap -- What capitalism runs on is being able to price labor below the value it creates 3. So inherently exploitative

Marx speaks on agriculture: why his view was limited, what he got wrong, what he got right

1. LIMITED: Marx was a city boy- he didn't know much about farming- he had sense that agriculture would be commodified- he knew capitalists would come in and commodify things like seeds and cow maneur 2. GOT WRONG: irony: although stock in trade was analysis of how social relations articulated with production in industrial society, he had oddly misinformed view of agrarian production 3. Got RIGHT If agriculture rests on scientific activities—if it requires machinery, chemical fertilizer acquired through exchange, seeds from distant countries, etc., and if rural, patriarchal manufacture has already vanished . . . then the [products of external trade] appear as needs of agriculture. . . . Agriculture no longer finds the natural conditions of its own production within itself, naturally, arisen, spontaneous, and ready-to-hand, but these exist as an industry separate from it. .

Ecology of intensification: what happens? (3)

1. Longer work hours 2. Efficiency (output:input) drops; decreasing marginal returns. This is the driver. 3. Output per area/time (production concentration) rises -- swiddens can be quite productive, but not for long -- production concentration means- follow the plots over 30 years The land productivity goes up because its being used every year (intensification) The land productivity of the Fallow: is less because it stis for a while

Bt cotton india: >300 million small farmers Major problems with cotton bollworms Classic insecticide treadmill-- they were overspraying pesticides: treadmill effects Bollworms are caterpillars - Bt! (this can help them from overspraying with pesticides World's most developed NGO sector - most were skeptical - farmers in India- and also have network that is ready to shut down GM- Vandana Shiva and many others (AGAINST GM Major food/farm-related narratives for GMO's Ground zero for Green Revolution Farmer suicide epidemic (don't know why this happens) Ppl say GM's will make it better- others say it will make it worse Poised to be world's biggest adoption of GM crops by small farmers this has happened!

1. Major problems with what insect? 2. Classic insecticide treadmill-- they were overspraying pesticides: treadmill effects Bollworms are caterpillars - Bt! (this can help them from overspraying with pesticides World's most developed NGO sector - most were skeptical - farmers in India- and also have network that is ready to shut down GM- Vandana Shiva and many others (AGAINST GM Major food/farm-related narratives for GMO's Ground zero for Green Revolution Farmer suicide epidemic (don't know why this happens) Ppl say GM's will make it better- others say it will make it worse Poised to be world's biggest adoption of GM crops by small farmers this has happened!

Mechanical and biological/ chemical technology correspond to model of induced technical change (new technology are endogenous to the economic system) because.. 1. mechanical technology is _____ ______ 2. Biological and chemical technology is _____ ______

1. Mechanical technology is *"labor saving,"* designed to substitute power and machinery for labor. 2. Biological and chemical technology is *"land saving,"* designed to substitute labor-intensive production practices and industrial inputs such as fertilizer and plant and animal protection chemicals for land.

Two anthropology perspectives on intensification 1. Netting saying... 2. Boserup saying...

1. Netting... social organization is important; Households Intensive sustainable cultivation - households are units that run this Intensive sustainable agriculture. It is a social part of culture. 2. not evolutionary or even progressive; can go back to shifting if pop drops (Boserup cites cases of this to support the theory; upcoming Kofyar case) -- Ppl move from crowded to less crowded- it shifts from intensive to extensive

How did China change the agricultural ecology and ITK? 2 things

1. Overrode indigenous management of fertility, scheduling, even pest management 2. Worst was close-planting: "Lysenko's theories meshed perfectly with Mao's obsession with class struggle. He readily believed that plants from the same 'class' would never compete against each other for light or food." (J. Becker) w/o variation in field, farmer looks at it differently; as uniform, and all discrimination is at level of brand rather than plant - so provider of seed brands becomes indispensable (hand of the businessman) - groundwork for later deskilling/commodifying of ag production And reinforces idea that harvests grow due to inherently superior scientific developments purveyed by corporations

1. When does pollan say that chemical fertilizer took off? 2. why is this a little wrong?

1. Pollan says a *"key turning point in the industrialization of our food can be dated with some precision to the day in 1947* when the huge munitions plant at Muscle Shoals, Alabama, switched over to making chemical fertilizer. *After the War the government had found itself with a tremendous surplus of ammonium nitrate*... The chemical fertilizer industry (along with that of pesticides, which are based on poison gases developed for the war). 2. Wrong because... -- But note long history of N before this -- Actually there were shortages of N after war, but plants being built quickly -- Then shift from coal to natural gas in 1950s made production much cheaper -- Build natural gas infrastructure (also state subsidized)

How did Malthus influence policy? 5 things

1. Population outstripping food production is part of nature 2. Only palliatives possible; can't keep positive checks from befalling "lowest orders" ("The Dismal Theorem") other examples: India 1876- starvation occuring- stil exported 358K tons of grain: the person in charge of relief said they couldnt produce to sustain population Lord Lytton: "Indian population tends to grow faster than the food it produces. .. attempts to mitigate famine & sanitation only "enhance evils resulting from overpopulation"" 3. In fact, feeding the hungry will only increase starvation in the future ("Utterly Dismal Theorem") Modern version: "Clearly, the worst thing we can do is send food...atomic bombs would be kinder" - Garrett Hardin, quoted in Commoner 1988, "The Environment," in Crossroads: Environmental Priorities for the Future, p. 156 4. Even mitigating poverty was a bad idea as it would only make them lazy, and impoverish the nation. 5. In population: goodness of heart keep ppl poor

US PL-480: 1. PROBLEM with US grain production? what do we want to do? 2. What happened in India? 3. Artificially low wheat prices, in combination with rising prices for other goods, ______ affected private investment in the farm sector. 4. Community development and irrigation increased _______ acreage, but yield per acre (increased/ decreased) by 12% from 1952 to 1958 and then stagnated.

1. Problem! overproduction in US! want to send all wheat to India. Dump surplus on them because they need it for their cities. 2. prices were so low that Indian domestic production stagnated. Indian farmers simply could not compete against grain sold at a loss by the American government, so they stopped trying and Indian production failed to rise fast enough to meet increasing domestic demand." 3. Artificially low wheat prices, in combination with rising prices for other goods, *adversely* affected private investment in the farm sector. 4. Community development and irrigation increased *WHEAT* acreage, but yield per acre *DECLINED* by 12% from 1952 to 1958 and then stagnated.

Things we select for in GMO: (7)

1. Seed size increase- select for 2. Ripe seeds stay on plant (tough rachis) Wild grass: thing that holds seed together is supposed to shatter 3. More predictable and synchronous germination 4. Reduced physical and chemical defenses (e.g. thorns, spines) 5. Low dormancy: separates weeds from many annual crop plants 6. Change in taste , color, etc. 7. Rapid growth - shorten life span of trying to get them to grow faster Genetically modified salmon (picture of the small and big salmon (GMO SALMON grows faster)

1. Since introduction of Bt Cotton, what happened to yields? 2. The yield rise occurred at what time? 3. ___% of the rise occurred in 2003-2004 when Bt seeds accounted for _____ % and _____% of all cotton area. 4. The rapid uptake period between 2006-2008, when adoption rates shot up to __%, yields (did or did not) climb dramatically; both datasets even show a slight uptick followed by a downtick. 5. India's top cotton expert attributes the large increase in yield to a few things including (5 things)

1. Since introduction of Bt Cotton, what happened to yields? *Yields rose 98% from Bt cotton's release in 2002 to 2012* 2. The yield rise occurred at what time? *2002-2012* 3. *61*% of the rise occurred in 2003-2004 when Bt seeds accounted for *1.2* % and *5.6*% of all cotton area. 4. The rapid uptake period between 2006-2008, when adoption rates shot up to *81*%, yields *DID NOT* climb dramatically; both datasets even show a slight uptick followed by a downtick. 5. India's top cotton expert attributes the large increase in yield to a few things including (5 things) *A. new pesticides* *B. New hybrids* *C. new micro-irrigation systems* *D. new areas* *E. Bt-cotton* *together may have been effectively contributing to the enhanced rate of production and productivity*

Problem with manure spills?

1. The collapse of a dike on a rain-soaked industrial swine farm in Onslow County sent 25 million gallons of hog waste 2. in an era of increasing intense storms? 3. Hog operations routinely fined thousands of dollars -- SMALL AMOUNT

The "Counterfactual" Issue: *BIGGEST THING: they claimed yield increases... but* 1. The condition to which the phenomenon under study is compared to try to _____ the effect of the phenomenon. - Control/treatment group is a special case of counterfactual - Provides more telling comparisons but has its own flaws - But the counterfactual is often an imagined history without the phenomenon - e.g., what would have happened without it? obvious but common flaw in logic: assume nothing would have happened - "rooster taking credit for the dawn" - Control group is counterfactual - it's what you compare drug effects to - Historic counterfactual- how did history unfold after GMO's were introduced and what would have happened without them?

1. The condition to which the phenomenon under study is compared to try to *ISOLATE* the effect of the phenomenon. Widespread claims of yield increase, but no evidence the average historical rate of increase in yields has changed (acc to NAS report).

Will GHG and GW lead to reduced global food production? 1. There are different projections of GHG: - Change in grain yields over the entire world projection: - 2 diff models 2. Agree that A. severity on impacts increase with degree of ______ B. worst impacts in _______ areas currently with ______ hunger

1. There are different projections of GHG: - Change in grain yields over the entire world projection: *The north will have greater yields, the south will have less yields* *The WHOLE world will have decrease* 2. Agree that A. severity on impacts increase with degree of *WARMING* B. worst impacts in *TROPICAL* areas currently with *GREATEST* hunger

Modern view of bushmen: 1. They have been the ultimate anthropological Rorschach (meaning.....) 2. Different spectacles provide partial truths but also distortions: such as... (because modern _____s are by definition atypical!) 3. They have their own ________ 4. Some of their technology (especially as seen in the 1960s) may have parallels with distant past, but their culture is not a _______ 5. Richard lee in 62 was a modern day hunting group (modern ppl with modern interest) 6. Their histories and current situations vary 7.Adaptation to the Kalahari has always required flexibility, opportunism, and "________" 8. Expediency and opportunism (strategy for survival in Kalahari is _________) 9. If you can get animals you will herd them- if you need money you will work for awhile- if there are resources in bush that can be gathered you will

1. They have been the ultimate anthropological Rorschach (ppl look at them and see what they want to see - represented as the TRADITIONAL BUSHMEN) 2. Different spectacles provide partial truths but also distortions Such as: NOT REPRESENTATIVE OF ALL HUNTER GATHERERS (modern H/G's are by definition atypical!) 3. They have their own HISTORY(actually histories) 4. Some of their technology (especially as seen in the 1960s) may have parallels with distant past, but their culture is not a RELIC 5. Richard lee in 62 was a modern day hunting group (modern ppl with modern interest) 6. Their histories and current situations vary 7.Adaptation to the Kalahari has always required flexibility, opportunism, and "SCRAMBLING" 8. Expediency and opportunism (strategy for survival in Kalahari is SCRAMBLING) 9. If you can get animals you will herd them- if you need money you will work for awhile- if there are resources in bush that can be gathered you will

1. Unlabeled/unavoidable ____ in processed foods; benefit (___) to growers 2. When Europeans disgraced GM's there was a didactic response by ________: "don't tell us there is a problem with the food!!" 3. Why did europe reject the foods? A. B. C. 4. In UK, especially _____ (mad cow) debacle! -- In 80's and early 90's - there were big problems with this, causes _____ to behave badly (impacts cows brains) ____. 5. Govn/medical estab: _____ (Mad Cow) unrelated to _____ also a "preon" disease... (maybe a link between the two?) 6. Why do they say the two disorders are unrelated?

1. Unlabeled/unavoidable *SOY* in processed foods; benefit (*HT*) to growers 2. When Europeans disgraced GM's there was a didactic response by *MONSANTO*: "don't tell us there is a problem with the food!!" 3. Why did europe reject the foods? A. Influence of green interests B. Reinforced by recent environmental and public health/ agric disasters C. Concerns about these... 4. in UK, especially *BSE* (mad cow) debacle! -- In 80's and early 90's - there were big problems with this, causes *proteins* to behave badly (impacts cows brains) *Vcj:* 5. Govn/medical estab: *BSE* (Mad Cow) unrelated to *vCJ* also a "preon" disease... (maybe a link between the two?) 6. Says no they are unrelated-- *one is agricultural related, other is public health*

Marx: ideas between use value and exchange value-- define

1. Use value- using it -- make corn for self- the value doesn't change, when you make for market you are vulnerable to market fluctuations 2. exchange value- create for market -- When created for and priced by the market, the nature of the good changes -- e.g., market price may be forced down -

1. why was mexico a claimed victory in the industrial revolution of agriculture? 2. Cullather says this leave out lots of information such as: A. In US, ______ agriculture had contributed to depression-era farm crisis and paradox of plenty B. In Mexico, "the great wheat boom that made Mexico into a wheat-exporting country forced the smaller _______ ________out of business and concentrated capital-intensive agriculture into the hands of _____ than ____ _____ entrepreneurs" C. displacing _____ and _____ farming with ______ agribusiness, "liberating" millions of farmers into urban _____ or ______ ____ ____ D. "_______ _____ " bursts onto front pages in early 50s- Surge of farmers looking for work- who had been "liberated" E. Narrowed the ____ base of wheat F. "These correctives have strikingly little effect on how the Mexican parable is retold in congressional hearings or news accounts" Borlaug furious at those questioning the narrative

1. VICTORY: self sufficient in food in 1950 - model for asia 2. Cullather says this leave out lots of information such as: A. In US, *INDUSTRIAL* agriculture had contributed to depression-era farm crisis and paradox of plenty B. In Mexico, "the great wheat boom that made Mexico into a wheat-exporting country forced the smaller individual cultivators out of business and concentrated capital-intensive agriculture into the *hands of less than 200 'millionaire' entrepreneurs"* C. displacing *small* and *communal* farming with commercial agribusiness, "liberating" millions of farmers into urban *slums* or *across the border* D. "*wetback problem*" bursts onto front pages in early 50s- Surge of farmers looking for work- who had been "liberated" E. Narrowed the *genetic* base of wheat F.F. "These correctives have strikingly little effect on how the Mexican parable is retold in congressional hearings or news accounts" Borlaug furious at those questioning the narrative

Importance of food production (ISSUES) 1. The type of food production has value-laden ________ perspectives 2. Agriculture is viewed as a cultural accomplishment that separates us from _____ 3. Intensive agriculture separates ________ cultures from ______ 4. "Victorian ladders of progress" - showing agriculture as a last step or close to last step -- PROBLEM: food production is not unique to ________ -- Can also make case of agricultural food production as a HUGE MISTAKE 5. Another problem with victorian ladders of progress is that advanced agriculture can be seen as ___________ & ___________

1. Value-laden EVOLUTIONARY perspectives 2. Cultural accomplishment that Separates us from BEASTS 3. Intensive agriculture separates ADVANCED culture fromPRIMITIVE 4. "Victorian ladders of progress" -- But not unique to HUMANS -- Can also make case of it being _______ _______ -- Advanced agriculture PROBLEMATIC & INEEFICIENT

Two critique of neoevolutionist (energy theory) ideas: 1. By neoevolutionist criteria our society has evolved drastically in THIS time period 2. Our energy has become more/ less efficient since then

1. but by this criteria our society did most of its evolving since WW2 2. become LESS efficient "Farmers increasingly substituted fertilizer, machinery, gasoline, and electricity, and other nonfarm-produced inputs for human labor and land in the production of food and fiber... [but] in a larger sense, what happened is the following. Farmers substituted cheap fossil fuels, transformed into such productive inputs as fertilizers, tractors, milking machines, and harvesting equipment, for expensive, relatively inefficient human labor. As a result, the energy output of major food crops, measured in calories per unit of energy input, declined over this period. In physical terms, there was a decline in the efficiency of producing digestible energy through crops over the period 1948- 73.

Rushton wrote about environmental determinism -- personality/ body/ culture theory of J.P. Rushton (1995) Race, Evolution and Behavior said in 1. Colder environments 2. Equatorial latitudes 3. Testosterone is a determinant of aggression, so _____ in the cold, ____ in the heat

1. colder environments more cognitively demanding > larger brains -- GREATER SOCIAL COMPLEXITY due to stronger CO-operation between males in group hunting -- reduced inter-male sexual competitiveness and aggression 2. Equatorial -- plant - insect foods available throughout the year, so little need for co-operative group hunting unnecessary -- inter-male aggression is adaptive for reproductive success 3. Testosterone is a determinant of aggression, so lower in the cold, higher in the heat -- Claims race differences in testosterone (Negroids > Caucasoids >Mongoloids) -- Reduced testosterone > reduced penis length (cites 1940 study) -- So folks like Rushton have small genitals, higher intelligence, and greater self-control

How are fertilizer externalities: 1. diffuse 2. delayed 3. indirect?

1. diffuse: *spatially - all over the place, 33 miles of algae bloom In florida- you cant trace that easily back to someone* 2. delayed *can occur in next generation! DDT- use in 1945- not until 2007 that we found out DDT is a carcinogen if exposed at young age- and can cause epigenetic causes* 3. indirect- idk man

Why US wheat? 1. only indias ___ (#) crop 2. British invested heavily in wheat-producing areas in places where they irrigated it... so they invested in .... 3. this was called the ____ food model or _______ directed model of ______ development. 4. the place that had gotten investment was lost in .... 5. had nothing to do with _____ more to do with india divided over...

1. only indias 3rd crop 2. British invested heavily in wheat-producing areas in places where they irrigated it... so they invested in *The north in Punjab* 3. this was called the *colonial*food model or *outward* directed model of *colonial* development 4. the place that had gotten investment was lost in 1947 partition (independence): pakistan got the northern areas of punjab that had gotten a lot of the british investment- like irrigation 5.Had nothing to do with *overpopulation* - India tearing apart due to *religious lines*- making of pakistan and the division of Punjab - losing the places where british had invested

Industrial Neomalthusianism-

1. population growth means we need more technology to produce more food its PRO technology Main people- monsanto, john deer, its INTEREST DRIVEN mainly industrial agriculture IMPLICIT assumption that agriculture is already producing barely enough- FALSE ASSUMPTION: WE OVERPRODUCE WILDLY--

1. pre 1930s, chicken meat by product of _____ production; _____ were seasonal and birds slaughtered after .... 2. Fed government in depression sponsors big science -- e.g. 1933 _____ _____ ______ ________; research on disease control, breeding, husbandry in confinement systems create industry for "broilers" 5. CAFO chicken only made profitable by ..... 6. WW2: -- chicken not rationed like beef -- War Food Admin on Delmarva Penin

1. pre 1930s, chicken meat by product of *EGG* production; *EGG* were seasonal and birds slaughtered after *SPRING HATCH* 2. Fed government in depression sponsors big science -- e.g. 1933 *NATIONAL POULTRY IMPROVEMENT PLAN*; research on disease control, breeding, husbandry in confinement systems create industry for "broilers" 5. CAFO chicken only made profitable by *enormous state research & subsidy via allowing ext costs efficient at garnering state subsidy* 6. WW2: -- chicken not rationed like beef -- War Food Admin on Delmarva Penin

Marx's insight and ignorance to agriculture: 1. recognized _______ in agriculture -- crops and livestock reproduce and feed each other 2. ________ destroyed this. -- Contrary to classical economists, ____ can be seriously degraded -- Liebig and other contemporary scientists were writing about this Marx theorized the "_____ _____" -- Capitalist agriculture exploits nature (especially _____ ______) --- ____ exploit countryside

1. recognized *"METABOLISM"* in agriculture -- crops and livestock reproduce and feed each other 2. *CAPITALISM* destroyed this. -- Contrary to classical economists, *SOIL* can be seriously degraded -- Liebig and other contemporary scientists were writing about this Marx theorized the "*METABOLIC RIFT*" -- Capitalist agriculture exploits nature (especially *SOIL FERTILITY*) --- *CITIES* exploit countryside

unilineal evolutionist: 1. was a theory with many __________ diagnostics, but no theory of _________ 2. lacked mechanism of ________ so it couldnt explain more "primitive" cultures. 3. there was no nature of an _____ of what was more or less evolved

1. unilineal theory with many ENVIRONMENTAL diagnostics but no theory of ADAPTATION 2. lacked mechanism of CHANGE, and so couldn't explain why more "primitive" cultures 3. there was no nature of an AXIS of what was more or less evolved

What was the guano? 1. using ___ ____ as fertilizers 2. Industrial or not? 3. where did it come from?

1. using *BIRD DROPPINGS* as fertilizers 2. *Semi-industrial* (external input but naturally occurring) - -- industrial because it's external. Not produced in factory- so its only semi 3. comes from coast of peru --Early example of state subsidy R&D - very little - didn't put a lot of money into research Setting rules making trade profitable

what did Fixed nitrogen research laboratory want to do? how did they accomplish what they did?

1. wanted to propell the nitrogen fixing industry 2. did it by using US education, public government funds

1999: need a more convincing narrative to adopt GMO's - before didn't need that Hybrid seeds = farmers adopt them and its okay Now with GMO's its different need ppl to want and accept these Biotech needs to perform PR stuff Monsanto big part of these The message they put across is that these are technologies that are needed to feed the global south!

1999: What was wrong with the GMO narrative? What did they need to change? *need a more convincing narrative to adopt GMO's - before didn't need that// need to have ppl need GMO's and want to addopt them*

GR in MX 2. Rockefeller Foundation's ______ ______ program, (yr)________ -- Premise was Mexico as ____ for developing methods to ______ and ______ agriculture. -- Culather points out why they used mexico:

2. Rockefeller Foundation's *Mexican Agricultural program, 1941* -- Premise was Mexico as *LAB* for developing methods to *IMPROVE* and *MODERNIZE* agriculture. -- Culather points out why they used mexico: *MX easy to get to and could serve as model for further rockefeller aims in Asia*

Mid-20th C theory of economic development: 0 value labor 2. backwardness in developing world due to _______ locked up in unproductive agricultural sector- assume farms are ______ out -- So if you have population growth in the village, then the ppl will just be siting around and not doing anything- 3 ppl doing work, that is for 2 ppl, and not producing more! -- This is known as _______ ________ -- Population growth > "disguised unemployment"

2. backwardness in developing world due to LABOR locked up in unproductive agricultural sector- assume farms are MAXED out -- So if you have population growth in the village, then the ppl will just be siting around and not doing anything- 3 ppl doing work, that is for 2 ppl, and not producing more! -- known as DISGUISED UNEMPLOYMENT -- Population growth > "disguised unemployment"

2008:the food crisis: 1. Major spike in cost of ________. 2. There was _____ proposed as the solution! --2007-8 use GM technology to make ______ proteins more digestible 3. What is wrong with this solution?

2008:the food crisis: 2008:the food crisis: 1. Major spike in cost of *GRAINS* 2. There was *GM'S* proposed as the solution! -- 2007-8 use GM technology to make *SORGHUM* proteins more digestible 3. What is wrong with this solution? A. *food crisis had nothing to do w digestibility of sorghum* B. *the sorghum/ golden rice/ potatoes "superfoods" will never be brought to market*

3 types of rice names 1. asian 2. african 3. New world

3 types of rice names 1. asian= ORYZA SATIVA (japonica- short grain- japan) (Indica- long grain- india) -- both have glutinous (sticky) and nonglutinous (nonsticky) vars -- sushi is made with nonglutinous japonica rice, but it slightly sticky 2. african= ORYZA GLABERRIMA 3. New world= ORYZA VARIOUS

Mid-20th C theory of economic development: 3. "All the agrarian economists of the world agree that if those people were removed from the land agricultural output, it would ________" (Rosenstein-Rodan)

3. "All the agrarian economists of the world agree that if those people were removed from the land agricultural output, it would not fall, it would INCREASE" (Rosenstein-Rodan)

Wheat to india: A. Driven by cold war concerns- want to stop spread of _____ B. India's history of Malthusianism -- >8 million people starved in the late (yr)_____ famine. El Nino droughts were a factor, but British officials (Trevelyn!) blamed ________. -- FACTOID:________ C. 1946 drought: 1.5 mill tons imported from ____ as emergency measure D. 1951: up to _______ tons imported from US in special shipments regularly shipping abroad E. 1954: ________ ("Food for Peace") program starts regular shipments of grain F. 1964: fortunately trial plantings of _____ seeds already begun G. 1965-67: drought, production shortfall-- during drought, intense lobbying by ______ and ______ officials H. Ehrlich visits India, warns tens of millions would starve no matter what8 I. 1967: ______ wheats planted widely only in specific areas; subsidized _______ use soars J. 1969: _____ production soars, food imports stopped K. 19__ : Borlaug wins Nobel Peace Prize L. Nobel speech: "we are dealing with two opposing forces, the scientific power of _______ and the biologic power of __________ _______ . " = ________ neomalthusian M. Ultimate *NeoMalthusian* legend, "saved a billion lives"

A. Driven by cold war concerns- want to stop spread of communism B. India's history of Malthusianism -- >8 million people starved in the late *1870s* famine. El Nino droughts were a factor, but British officials (Trevelyn!) blamed *overpopulation*. -- India also exported a record 358,000 tons of wheat to UK in 1877-78 C. 1946 drought: 1.5 mill tons imported from *US* as emergency measure D. 1951: up to *5 mill* tons imported from US in special shipments regularly shipping abroad E. 1954: *PL-480* ("Food for Peace") program starts regular shipments of grain F. 1964: fortunately trial plantings of *MEXICAN* seeds already begun G. 1965-67: drought, production shortfall-- during drought, intense lobbying by *BORLAUG* and *INDIAN* officials H. Ehrlich visits India, warns tens of millions would starve no matter what8 I. 1967: *MEXICAN* wheats planted widely only in specific areas; subsidized *FERTILIZER* use soars J. 1969: *wheat* production soars, food imports stopped K. *1970*: Borlaug wins Nobel Peace Prize L. Nobel speech: "we are dealing with two opposing forces, the scientific power of *food production* and the biologic power of *human reproduction*. "= *industrial* neomalthusian M. Ultimate *NeoMalthusian* legend, "saved a billion lives"

Boserup in India: 1. Struck by variation in land-use independent of fertility- -- Soil being cultivated agressively in some places and not others 2. Farmers making decisions based on _____ ______ __________ -- How much do you get back by adding one more 3. Some areas had high-labor high-production systems 4. "Dynamic model for all primitive agriculture" 5. "Primitive" never well defined; substitute "local inputs" -- Crucial model but "square chicken" -- Life is more complicated than it is, but what she is doing is productive 6. Especially important exception To boserup= _______ _____ Different process than industrialization but can co-occur

Boserup in India: 1. Struck by variation in land-use independent of fertility- -- Soil being cultivated agressively in some places and not others 2. Farmers making decisions based on *MARGINAL UTILITY OF LABOR* -- How much do you get back by adding one more 3. Some areas had high-labor high-production systems 4. "Dynamic model for all primitive agriculture" 5. "Primitive" never well defined; substitute "local inputs" -- Crucial model but "square chicken" -- Life is more complicated than it is, but what she is doing is productive 6. Especially important exception To boserup= *WET RICE* Different process than industrialization but can co-occur

Costly Signaling theory:

COSTLY SIGNALING THEORY- behaviors that handicap individual may be selected for because they allow mates to receive information they transmit* 1. Informs potential mates that the individual can afford the cost 2. Informs predators that individual is very fit and not worth chasing 3 Signals serve both functions - peacock tail - deer antlers - antelope & deer stotting 4.The observers evolve to recognize the honest signals by their cost

Capital penetration shows the small movements of agricultural industrialization: in each setting they 1.Claimed to benefit _____ and _____ 2. Claimed to be more _______ 3. only profitable because ______ pays for development 4. Often supports deployment 5. Allows _______ costs

Capital penetration shows the small movements of agricultural industrialization: in each setting they 1.Claimed to benefit *FARMER AND PUBLIC* 2. Claimed to be more *EFFICIENT* 3. only profitable because *GOVERNMENT* pays for development 4. Often supports deployment 5. Allows *EXTERNALIZED* costs

Why is microbiome important to plant growth? Comparing no microbes to microbes in soil.... What happens to microbiome in warming world?

Comparing no microbes to microbes in soil.... *those with microbiomes are larger and bigger plants* Microbiome will change in warming world

Who was Condorcet? His school of thought? Belief about family planning?

Condorcet 1. 1795 analysis of how population could outrace food production, but classic Enlightenment optimist: belief in conservation through government, prevention of waste, female education 2. Educate females- bring down birth rate lots of truth 3. Voluntary family planning to teach the populus that they "have a duty toward those who are not yet born" and should limit family size "rather than foolishly...encumber the world with useless and wretched beings" 4. Belief in science & technology as solution

how does the kofyar fit boserup model?

Confirms basic Boserupian pattern - surplus Intensive homeland Extensive early frontier Intensive later frontier Shows key non-Boserupian effect of market surplus yams for market Shows adaptiveness & change in social institutions for agricultural work where people are unconstrained Development and government project are NOT telling ppl how to farm

Why is hunting as a costly signal complicated?

DIFFERENCES: the costly signaling has to be a handicap- meat isnt just for sex-There are social functions being performed -Costly signaling in humans (that there is a benefit ot hunt big animals) it has to be learned and it has to be cultural But hard-wired in animals, cultural institutions with people Sharanahua sex- hunt institutions - But the "honest signal" is not a maladaptive handicap as in animals; it is provision of meat - Also serves social functions (female solidarity; kin-based sharing)

Where does Ehlrich go to get the "feeling of overpopulation"?

Dehli

Rest of story about famous clarion call?

Didn't care about feeding world- its that white brits would have their food- also had commercial interests! The part of the speech usually not remembered: "If bread fails us...what are we to do? We are born wheat eaters. Other races, vastly superior to us in numbers, but differing widely in material and intellectual progress, are eaters of Indian corn, rice, millet, and other grains...and it is on this account that the accumulated experience of civilized mankind has set wheat apart as the fit and proper food..." So not actually tied to feeding the world, but to the British being able to have plenty of wheat - as was their birthright Although Malthus was scornful of Oakwood parishioners wanting wheat: "The labourers of the South of England are so accustomed to eat fine wheaten bread that they will suffer themselves to be half starved before they will submit to live like the Scotch peasants" More commercial interests: Crookes was in the fertilizer business! Had his own company for turning animal waste into N fertilizer. Was also a director of Native Guano Co. (they were also making fertilizer) The most important chemist to take up the challenge was a German whose invention would almost destroy the wheat-eating British...

Will agric crises cause famine? In 1988 when there was a big drop in yields for american farmers, what did congress do?

E.g.: US 1988 : Congress awarded farmers a $3-billion bailout. (The corn was unneeded anyway)

are kofyar environnmentally sustainable?

ENVIRONMENTAL stability: 1. yes, although forest cover greatly modified 2. Forest sustainability would say no! they cut down all the trees- they replanted a lot of trees- like mangoes 3. soil fertility managed through manuring- soil fertility was good! no drawdown of water table

Boserups model moves from ______ to ______ agriculture along a _________. Boserup was not an _____ but model hinges on differences in agro-ecology along spectrum not a demographer and doesn't assume ______ ______

EXTENSIVE to INTENSIVE agriculture along a CONTINUUM Boserup was not an ECOLOGIST but model hinges on differences in agro-ecology along spectrum not a demographer and doesn't assume POP GROWTH

Early Genetic Engineering: *1960s* 1. _________ enzymes isolated; cut DNA 2. DNA ______ identified; join DNA strands 3. Individual _____ isolated for 1st time *1971* 1. ______ _____ creates recombinant DNA 2. DNA of 2 _______ into single circular molecule *1972* 1. Genetic Electric scientist _____ ________ uses different (very simple) methods to combine DNA from different bacteria 2. Got _______ from different organisms to mix 3. Big _____ matter apparently minor importance in science, major in commodification

Early Genetic Engineering: *1960s* 1.*Restriction* enzymes isolated; cut DNA 2. DNA *ligases* identified; join DNA strands 3. Individual *genes* isolated for 1st time *1971* 1. *Paul Berg* creates recombinant DNA 2. DNA of 2 *viruses* into single circular molecule *1972* 1. Genetic Electric scientist *Ananda Chakrabarty* uses different (very simple) methods to combine DNA from different bacteria 2. Got *genes* from different organisms to mix 3. Big *legal* matter apparently minor importance in science, major in commodification

Why did Euro Asian Land mass contribute to power? (2 things)

Euro-Asian land mass 1. Economics : mechanism #1: more advanced food production= had millet/ more domesticable food, surplus, specialization & bureaucracies with writing, tools, horses = this package of stuff had to do with economics 2. Epidemiology mechanism #2: immunologic superiority (resistance to germs characteristic of dense human populations over large landmass)- Crowding, etc. germs can travel across land mass, but they cant spread to island- people on the land had time to develop immunity

Study in nature shows the projected outcome of pollution due to fertilizers: Expect by 2050 an estimated _____ of all nitrogen fertilizer will be applied in developing regions located ........

Expect by 2050 an estimated *59%* of all nitrogen fertilizer will be applied in developing regions located *UPSTREAM OF THE TYPE OF MARINE ECOSYSTEMS MOST VULNERABLE TO PHYTOPLANKTON BLOOMS*

labor parties

Extract more labor with music, festive atmosphere, group effort Convert earlier inputs into millet cultivation into access to labor when most needed This institution requires cultural value on beer

How can extreme weather events affect agric? (3)

Extreme weather events will increasingly cause 1. flooding of fields 2. destruction of crops 3. destruction of agricultural infrastructure

What are face experiments? What do they find?

FACE (*Free Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment*) Experiments They find: *that GW leads to decreased protein content, decrease amino acid concentration, decrease trace minerals* *increase in fructose!*

Farmed salmon have historically been able to _______ through natural causes like storms and even routine handling and checkup events. Because of the high-______ pens and high-_______ diet, farmed salmon are raised to be ________ and _________ different than wild salmon

Farmed salmon have historically been able to *escape* through natural causes like storms and even routine handling and checkup events. Because of the high-*density* pens and high-*protein* diet, farmed salmon are raised to be *psychologically* and *anatomically* different than wild salmon

How does agricultural tech change a lot? (Kofyar)

Farmers in developing countries adjust agricultural practices all the time Kofyar sustainable intensive farming was a case study in changing practices Changing farm locations, markets, population densities (altho not climate) Farmers change: Which crops grown, sold, eaten Crop mixtures in fields Use of burning, fertilizing Scheduling of agricultural tasks Practices for mobilizing labor

Industrial N-fixation, 1909 by.....

Franz Haber starts work in 1903 Inspiring or tragic? Started work on how to industrial fix nitrogen in 1903: There was proof of concept- but couldn't do it cheaply He figured out way to do it in 1909: It was just in time for his factories (they were initially conceived to be fertilizer factories and turned into bomb factories)

Behavioral ecology will ask: is this an evolutionary deal that men will do more hunting- fundamental gender division ? THE ANSWER IS:

Fundamental Gender Div Labor (men hunt, women tend children)? -- NOT EVOLUTIONARY because offpring don't tend to benefit -- meat is usually distributed widely, not to hunters' kids (e.g., Hadza and Ache)- - kids of better hunters do not have better rates of survival - Little difference in survival risk for the children of better hunters - Lots of free-riding- men come home with the meat and share

GLF was to.... 1. Remake _______ society 2. In mid-1950's there was a ______ leap forward 3. Closes grain markets and makes state _________ on grain 4. Peasants are given ________. 5. Peasants moved into _____ ___ _____ of 20-40 housholds, under direction of party secretary 6. ________ million put into _______ collectives 7. Social life was torn apart, as music, religion, small-scale enterprises & crafts were banned 8. Tombs of ancestors ______ over. 9. 1956: Stalin-like passports issued, ______ travel

GLF was to.... 1. Remake *AGRARIAN* society 2. In mid-1950's there was a *LITTLE* leap forward 3. Closes grain markets and makes state *MONOPOLY* on grain 4. Peasants are given *QUOTAS*. 5. Peasants moved into *MUTUAL AID TEAMS* of 20-40 housholds, under direction of party secretary 6. *400* million put into *752,000* collectives 7. Social life was torn apart, as music, religion, small-scale enterprises & crafts were banned 8. Tombs of ancestors *PLOWED* over. 9. 1956: Stalin-like passports issued, *CANT* travel

GR IN MX 4. Later in 1940s shift towards "*industrial revolution* of agriculture" (opposed to low input, organic farming) reasons: A. _________ was out of office other presidents after cardenas didn't want to pour resources into ________ B. _______/______ govn's; Shift to ________-intensive crops in US (post wwii) C. US _________ interests (crops use them heavy duty, therefor ppl in developing nations should be as well) D. Rockefeller uses Mexico as ___ for developing world (lets use Mexico as a way to play around with other crops that we can ________ elsewhere) E. Borlaug - distinct view of world

GR IN MX 4. Later in 1940s shift towards "______ ______ of agriculture" (opposed to low input, organic farming) reasons: A. *Cardenas* was out of office other presidents after cardenas didn't want to pour resources into *ejidos* B. *Camacho / Aleman govn's*; Shift to *fertilizer*-intensive crops in US (post wwii) C. US *chemical* interests (crops use them heavy duty, therefor ppl in developing nations should be as well) D. Rockefeller uses Mexico as *lab* for developing world (lets use Mexico as a way to play around with other crops that we can *export* elsewhere) E. Borlaug - distinct view of world

GR in MX: 3. Rockefeller Initially followed Cardenas' priorities; --_____(low/high)- input agriculture for poor farmers; -- green manure crops, legumes, soil conservation, organic farming; -- maize and beans which were grown by most Mexican farmers (___ % grew wheat)

GR in MX: 3. Rockefeller Initially followed Cardenas' priorities; -- *LOW*- input agriculture for poor farmers; -- green manure crops, legumes, soil conservation, organic farming; -- maize and beans which were grown by most Mexican farmers (*2*% grew wheat)

Insecticide treadmill replaced by genetic treadmill? What have they done about this?

Genetic treadmill *PINK BOLLWORM: has resistance to BT cotton.* What have they done? *There are now 5 different Bt gene combinations and appear 1200 separate Bt hybrids.*

1. History of Genetech: Genentech synthesizes _____ in 1978 and _____ _____ in 1979. Genentech also raised $10M with private investors before going public on Nasdaq in 1980. 2. For the first time, a biotech company goes public with no revenue and its first product is not approved yet (it will be in ______ (yr) only). 3. In 1990, ____ and Genentech will sign a strategic partnership which makes the Swiss company its major shareholder. In 2009, _____ acquired all the remaining shares of Genentech. 4. UC Berkeley is a part of this... so its an example of ...

History of Genetech: Genentech synthesizes *insulin* in 1978 and *Growth hormone* in 1979. Genentech also raised $10M with private investors before going public on Nasdaq in 1980. For the first time, a biotech company goes public with no revenue and its first product is not approved yet (it will be in*1985*only) In 1990, *Roche* and Genentech will sign a strategic partnership which makes the Swiss company its major shareholder. In 2009, *roche* acquired all the remaining shares of Genentech. 4. *ACADEMIC CAPITALISM* - state supported lab UC berkeley was working hand in hand with a company that offered specific service

How does boserup upend developmental theory? 1. Boserup says rural labor (IS OR IS NOT) productive 2. Rural labor is _____ efficient, so it will be useless unless compelled by _______ pressure 3. Instead of viewing ppl in countryside as ________ out in labor, Boserup concluded they wont add ppl to the land unless they have to because of _____ returns of _____ 4. Agric. development (IS OR IS NOT) dependent on external outputs. 5. Determines intensification (CAN OR CANNOT) be taught, and changes come about when... 6. Indigenous technical knowledge (IS OR IS NOT) a limiting factor in production. 7. ITK is more or less important in intensive

How does boserup upend developmental theory? 1. Boserup says rural labor IS productive 2. Rural labor is LESS efficient, so it will be useless unless compelled by POPULATION pressure 3. Instead of viewing ppl in countryside as MAXED out in labor, Boserup concluded they wont add ppl to the land unless they have to because of MARGINAL returns of LABOR 4. Agric. development IS NOT dependent on external outputs. 5. Determines intensification CANNOT be taught- knowledge is not a limiting factor, and changes come about when THEY HAVE TO 6. Indigenous technical knowledge IS RARELY a limiting factor in production. 7. ITK is MORE important in intensive

In ______, the breakout year for _____'s wheat varieties in India that led to the name "Green Revolution," wheat yields jumped _____% over the previous year. But pulses jumped _____%.* (Pulses -- are.... -- are a major part of Indian cuisine and they are totally non-Green Revolution)

In *1968*, the breakout year for *Borlaug's* wheat varieties in India that led to the name "Green Revolution," wheat yields jumped 24% over the previous year. But pulses jumped 42%.* (Pulses -- edible seeds of legumes like lentils and chickpeas -- are a major part of Indian cuisine and they are totally non-Green Revolution)

Trends complicated by changing insecticides with different concentrations: But in general expenditures on bollworm insecticides have increased or decreased?

Insecticide payment/ use has decreased since the 90's ish -- in 2002: 6 billion rupees on insecticides bollworms -- 2.6 billion 2008

Interactions among the perspectives: 1. Malthus still with us despite scientific problems because it is... --Useful to __________ in 1798 and also in 2017 -- Used to fend off ______ about agricultural technologies -- Obscures actual _________ of overproduction -- eg. of overproduction Malthusian fears cited in India despite __________ buffer stocks -- Pollan on history of commodity corn and farm technology 2. Intensification often confused with __________ -- But different processes esp. because of _______ interests in industrial 3. Intensive farming still very important, even "___________" in many countries (but generally some external inputs)

Interactions among the perspectives: 1. Malthus still with us despite scientific problems --Useful to *CAPITAL* in 1798 and also in 2017 -- Used to fend off *QUESTIONS* about agricultural technologies -- Obscure actual *PROBLEMS* of overproduction -- Malthusian fears cited in India despite *overflowing* buffer stocks -- Pollan on history of commodity corn and farm technology 2. Intensification often confused with *INDUSTRIALIZATION* But different processes esp. because of *EXTERNAL* interests in industrial 3. Intensive farming still very important, even "*REPEASANTIZATION*" in many countries (but generally some external inputs)

How can hybrid corn and recombinant dna/ gmo/ genetech be compared? 1. Scientist: 2. Tensions over commerce vs ______ science 3. Tensions over how science is _______ 4. _______ capture of value from academic research (But on much larger financial scale) 5. ______ ______ is expensive... Requires vast research to generate commercial products

Is this similar to hybrid corn scenario? 1. Scientists: *instead of going for typical academic rewards, more concerned with making money off products in marketplace* 2. Tensions over commerce vs *basic* science 3. Tensions over how science is *rewarded* 4. *Corporate* captures of value from academic research (But on much larger financial scale) 5. *Genetic engineering* is expensive... Requires vast research to generate commercial products

What was the social organization of production in China

It was individual households making food, subsistance, etc. Mao said this led to poverty. "For thousands of years a system of individual production has prevailed among the peasant masses under which a hhold or family makes a productive unit: this scattered individual form of production was the economic foundation of feudal rule and has plunged the peasants into perpetual poverty." - MAO

Key Points about Intensification Theory How does boserup upend malthus? 1. Boserup based on ______ of farm production, whereas malthus focuses on ______ of farm production 2. Reverses _______! 3. Malthus says ______ was determined by _______ 4. Boserup says _______ determines ________

Key Points about Intensification Theory How does boserup upend malthus? 1. Boserup based on ELASTICITY of farm production, whereas malthus focuses on INELASTICITY of farm production 2. Reverses CAUSALITY ! 3. Malthus says AGRICULTURE determines POPULATION: food supply regulates population indirectily 4. Boserup says POPULATION determines AGRICULTURE: the population pressures determine the level intensity - marginal returns of labor, fallow shortening

Social Organization of Work - capital farm runs on moneys- kofyar- labor runs the farm

Kofyar needs to think about labor efficiency: Kofyar in the hills- household/ reciprocal/ labor parties In the hills RECIPROCAL AND LABOR PARTIES BECAME MORE important Households still do most of the work (but the trend towards expanding households slows as land fills up) Reciprocal work (wuk) More nimble and allows cash / in-kind flexibility Festive labor party (mar muos) Mobilize unusual amounts of labor Mobilize simultaneous labor This is the stuff marx didn't understand - the agrarian farmers are not homogenous, they are very different, and the 3 types are used strategically and at different times

labor and household work in hills 1. Labor demands= 2. Production limited more by _____ than _____ 3. They do / do not want a big family labor force- small farms doing really intense work (Mean household size?- rate of polygyny?) 4. Most nuclear young married couples move out or stay together 5. Swidden farmers in next valley had smaller/ larger households 6. This shows how kofyar are a classic case of _____ ________

Labor and household work: 1. Labor demands= small scale but continuous, highly skilled- do not need big household labor force 2. Production limited more by LAND than LABOR 3. They DO NOT want a big family labor force- small farms doing really intense work Mean household size= 5.1 rate of polygyny= 1.4 4. Most nuclear young married couples move out AS SOON AS POSSIBLE: households adjust to do the work, its good for young people to go off and be dependent (because of labor pool) and it is put into bigger ideas about quality of life 5. Swidden farmers in next valley LARGER households 6. This shows how kofyar are a classic case of CULTURAL ECOLOGY

Late ___ century us south: the public sector research emphasized facilitating and promoting fertilizer the biggest way they did this was through _____ ______ colleges, which supported themselves by selling....

Late *19th* century us south: the public sector research emphasized facilitating and promoting fertilizer the biggest way they did this was through *LAND GRANT* colleges - land grant colleges would support themselves by selling *fertilizer*

Post pleistocene adaptations theory

Lewis Binford: Binford 1972, An Archeological Perspective: pushes it back to DEMOGRAPHIC MATERIALISTIC WAY OF LOOKING What happens at end of pleistocene? -- Rising sea levels; reduces coastal optimal zones- that's where ppl were living- in Pleistocene- best place to live along coast -- remember, hunter-gatherers on coasts, not Kalahari overflow coastal populations encounter less predictable foods but domesticable grains -- So general and demographic- increase population into the middle zone (suboptimal) away from water -- others make into a local model by applying to the Middle East: overflow populations bring grains out of natural habitats, adopt cultivation (Flannery)- model was also influential (looked at specific pop) - definite causes linked to end of pleistocene- there is a push that forces ppl to start domesticating things

Marx/Engels 1848, Manifesto of Communist Party, advocated for: 1. agriculture and industry 2. Abolition of family... why? 3. How did they see the farm family?

Marx/Engels 1848, Manifesto of Communist Party, advocated for: 1. Combination of agriculture with manufacturing industries -- gradual abolition of all the distinction between town country by a more equable distribution of the populace 2. Abolition of the family; "Even the most radical flare up at this infamous proposal of the Communists. On what foundation is the present family, the bourgeois family, based? On capital, on private gain. In its completely developed form, this family exists only among the bourgeoisie. But this state of things finds its complement in the practical absence of the family among the proletarians, and in public prostitution. The bourgeois family will vanish as a matter of course when its complement vanishes, and both will vanish with the vanishing of capital. 3. Little concern for farm families Sacks of potatoes -- Isolated from civic life (although not really "idiots") -- Particularly important because revolution has to be a social process; the oppressed will cooperate w each other once they see their shared predicament

Difference between materialist approach to culture and stewards idea:

Materialist approach to culture (e.g., cf. Morgan on idea of private property as driver of cultural change) Steward says no! look at how work is organized and ideas about private property will grow out of that

Mechanism argument against malthus

Most of the mechanisms of depopulation had little to do with population. ...the major criticism of Malthus's system is that he never makes clear the relationship between population growth, the positive checks and the means of subsistence. By the 'means of subsistence,' he appears to mean the food supply, yet most of his positive checks were independent of the food supply. (historical geographer David Grigg, 1980:13) Food supply checks population- - that mechanism doesn't make sense He was asking right questions What mechanism check population Poor in explaining it tho

No one ever said that entanglements between industry and university are new: -- In the late 19th Century _____ ______ warned of corroding effects of capitalism on academic knowledge production; -- In 1918, _______ _____ worried that "the ideals of scholarship are yielding ground, in an uncertain and varying degree before the pressure of businesslike exigencies." -- But ________ _______ has permanently changed the relationship between industry and the American university - particularly the biotechnology industry and academic biology.

No one ever said that entanglements between industry and university are new: -- In the late 19th Century *Emile Durkheim* warned of corroding effects of capitalism on academic knowledge production; -- In 1918, *Thorsten Veblen* worried that "the ideals of scholarship are yielding ground, in an uncertain and varying degree before the pressure of businesslike exigencies." -- But *genetic engineering* has permanently changed the relationship between industry and the American university - particularly the biotechnology industry and academic biology.

19th century American South, lots of cheap land, use it for cash crops, why is this a problem?

OVERARCHING - *WHY IS THIS A PROBLEM?* 1. Using land cheap and available land 2. america: move to new lands- grow cash crops that are nutrient hungry- corn, tobacco 3. American south had trashed a lot of their landscape cash cropping of tobacco, corn, and then cotton for British mills "With their human chattel in tow, settlers drifted from South Carolina to Central Texas in search of fresh soil, leaving a trail of eroded and exhausted "old fields" in their wake" Ex-Pres James Madison famous 1818 Speech pleaded with planters "to make the thieves restore as much as possible of the stolen fertility" in order to "rescue ... our farms from their present degraded condition."

What is sustainable?

Often defined in overly general terms e.g. (Bruntland Report 1987), ability to meet current needs w/o compromising future generations' ability to meet theirs) Often applied to short time scales Conflicts between aims of env protection and econ development Anthropologists insist on social equity considerations and attention to livelihoods and ability to withstand setbacks (resilience)

Two postulates in essay on principle of population

POSTULATE 1 Unchecked population can (and by implication, tends to) grow geometrically- EXPONENTIAL CURVE- theoretical, empirical (case study, US colony) preventive checks limit births but ineffective (According to malthus... he had little recognition of bio-social mechanisms of population regulation- aka the church saying dont have sex)- regulate childbearing POTSULATE 2 Food production can only grow arithmetically. How? 1. i.e., more land under the plow or more men behind the plow 2. Common view then; Ricardo, others view farm output as inelastic- arithmetic 3. only noted "ameliorations" in passing -TMISINFORMED VIEW

Will agric cause famine? Philippines typhoon: what happened? 1. Est. cost? 2. Remittance from? 3. Government 4. Unicef? vs drought in Ethiopia: what happened?

Philippines typhoon: what happened? *ppl believed they were entitled and got help* 1. Estimated storm costs *$14 billion; $2 billion in payouts* 2. Remittances from *diasporic community* 3. Govn *relief efforts* 4. UNICEF *aid* vs drought in Ethiopia: what happened? Drought, did not get government bail outs...

Costs for taxpayers due to CAFO - pollution - Grain subsidy - EQIP subsidy

Pollution: -4.1 Billion Grain Subsidy - 3.86 bill EQIP subsidy: - 100 mill-125mill

In Stone's take of boserup model what happens to the fallows over time (specific) ? why does this occur (what forces would drive change) ?

Population is low, so extensive farming is easy. When population goes up people have to go back to different plots that haven't grown back yet- eventually leading to multicropping. Turn up population density more, you don't get the forest to regenerate.

Post WWII public investment in research on ______ technologies. 1940: _____ manhours to raise 1000 birds 1955: ___ manhours 1000 birds

Post WWII public investment in research on *CONFINEMENT* technologies. 1940: *250* manhours to raise 1000 birds 1955: *48* manhours 1000 birds

ANCESTRAL PUEBLOANS Pueblo alto: all sorts of evidence that ppl were not just living They were coming in periodically Short term dispositions of all sorts of trash- no smoke and gun of big feast There is corn- you can make beer?

Pueblo Alto is located on top of the mesa overlooking Chaco Canyon. Excavations at Pueblo Alto suggested periodic episodes of occupancy and feasting. The work at Pueblo Alto indicated that instead of serving as redistribution points, the great houses were locations into which food and goods were carried. Food was apparently consumed and the remains of broken pots were dumped in its extensive middens.

What was "hilly flanks theory" nondemographic / achievement thoery

ROBERT BRAIDWOOD: - Jarmo site (Iraq) - "In my opinion there is no need to complicate the story with extraneous "causes". The food producing revolution seems to have occurred as the culmination of the ever increasing cultural differentiation and specialization of human communities. Around 8000 BC the inhabitants of the hills around the fertile crescent had come to know their habitat so well that they were beginning to domesticate the plants and animals they had been collecting and hunting...From these 'nuclear zones' cultural diffusion spread the new way of life to the rest of the world..." [Braidwood 1960] -Ready for cultural achievement - an achievement model (obviously superior)

which crop contributes most to GHG, why? 1. anaerobic ______ produces _____ 2. This is less common GHG than _____ but much ____ 3. Studies indicate it will get worse w/ GW.... increasing CO2 and warming will approximately ______ the GHG intensity of _____ production by the end of the 21st century"

Rice... 1. Anaerobic (in water without oxygen) *Archaea produce methane* (CH4) 2. Less common GHG than *CO2* but much *worse* 3. Studies indicate it will get worse w/GW.....increasing CO2 and warming will approximately *DOUBLE* the GHG intensity of *GHG* production by the end of the 21st century"

Rutaan develops theory of *induced technical change* in which the development and application of new technology are *endogenous (internal cause) to the economic system.* 1. Why are development and application endogenous? 2. How does that relate to boserup?

Rutaatn says that induced technical change in which the development and application of new technology are *endogenous* to the *economic system.* 1. Technical change doesn't just happen- its happens because of economic principles/. Cheap materials > you want to use that resource// the demand and supply. direction of technical change in agriculture is induced by changes (or differences) in relative resource endowments and factor prices. In this model, alternative agricultural technologies are developed to facilitate the substitution of relatively abundant (hence cheap) factors for relatively scarce (hence expensive) factors. 2. Developed mainly in economics Boserup didn't focus on the theory per se, but her model of agricultural intensification is an excellent example.. more people, what do we do?

Agro biotech can meet demands of growing population: "agri-biotechnology offers promising means to a more sustainable agriculture...This is a critical need in developing countries, where over 90% of the world's 11 billion people will be living in 2050 (ISAAA 2001). "By the year 2050 there are likely to be 9 billion people...only a fraction of the food that these people will need can be produced in the breadbaskets of the world...We can't afford to reject this [GM] technology as some are advocating" (SDCMA 2000) African scientists from monsanto : media-sweet potato will be more sustainable than sudanic ho

Said agro biotech could meet demands of growing population. "agri-biotechnology offers promising means to a more sustainable agriculture...This is a critical need in developing countries, where over 90% of the world's 11 billion people will be living in 2050 (ISAAA 2001)." "By the year 2050 there are likely to be 9 billion people...only a fraction of the food that these people will need can be produced in the breadbaskets of the world...We can't afford to reject this [GM] technology as some are advocating" (SDCMA 2000)

Why can phrases "sound science" and "dont worry be happy" be associated with Malthus' work?

Sound science (vs. unproven theory- enlightenment) "one of the most crushing answers that patient and hard-working science has ever given to the reckless assertions of its adversaries." Don't Worry Be Happy: People starving and dying of vice follows "Natural laws"; aka nothing that could be done about it. Although presented as a work of science and philosophy, strongly oriented towards policy (supporting the elite and the people who ran factories

How are US citizens affected by extreme weather events and entitlement?

Starving puerto ricans sharing food and eating plants. waiting for FEMA

Takeaways from a Crucial Case 1. World attention focused on this case; (Bt cotton in India) hotly debated 2. Some activist claims (e.g. widespread _____ ______; ______) erroneous 3. But ________ takes credit for yield increases that (COULD OR COULD NOT) have been caused entirely by Bt seeds 4. Another counterfactual problem: other ______ were changing along with Bt... Which means its hard to conclude what about insecticides? 5. Bollworm now shows widespread _______ 6. Farmers now on _______ treadmill and ______ treadmill?

Takeaways from a Crucial Case 1. World attention focused on this case; (*Bt cotton in india*) hotly debated 2. Some activist claims (e.g. widespread *crop failure; suicide*) erroneous 3. But *Industry* takes credit for yield increases that *COULD NOT* have been caused entirely by Bt seeds 4. Another counterfactual problem: other *factors* were changing along with Bt... Which means its hard to *isolate exact effect on insecticide use, but Bt cotton certainly lowered it.* 5. Bollworm now shows widespread *Bt Resistance* 6. Farmers now on *Pesticide* treadmill and *Genetic* treadmill?

What are the assumptions scientists make when making GW projections? (5 things)

The crop growth models embody a number of simplifications. 1. For example, weeds, diseases and insect pests are assumed to be controlled 2. there are no problem soil conditions (e.g. high salinity or acidity) 3. there are no extreme weather events such as heavy storm 4. The crop models simulate the current range of agricultural technologies available around the world. 5. They do not include induced improvements in such technology... Parry et al. 2005

In the reading they talk about farmer suicide, what farmer suicide due to GMO's? which GMO?

The graph shows no surge in suicides due to introduction of GMO's or more precisely Bt Cotton; The biggest spike in suicide was in 1998... 4 yrs before Bt was released... BT tests started in 1998 Biggest spike in farmer suicides: Andhra Pradesh 1998

Bottom Line "What is the most beneficial potential use of a technology" is not a relevant question-- unless your aim is public relations The question is always: ....

The question is always: "Who controls the technology and what are their interests"

Until Borlaug died in 2009, Borlaug continued to maintain that _________ acted only as a catalyst for the state interventions that did the real work of ________ production. The genius of the dwarf seeds was to create a cultivar that was at once so spectacularly productive and so needy of the _______ of ______ only ________ could provide

Until Borlaug died in 2009, Borlaug continued to maintain that *TECHNOLOGY* acted only as a catalyst for the state interventions that did the real work of *ENERGIZING* production. The genius of the dwarf seeds was to create a cultivar that was at once so spectacularly productive and so needy of the *KIND* of *INPUTS* only *GOVERNMENT* could provide

What do historians say the reason for poverty was?

WHY PEOPLE WERE POOR at OKEWOOD- according to historians - open andclosed parishes Poor law- said perishes take care of the poor Closed perishes made it difficult for ppl to move in Open perishes had more poverty - more money going to welfare- trick was that to get cheap labor live in a closed perish by open one so u have poor laborers near u

What is capital penetration? -- they couldnt overhaul the agricultural system as with textiles but can "pull away natural grounds" -- instead lean on discrete __________ or mini-_________, each with own story -- Helpful "hand of the businessman"

What is capital penetration? -- they couldnt overhaul the agricultural system as with textiles but can "pull away natural grounds" -- instead lean on discrete *APPROPRIATIONS* or mini-*REVOLUTIONS*, each with own story -- Helpful "hand of the businessman"

Guns, Germs, Steel (diamond 1997) What was yali's question, why do you have a robust material culture? He took it as meaning

Why europeans are more powerful, hegemonic, militarily

Nondemographic thoery of agriculture:

Widely assumed agriculture was a RANDOM discovery- non-demographic - Condescending - they thought that the ghost of someone who was burried with seeds - sacrifice with ppl and put seeds down with them - it was a discovery issue in the 1800 (how did prehistoric knuckle heads learn to farm)

Connection between gender and hunting

Women play limited roles in hunting and never hunt instead of men.

Daughter of Mary WollonstoneCraft Godwin was Mary "" Shelley

Wrote Frankenstein or The Modern Prometheus, 1818

Wuk

Wuk- found way of using wuk labor that will provide cash- wuk means people come over and work for you for a day, then you go work for them... Innovation: wuk sale- turn reciprocal obligations into cash- instead of having the wuk work on ur farm, have them work at ur neighbors for moneys Allows market/ nonmarket flexibility

CAFOS can lead to _______ resistance big problem of resistance we have is..... resistance

antibiotic MRSA resistance MRSA: hospital-acquired and now community-acquired Research linking MRSA to hog CAFOs

What did malthus miss in his time (demography) ?

biology Lively population debate going on for decades. argument that population had decayed to 1/50 of Caesar's time Population seen as having benefits for economic & political reasons; "the more men there are in a state, the more trade flourishes" Sophisticated view with causality running both ways - growing pop strengthens the state and economy, and govn policies affected population growth. (Montesquieu, Persian Letters and Spirit of the Laws) This body of theory is scarcely remembered today, "thanks to Malthus, who was to overpaint their portrait of society in very different colors before the revolutionary decade of the 1790s was out" (Mayhew) Moreover when scholars bothered to look at a people's reproductive behavior saw wide range of cultural institutions for birthrate

policy shift in 1960's US wants to stop.... increase ______ dependence LBJ cherry-picks stats to predict famine LBJ: "there were people dying, that people were being hauled away dead in trucks, and that they needed food.": seizes upon drought that predicts a famine: preceded to convince ppl that famine was going on. EVEN THOUGH NOT TRUE, PEOPLE BELIEVE BECAUSE.... *Resonates with Malthusian concerns in US* press writes about "treadmill to starvation"; delay would "make necessary nearly unthinkable action later on - such as feeding on each other"

communism in india increase *pl-480* dependence LBJ cherry-picks stats to predict famine LBJ: "there were people dying, that people were being hauled away dead in trucks, and that they needed food.": seizes upon drought that predicts a famine: preceded to convince ppl that famine was going on. EVEN THOUGH NOT TRUE, PEOPLE BELIEVE BECAUSE.... *Resonates with Malthusian concerns in US* press writes about "treadmill to starvation"; delay would "make necessary nearly unthinkable action later on - such as feeding on each other"

Examples of mechanisms of stopping births

examples of mechanisms: 1. Birth spacing (e.g. by lactational amenhorrea) 2. Contraception and abortion 3. Delayed reproduction - reproduce later than what physically capable (no one does at 9) 4. CULTURE KEEPS IT (brideprice, dowries)// Celibacy institutions 5. Education, esp. of women (Condorcet was right!)

Global Food politics- different histories and developments: America was classic example of .....

inner-directed national integration of manufacturing into agriculture

for kofyar what was the most time consuming intensive activity?

maintaining soil fertility! Intensive farming: the most time consuming part of food production was SOIL FERTILITY: -- The main way they dealt with fertilizing problem was the cowpeas: -- Have the animals fed: and then the manure composts 5-6 solid feet of manure compost

What are the ancient india "tanks"

medium scale projects- that are irrigation lakes and ponds - tank irrigation (shows pics of bunds too- the paddy rice walls)

Second editioin of malthus book offered preventative checks including

moral restraint- cultural institutions saw moral restraint lacking in lower class

Were Hogs more like chickens or cows?

more like chickens, adopted total industrial control

what do Europeans want to do when they believe SSC is indigenous and maladaptive?

needs to be stopped by civilized societies; Hobbesian "warre"- its up to the developed societies to stop conflict! 1. Still prevalent (e.g. recently, Pinker's Blank Slate) 2. Colonial powers often encountered and named paxes(peace) after themselves- -- the colonial powers claimed they had quelled the violence! --- Although often brought the conflict with them (theory #3) 3. But ironically, also used indigenous warfare as a good excuse to wage war against indigines.

What are some new labor demands- brought up by the boserupian model?

new labor demands from INTENSIFICATION: 1. Fertility: animal rearing, composting (industrial : fertilizers) 2. Tillage (land preparation): hoeing, plowing; 3. draft animals (industrial : tractors) 4. Weeding: mulch, hoe (industrial : herbicides, or tractor in industrial organic)] -- Womens task 5. Insects/animals: indigenous controls, scouting (industrial version: insecticides) Land modification: terracing (industrial: laser-leveling etc.) 6. Going up on a hill- as you get more ppl on the land, the kill areas that u havent' been able to cultivate. Make on hills and the land is needing to be used 7. Irrigation

Cohen Food Crisis in Prehistory: Overpopulation & Origins of Agriculture (1977)

overall pop growth theory 1. Part of the crisis was had to switch from the prized large game 2. But very coarse thinking, not well supported 3. Population forces agriculture : even low pop

What did malthus conclude from the tiny population boom of Okewood?

ppl hungry, scrawny and there are lots of kids - poor having babies - Ppl dying having too many children, causing poverty, too many to take care of

Rice paddy coculture... what that mean

rice + aquaculture -- fish and molluscs live in the rice fields

Because of africas low pop density you should expect to see this kind of cultivation... is that true?

shifting- swidden/ not always true. There are examples of high population and intensive agriculture: Drivers of kofyar (high pop and intense) agriculture were tragic (slave trade). But highly productive, apparently sustainable farming on a crowded landscape in 18th Century West Africa?

what important speech did they talk about guano?

state of the union address ""Peruvian guano has become so desirable an article to the agricultural interest of the United States that it is the duty of the Government to employ all the means properly in its power for the purpose of causing that article to be imported into the country at a reasonable price."

"Niche Construction Theory"

stresses how humans adapt to niches of their own creation Feedback: Cultivation is a New Way to Adapt to Environment, and it Creates a New Environment to Adapt many genes subject to recent selective sweeps are responses to cultural activities; documented cases gene-culture co-evolution in response to agriculture; dozens of genes have been subject to recent positive selection in response to human niche construction gene for lactose absorption and dairy farming (Durham 1991); dairy farming spread prior to the allele for lactose absorption, generating a selection pressure favoring this gene in some human pastoralist societies human amylase gene: starch consumption is a feature of agricultural societies and hunter-gatherers in arid environments, whereas other hunter-gatherers and some pastoralists consume much less starch. Amylase is the enzyme responsible for starch hydrolysis, and the copy number of the salivary amylase gene is positively correlated with salivary amylase protein level transition to novel food sources with the advent of agriculture and the colonization of new habitats seems to have been a major source of selection on human genes. Several genes related to the metabolism of protein, carbohydrates, lipids, and phosphates show signals of recent selection. There is also evidence for diet-related selection on the thickness of human teeth enamel and bitter-taste receptors, and the promoter regions of many nutrition-related genes have experienced positive selection during human evolution. The sickle-cell (HbS) allele (malaria became a major health problem only after the development of farming) Laland, K. N. and M. J. O'Brien 2010 Niche Construction Theory and Archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Method OK, but NCT doesn't always make clear why copy number of amylase gene is particularly important Also note we go to great lengths to shield people from natural selection related to food production e.g. peanut allergies have major genetic component (Sicherer et al. 2000 "Genetics of peanut allergy: a twin study." Also note importance today of indirect selective pressures with agriculture e.g., industrialization of agriculture leads to "sanitary regimes" with unknown consequences to health Particular interest in pasteurized milk; also overuse of antibiotics Some argue our rising rates of food allergies and autoimmune disorders is caused in part by restricted development of immune systems (with effects mediated by genes) Hence politics of raw milk Salatin faction impassioned about germs and cultural politics of hygiene

Swidden is more efficient in terms of.... but intensive is more efficient in terms of....

swidden is efficient in terms of (output:input, the primary input being labor) because it capitalizes on fire and fallow and can be very productive (esp. considering intercrops, benefits of fallows, hunting). Intensification produces more per area/time, but at increased marginal costs because it makes the farmer do more work than is needed through manipulation of natural processes (fire & fallow)

What is land institute? What do they believe? Why?

taking perenial plants and making them annual crops is THE BIGGEST MISTAKE EVER! -- BECAUSE we have to use the plow all the time, has destroyed more options for future generations

attributing value to the technology per se (the invention), rather than the relations among people that give it its value =

technology fetishism

Problems with rappaport theory on pigs- methods

theories change; with political ecology, becomes poster child for hyperfunctional, hyperlocal, ahistoric, theoretical probs: mid-1970s on, political ecology interest in larger scale interactions and inequalities Rappaport ignored coffee production he was hyper local- didn't think about the fact that they were producing coffee And historicity as compared to timelessness- he didn't say the historic context why they are doing this... cf. Rosaldo 1980, Ilongot Headhunting: 1883-1974: how norms play out in history empirical probs with Pigs (not really a study of warfare; little data on land regulation) he was looking at more at how many calories were in pork and yams- not about the warfar Some PNG warfare actually is quite deadly- some warfar in papa new guinea highlands is REALLY deadly today, famous "Pigs" study more important as a foil for political ecology than as empirical research

1600's European explorers encountered West African groups who had charms with symbolic and religious significance: called:

these things are called "fetishes"

Farm salmon has turned salmon from healthy snack to.....

toxin - from pesticides PCB, dioxin, toxaphene, and dieldrin concentra-tions were highest in farmed salmon from Scotland ...and lowest in farmed salmon from Chile and Washington state. Salmon produced in Europe had significantly higher contaminant levels than those produced in both No. and So. America.

what was ferguson's theory?

tribal zones... exogenous maladaptive There is a tight correlation of major changes in the availability of steel etc. and the outbreak of war. Missions come in, or pull out, and there are reports of wars. Stable mission situations in most cases have no war, after their initial period. Unequal social relations are created in the Western trade—that is the source of antagonisms--and major change precipitates actions. The best information is for the Orinoco-Mavaca area studied by Chagnon; . very detailed account of locations of war, which either by his account or some other information, can be approximately fixed in time. Disregarding his general statements about revenge killings going on and on, and just looking at his reconstructions of wars, shows a big surge in the rubber boom eras, then none while the Western presence was negligible, then the wars start back up as the Westerners begin to filter in. So the war Chagnon saw escalated much more quickly than 40s: Orinoco-Mavaca area develops larger villages near missions; -> depleted game, -> less communal sharing of meat which creates solidarity This debate happened to unfold in one of most violent areas; whole debate would have been different elsewhere , and it certainly is not a window into the basic nature of humanity

Why are fertilizers wasteful to use? (4 things)

wasteful to use 1. Studies confirm *industrialized farmers apply much more fertilizer than their crops can absorb* 2 More than half of it is goes to waste 3. 100 million tons of factory-produced nitrogen, only 17% actually ended up in the human diet. 4. Most of the nitrogen is lost into the environment, both into the air (as ammonia and nitrogen oxides) and into water (as nitrate) -- either evaporates or is in the water supply