Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry - Carbohydrate Metabolism
hyperglycemia; higher
A lack of insulin causes ________, a state in which the concentration of blood sugar is ________ than normal
pyruvate
All of the chemicals below are associated with the pentose phosphate pathway except
glycogenolysis
All of the following are reactions in the oxidation of glucose which produce energy except
the same enzymes are used in the digestion of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
All of the following statements concerning digestion are correct except
isomerization
Conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is a(an) ________
lactate
During gluconeogenesis pyruvate is formed from glycerol, certain amino acids and _________
More than one response is correct
Insulin increases the rate at which
producing ribose
The major function of the pentose phosphate pathway when nucleic acid synthesis is a priority is
pyruvate, ATP, and NADH
The products of glycolysis important in metabolism are
GTP
A high energy phosphate molecule involved in gluconeogenesis is ________
digestion begins in the stomach and is completed in the large intestine
All of the following statements concerning digestion are correct except
conversion into phosphates
Entry of monosaccharides other than glucose into the glycolysis pathway initially involves
liver
Gluconeogenesis occurs mainly in the
muscle; liver
Glycogen is most commonly found in ________ cells and ________ cells
glycogen → glucose
Glycogenolysis can be correctly represented by which of the following pathways?
glucose-6-phosphatase
Glycogenolysis does not occur in muscle tissue because it lacks which of the following enzymes?
cytosol of all cells
Glycolysis occurs mainly in the
insulin; glucagon; epinephrine
Hormones which regulate glucose metabolism are ________, ________, and ________
diabetic
If a glucose tolerance test shows an abnormally high level of glucose in the blood after several hours, the person is possibly
glycogenolysis; gluconeogenesis
In an individual who is starving or fasting, the body meets its need for glucose first by the process of ________, and then by the process of ________
phosphorylation
In the first step of glycolysis, the conversion of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate is known as
hypoglycemia; lower
Overproduction of insulin causes ________, a state in which the concentration of blood sugar is ________ than normal
reduction of pyruvate provides NAD+ which is needed for glycolysis
Pyruvate is converted to lactate under anaerobic conditions because ________
consume ATP instead of producing it
Steps 1-5 of glycolysis are referred to as the "energy investment" portion of the process because these steps
alcoholic fermentation
The action of yeast on pyruvate is a process referred to as
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
The chemical resulting from steps 3-5 of glycolysis which is oxidized in step 6 is
isomerization
The conversion of glucose 6-phosphate to fructose 6-phosphate in the second step of glycolysis is a(an) ________ reaction
insulin
The diseases identified as diabetes are primarily associated with a malfunction of the hormone
aldolase
The enzyme that catalyzes cleavage of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is ________
esterification; glucose-6-phosphate
The first step of glycolysis involves ________ to form ________
producing NADPH
The major function of the pentose phosphate pathway when energy for anabolic reactions is a priority is
monosaccharides
The major products of carbohydrate digestion are
production of ATP as an energy source for all cells
The most important goal of glucose metabolism is
glucose
The most important monosaccharide for energy production is
32
The overall yield of ATP molecules from the complete catabolism of one molecule of glucose in humans and other mammals is ________
lactate
The pain and cramps that occur during physical exhaustion are associated with the formation of excess
glycolysis
The pathway followed by glucose when energy is needed is
gluconeogenesis
The process of making glucose from noncarbohydrates is known as
starch and glycogen
The target molecule(s) for α-amylase is (are)
substrate-level
When ATP is produced by direct transfer of a phosphate group instead of from reactions coupled to electron transport, the process is referred to as ________ phosphorylation
the pentose phosphate pathway
When a cell's need for NADPH or ribose-6-phosphate exceeds its need for ATP, glucose-6-phosphate is metabolized by
II, I, III
When a person is deprived of food, in which order does the body use the following sources to produce glucose? I. protein breakdown to amino acids used for gluconeogenesis II. conversion of glycogen to glucose III. catabolism of lipids
hypoglycemia
When blood sugar levels are lower than normal, this condition is called
acetyl-SCoA
When energy is needed and adequate oxygen is available, pyruvate is converted to ________
ethanol
Which chemical is produced from pyruvate when it is metabolized by yeast cells?
acetyl-SCoA
Which chemical is produced from pyruvate when it is metabolized in muscle cells under aerobic conditions?
lactate
Which chemical is produced from pyruvate when it is metabolized in muscle cells under anaerobic conditions?
glucose to pyruvate
Which conversion is accomplished during glycolysis
I and IV
Which of the following are produced as a net result of glycolysis? I. NADH II. NAD+ III. ADP IV. ATP
galactose, fructose, and mannose
Which of the following carbohydrates can also be used as fuel in glycolysis?
pyruvate
Which of the following is not a product of digestion?
UTC
Which of the following is not used as an energy source in metabolism?
glycogenesis
Which pathway converts glucose to its storage form in animals?
glycogenolysis
Which pathway produces glucose from its storage form in animals?
