Genetics Post-Exam New Content
If body shape were an X-linked trait in corgis, what frequency of females would you expect to be svelte in this population. Assume HWE. 0.09 0.3 0.7 0.9
0.09
In corgis, body shape is a monogenic trait where chonky is dominant to the svelte. Your local dog café has 20 corgis and 16 of them are chonky. What is the genotype frequency for homozygous recessive corgis in this café? 0.2 0.3 0.7 0.8
0.2
If body shape were an X-linked trait in corgis, what frequency of good bois (males) would you expect to be svelte in this population. Assume HWE. 0.09 0.3 0.7 0.9
0.3
Which of the following equations could be applied to an observed population? Select all that apply. q=f(aa) + 1⁄2f(Aa) 1=q2+2qp+q2 1=p+q 1=f(AA)+f(Aa)+f(aa) 1=f(A)2+2f(Aa)+f(aa)2
1=f(AA)+f(Aa)+f(aa) q=f(aa) + 1⁄2f(Aa) 1=p+q
How many heterozygotes should you tell the café owners to expect in the next generation of this pack if there are 10 new pups? Assume HWE 0.9 4.2 4.9 5.1 9.1 Can't tell
4.2
How many chonky corgis should you tell the café owners to expect in the next generation of this pack if there are 10 new pups? Assume HWE 0.9 4.2 4.9 5.1 9.1 Can't tell
9.1
Operon
A group of two or more genes under the transcriptional control of a single promoter.
Somatic mutation
A mutation that cannot be passed onto the offspring.
DNA transfer by transduction depends on what occasional mistake that can occur during a phage lytic cycle?
A piece of host cell DNA is packaged into a phage.
Repressor
A regulatory protein that binds to the DNA and inhibits transcription.
Germ line cells
Cells that give rise to the gametes.
You are doing research in bacteria on the effects of mutating the Shine-Dalgarno sequence. You change some nucleotides in the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and find that translation is greatly reduced. What other element in the bacteria could you change that would have a good chance of restoring translation in the bacterial strain with the altered Shine-Dalgarno sequence?
Change the sequence of the 16S rRNA
CpG islands are associated with which of the following? steroid hormone activity nucleosome location DNA methylation termination of translation
DNA methylation
DNA methyltransferase
Enzyme which attaches a methyl group to the number 5 position of the cytosine base, forming 5-methylcytosine.
Histone acetyltransferases
Enzymes which acetylate the positively charged lysines within the core histone proteins.
exon shuffling
Exons of preexisting genes are rearranged to make a new combination
True of false, At equilibrium the allelic and genotypic frequencies of a population change over time.
False
True or false, DNA that contains actively transcribed genes would most likely contain chromatin in the closed configuration.
False
True or false, The mutation frequency would be the same for all genes in a given culture.
False
horizontal gene transfer
Genes from one species introduced into another species
What is the difference between genetic testing and genetic screening?
Genetic testing is concerned more with individuals and genetic screening is concerned with populations.
The formula p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 is associated with which of the following?
Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
Germ line mutation
Mutation that can be passed onto offspring.
Spontaneous mutations
Natural processes, DNA polymerase errors, Deamination, Depurination, Can result in point mutations
new alleles
Point mutations, small deletions and insertions
interspecies crosses
Production of hybrid offspring
Methyl-CpG-binding proteins
Proteins which bind methylated sequences.
crossing over
Recombination to produce new combinations of alleles
De novo methylation
The methylation of DNA that was previously unmethylated.
Histone code hypothesis
The pattern of histone modification acts much like a language or code in specifying alterations in chromatin structure.
After genetic testing, a person is identified with an inherited mutation associated with a specific class of cancer. Which of the following is incorrect? The person will definitely develop the cancer in their lifetime. The mutation is probably in a tumor-suppressing gene. The person may pass the trait on to their offspring. The person is predisposed to the development of the cancer.
The person will definitely develop the cancer in their lifetime.
The peptidyltransferase complex is a component of which of the following?
The ribosome
True or false Wheat color is an example of polygenic inheritance with additive alleles.
True
The number of a specific allele divided by the total number of alleles in the population is known as the ________________
allele frequency
A natural disaster that resulted in the loss of genetic diversity in a population would be an example of a: ounder effect. genetic drift. bottleneck effect. natural selection.
bottleneck effect.
If an E. coli cell is exposed to glucose, what happens?
cAMP levels are decreased, which does not allow the CAP protein to bind to its regulatory region
Chromatin remodeling complexes alter nucleosomes, this occurs when -complexes of ATP-dependent proteins may reposition, evict, or change nucleosome composition. -remodeling proteins bind to TFIID to promote or inhibit nucleosome formation. -complexes of ATP-dependent protein degrade histones and release the DNA from nucleosomes. -remodeling proteins increase the supercoiling of the DNA, which can inhibit nucleosome formation.
complexes of ATP-dependent proteins may reposition, evict, or change nucleosome composition.
The number of a specific genotype divided by the total number of individuals within the population is known as the __________________
genotype frequency
The term that indicates that cancer has begun to migrate to other parts of the body is ______.
metastatic
A gene that has one allele that is found in 99% of all cases within a population is termed __________________.
monomorphic
Epigenetics changes frequently occur through: mutations to pRB mutations to chromatin modifying proteins mutations to ras mutations to p53
mutations to chromatin modifying proteins
A quantitative trait follows a continuum means that:
phenotypes are continuous and do not fall into discrete categories
If an inherited traits displays variation in a population, then the trait is considered __________________.
polymorphic
Many genes have variations in single nucleotides which are known as _______________.
single-nucleotide polymorphisms.
Which process uses a bacteriophage as an intermediary for the genetic information? transformation transduction conjugation fission
transduction
You unfortunately aren't at the café to play with the dogs. You were hired by the owners to do a genetic analysis of their pack. After processing their DNA samples, you report back that 4 of the corgis are heterozygotes. What is the svelte allele frequency in this population? 0.2 0.3 0.7 0.8
0.3
You have a population where you know people's MN blood types. (M and N are co-dominant.) 50 people are type MM, 30 are type MN and 10 are type NN. What is the allele frequency of M?
0.72
Activator
A regulatory protein that increases the rate of transcription.
Operator
A sequence of bases that provides a binding site for a repressor protein.
Promoter
A sequence of bases that signals the beginning of transcription
Inducer
A small effector molecule that causes transcription to increase.
gene duplications
Additional copies of a gene occur through misaligned crossing over
Somatic cells
All cells of the body excluding the gametes or cells that can give rise to the gametes.
During conjugation, one gene (A) is found to transfer to the recipient bacteria 26 minutes following the start of conjugation, while a second gene (M) is found to transfer 37 minutes following the start of conjugation. A third gene (T) transfers 45 minutes following the start of conjugation. Based on this information, which of the following is true? Genes A and M have a genetic distance of 11 minutes. Genes A and T have a genetic distance of 19 minutes. Genes M and T have a genetic distance of 18 minutes. The order of the genes is A T M.
All of the above
Quantitative traits usually have which of the following characteristics? environmental influence polygenic basis continuous distribution
All of the above
Genetic mosaic
An individual that has somatic regions that are genotypically different from each other.
chromosome structure and number
Chromosome structure changed by deletion, duplications, inversions, translocations or there is a change in ploidy
prokaryotic gene transfer
Conjugation, transduction and transformation
A common way of studying methylation in cells is to sequence DNA samples before and after modification with sodium bisulfite. The sodium bisulfite deaminates Cytosine residues, generating Uracil residues, therefore resulting in a change in the sequence as compared to the nonmodified DNA. Sodium bisulfite does not react with 5-methylcytosine so there will be no change in the sequence of those modified bases. When tumors are sequenced to study methylation patterns and epigenetic control, what would be the best control for sequencing using this technique?
DNA from noncancerous tissue from the same individual's organ as the cancer
What type of mutation is frequently associated with loss-of-function tumor suppressor genes? Silent Neutral Deletions Amplifications
Deletions
Inducedmutations
Environmental, UV light, Radiation, Ethyl methanesulfate, can result in point mutations
If a bacterium is placed in an environment that contains both glucose and lactose, the regulation of the lac operon will allow which nutrient to be processed first?
Glucose
Maintenance methylation
Hemimethylated DNA is recognized by DNA methyltransferase, which makes it fully methylated.
changes in repetitive sequences
Increase or decrease in the number of repetitive sequences
independent assortment
Independent segregation of different homologous chromosomes gives rise to new combinations of alleles
True or false, It is often convenient to display measurements of a continuous trait as a frequency distribution.
True
True or false, The direct movement of DNA between two bacteria is called genetic transfer.
True
True or false, Silent mutations are possible due to the degenerate nature of the genetic code.
True, Because the genetic code is degenerate, silent mutations can occur in certain bases within a codon, such as the third base, so the specific amino acid is not changed.
A loss-of-function mutation in what type of gene can lead to cancer?
Tumor supressor