Genetics Post-Exam New Content

If body shape were an X-linked trait in corgis, what frequency of females would you expect to be svelte in this population. Assume HWE. 0.09 0.3 0.7 0.9

0.09

In corgis, body shape is a monogenic trait where chonky is dominant to the svelte. Your local dog café has 20 corgis and 16 of them are chonky. What is the genotype frequency for homozygous recessive corgis in this café? 0.2 0.3 0.7 0.8

0.2

If body shape were an X-linked trait in corgis, what frequency of good bois (males) would you expect to be svelte in this population. Assume HWE. 0.09 0.3 0.7 0.9

0.3

Which of the following equations could be applied to an observed population? Select all that apply. q=f(aa) + 1⁄2f(Aa) 1=q2+2qp+q2 1=p+q 1=f(AA)+f(Aa)+f(aa) 1=f(A)2+2f(Aa)+f(aa)2

1=f(AA)+f(Aa)+f(aa) q=f(aa) + 1⁄2f(Aa) 1=p+q

How many heterozygotes should you tell the café owners to expect in the next generation of this pack if there are 10 new pups? Assume HWE 0.9 4.2 4.9 5.1 9.1 Can't tell

4.2

How many chonky corgis should you tell the café owners to expect in the next generation of this pack if there are 10 new pups? Assume HWE 0.9 4.2 4.9 5.1 9.1 Can't tell

9.1

Operon

A group of two or more genes under the transcriptional control of a single promoter.

Somatic mutation

A mutation that cannot be passed onto the offspring.

DNA transfer by transduction depends on what occasional mistake that can occur during a phage lytic cycle?

A piece of host cell DNA is packaged into a phage.

Repressor

A regulatory protein that binds to the DNA and inhibits transcription.

Germ line cells

Cells that give rise to the gametes.

You are doing research in bacteria on the effects of mutating the Shine-Dalgarno sequence. You change some nucleotides in the Shine-Dalgarno sequence and find that translation is greatly reduced. What other element in the bacteria could you change that would have a good chance of restoring translation in the bacterial strain with the altered Shine-Dalgarno sequence?

Change the sequence of the 16S rRNA

CpG islands are associated with which of the following? steroid hormone activity nucleosome location DNA methylation termination of translation

DNA methylation

DNA methyltransferase

Enzyme which attaches a methyl group to the number 5 position of the cytosine base, forming 5-methylcytosine.

Histone acetyltransferases

Enzymes which acetylate the positively charged lysines within the core histone proteins.

exon shuffling

Exons of preexisting genes are rearranged to make a new combination

True of false, At equilibrium the allelic and genotypic frequencies of a population change over time.

False

True or false, DNA that contains actively transcribed genes would most likely contain chromatin in the closed configuration.

False

True or false, The mutation frequency would be the same for all genes in a given culture.

False

horizontal gene transfer

Genes from one species introduced into another species

What is the difference between genetic testing and genetic screening?

Genetic testing is concerned more with individuals and genetic screening is concerned with populations.

The formula p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 is associated with which of the following?

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

Germ line mutation

Mutation that can be passed onto offspring.

Spontaneous mutations

Natural processes, DNA polymerase errors, Deamination, Depurination, Can result in point mutations

new alleles

Point mutations, small deletions and insertions

interspecies crosses

Production of hybrid offspring

Methyl-CpG-binding proteins

Proteins which bind methylated sequences.

crossing over

Recombination to produce new combinations of alleles

De novo methylation

The methylation of DNA that was previously unmethylated.

Histone code hypothesis

The pattern of histone modification acts much like a language or code in specifying alterations in chromatin structure.

After genetic testing, a person is identified with an inherited mutation associated with a specific class of cancer. Which of the following is incorrect? The person will definitely develop the cancer in their lifetime. The mutation is probably in a tumor-suppressing gene. The person may pass the trait on to their offspring. The person is predisposed to the development of the cancer.

The person will definitely develop the cancer in their lifetime.

The peptidyltransferase complex is a component of which of the following?

The ribosome

True or false Wheat color is an example of polygenic inheritance with additive alleles.

True

The number of a specific allele divided by the total number of alleles in the population is known as the ________________

allele frequency

A natural disaster that resulted in the loss of genetic diversity in a population would be an example of a: ounder effect. genetic drift. bottleneck effect. natural selection.

bottleneck effect.

If an E. coli cell is exposed to glucose, what happens?

cAMP levels are decreased, which does not allow the CAP protein to bind to its regulatory region

Chromatin remodeling complexes alter nucleosomes, this occurs when -complexes of ATP-dependent proteins may reposition, evict, or change nucleosome composition. -remodeling proteins bind to TFIID to promote or inhibit nucleosome formation. -complexes of ATP-dependent protein degrade histones and release the DNA from nucleosomes. -remodeling proteins increase the supercoiling of the DNA, which can inhibit nucleosome formation.

complexes of ATP-dependent proteins may reposition, evict, or change nucleosome composition.

The number of a specific genotype divided by the total number of individuals within the population is known as the __________________

genotype frequency

The term that indicates that cancer has begun to migrate to other parts of the body is ______.

metastatic

A gene that has one allele that is found in 99% of all cases within a population is termed __________________.

monomorphic

Epigenetics changes frequently occur through: mutations to pRB mutations to chromatin modifying proteins mutations to ras mutations to p53

mutations to chromatin modifying proteins

A quantitative trait follows a continuum means that:

phenotypes are continuous and do not fall into discrete categories

If an inherited traits displays variation in a population, then the trait is considered __________________.

polymorphic

Many genes have variations in single nucleotides which are known as _______________.

single-nucleotide polymorphisms.

Which process uses a bacteriophage as an intermediary for the genetic information? transformation transduction conjugation fission

transduction

You unfortunately aren't at the café to play with the dogs. You were hired by the owners to do a genetic analysis of their pack. After processing their DNA samples, you report back that 4 of the corgis are heterozygotes. What is the svelte allele frequency in this population? 0.2 0.3 0.7 0.8

0.3

You have a population where you know people's MN blood types. (M and N are co-dominant.) 50 people are type MM, 30 are type MN and 10 are type NN. What is the allele frequency of M?

0.72

Activator

A regulatory protein that increases the rate of transcription.

Operator

A sequence of bases that provides a binding site for a repressor protein.

Promoter

A sequence of bases that signals the beginning of transcription

Inducer

A small effector molecule that causes transcription to increase.

gene duplications

Additional copies of a gene occur through misaligned crossing over

Somatic cells

All cells of the body excluding the gametes or cells that can give rise to the gametes.

During conjugation, one gene (A) is found to transfer to the recipient bacteria 26 minutes following the start of conjugation, while a second gene (M) is found to transfer 37 minutes following the start of conjugation. A third gene (T) transfers 45 minutes following the start of conjugation. Based on this information, which of the following is true? Genes A and M have a genetic distance of 11 minutes. Genes A and T have a genetic distance of 19 minutes. Genes M and T have a genetic distance of 18 minutes. The order of the genes is A T M.

All of the above

Quantitative traits usually have which of the following characteristics? environmental influence polygenic basis continuous distribution

All of the above

Genetic mosaic

An individual that has somatic regions that are genotypically different from each other.

chromosome structure and number

Chromosome structure changed by deletion, duplications, inversions, translocations or there is a change in ploidy

prokaryotic gene transfer

Conjugation, transduction and transformation

A common way of studying methylation in cells is to sequence DNA samples before and after modification with sodium bisulfite. The sodium bisulfite deaminates Cytosine residues, generating Uracil residues, therefore resulting in a change in the sequence as compared to the nonmodified DNA. Sodium bisulfite does not react with 5-methylcytosine so there will be no change in the sequence of those modified bases. When tumors are sequenced to study methylation patterns and epigenetic control, what would be the best control for sequencing using this technique?

DNA from noncancerous tissue from the same individual's organ as the cancer

What type of mutation is frequently associated with loss-of-function tumor suppressor genes? Silent Neutral Deletions Amplifications

Deletions

Inducedmutations

Environmental, UV light, Radiation, Ethyl methanesulfate, can result in point mutations

If a bacterium is placed in an environment that contains both glucose and lactose, the regulation of the lac operon will allow which nutrient to be processed first?

Glucose

Maintenance methylation

Hemimethylated DNA is recognized by DNA methyltransferase, which makes it fully methylated.

changes in repetitive sequences

Increase or decrease in the number of repetitive sequences

independent assortment

Independent segregation of different homologous chromosomes gives rise to new combinations of alleles

True or false, It is often convenient to display measurements of a continuous trait as a frequency distribution.

True

True or false, The direct movement of DNA between two bacteria is called genetic transfer.

True

True or false, Silent mutations are possible due to the degenerate nature of the genetic code.

True, Because the genetic code is degenerate, silent mutations can occur in certain bases within a codon, such as the third base, so the specific amino acid is not changed.

A loss-of-function mutation in what type of gene can lead to cancer?

Tumor supressor