Health and Human Development - Unit 1 Exam Revision

Definition of health (WHO)

"A state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing & not merely the absence of disease or infirmity"

Examples of physical development

- Change in body shape over lifespan - Learning to walk or crawl - Sexual maturation of the body that occurs at puberty

Physical characteristics of development during youth

- Change is rapid - The size of the bones and muscles - Taking on adult body proportions - Changes in weight and height

Interrelationships between health and development

- Described as a complex web - Need optimal health and optimal development both need each other in order to be optimal.

Example of good social health

- Develop and maintain relationships with family, friends and others - Communicate positively and effectively with others

Social characteristics of development during youth

- Forming social relationships - Extremely important and one of the most important aspect of youth social development - Establishing an 'identity' and being accepted within a peer group - Gain self esteem - Strongly connected with self-esteem and confidence

Asthma: Risk factors

- Genes - Although doctors don't know what causes asthma it is know to run in families - Behavioural - Choosing to exercise in the cold (Going near triggers) - Environmental - Living near areas with lots of pollen

Examples of social development

- Going to school and making friends - Complex behaviour such as using language

Intellectual characteristics of development during youth

- Individual develops the ability to think in broader terms. - Significant changes in the way youth are taught compared to children - Expected to be more independent about their learning and take more responsibility - Independence not in academics - Adolescents are more likely to think independently and question their parents judgementhe decisions they make, such as what to spend their money on, what friends to have or which subjects they should study in school. - Decision making time - Establish their own identity - Progress to a more adult way of thinking

Asthma: Protective factors

- Keeping away from triggers - Choosing healthier foods - Seeking medical advise when needed

Examples of emotional development

- Learning to love your body image - Development of self-esteem and self confidence - Development of body image

Example of good physical health

- Physical capacity (energy, strength and coordination) to perform ordinary tasks - Resistance or susceptibility to disease

Examples of intellectual development

- Speaking first words and establishment of language skills - Improving memory of objects and facts - Gaining employment

Example of good mental health

- Understanding and expressing one's emotions, and being aware of the feelings of others - Having positive self-esteem and self-confidence

Two limitations of the WHO definition of health.

1. It is very hard to achieve a "complete" wellbeing in all mental, social and physical health 2. It does not cover other aspects such as shelter and income and without these things it is hard to be completely healthy

Health status (WHO)

A description and/or measurement of the health of an individual or population at a particular point in time against identifiable standards, usually by reference to health indicators.

Disease

A physical or mental disturbance involving symptoms, dysfunction or tissues damage.

Illness

A state of feeling unwell.

Macronutrients

Are nutrients that the body requires in large quantities, namely proteins, carbohydrates, fats and water.

Asthma: Incidence, prevalence and changes over time (trends)

Asthma has relatively high rates of asthma, especially when compared to other countries. In total over 2 million Australians have asthma including 1 in 10 adults, 1 in 8 teenagers (youth) and 1 in 7 primary aged children. The burden of disease is also quite large, asthma accounted for 7995 DALY's or 4% of the total burden of disease for young Australians aged 15-24 years. For males the time that asthma is most present is between the ages of 10 and 14, and for females it is between the ages of 20-24. Asthma levels have remained relatively stable for adults yet they have decreased in children. It is also known that the prevalence for asthma in indigenous people is considerably higher than the prevalence for all young Australians.

Asthma: Impact on physical health

Asthma is a chronic illness it will continuously affect the health of the patients lungs, which in turn affects their physical health as they may find it harder to participate in sport.

Why is asthma an issue for youth?

Asthma is an issue for youth because it can restrict their physical, social, emotional and intellectual development, and as they are already going through all these changes asthma may seem like a low priority to them when in some cases it isn't.

What is energy needed for?

Basal metabolism, physical activity and growth.

What are the determinants of health?

Biological, Behavioural, Physical Environment, Social environment (Family and Community)

What is the preferred source of energy?

Carbohydrates

Food source of carbohydrates

Cereals, wholegrain bread, fruits and some vegetables

Social development

Changes and improvements in people's ability to interact with others relate to other people and learn to live in social groups.

Development

Changes that occur over time, as you grow you develop socially, physically, emotionally and intellectually.

Physical development

Changes that occur to your body over time.

Food source of fats

Dairy, nuts, olive oil, avocadoes and oily fish

Mortality

Data on death and its causes.

Risk factor

Determinants of health that increase the chances of ill health.

Protective factor

Determinants of health that increase the changes of good health.

DALY

Disability Adjusted Life Year. Calculate which conditions have the greatest effect on health. One DALY is one year of 'healthy life' lost due to injury or disease, they also take into account the quality of life lost from living with a disease or injury. DALY = YLL + YLD

Secondary sexual characteristics

Distinguish males from females and indicate a level of physical maturation.

Asthma: Impact on emotional development

Emotionally most people will learn to deal with the illness over time but for those who feel that they "miss out" on too much, it can even lead to diseases such as depression or anxiety.

Biological determinants

Factors that depend on biology such as: - Genes - Body weight - Hormones

Social Environment determinants

Family and community, relating to family friends and social interactions. For example, family cohesion, socioeconomic status of parents, community participation and access to education.

Examples of primary sexual characteristics

Female - Cervix, uterus, vagina, fallopian tubes and ovaries. Male - Penis, prostate, testicles and scrotum

Examples of secondary sexual characteristics

Female - Enlargement of breasts, widening of hips, growth of underarm and pubic hair. Male - Deepening of the voice, broadening of the shoulders, growth of body hair and increase in muscle mass.

Asthma: Community strategies

For example the ACAP, which stands for the Asthma Child and Adolescent Program, provides teachers and students with the information that they need to learn about asthma and respond quickly in an emergency. There is also training sessions available for schools and preschools, that helps explain the needs of children with asthma and how to deal with it.

Asthma: Impact on social health

Friends or peers are very likely to comment on this, they would tease them about being "unfit" or that they are "making it up" and it can often be quite hurtful as most youth want to gain approval from their peers. This can lead to an unhealthy social life, and they will be less likely to want to go to school or meet up with their friends. This in turn can affect their mental health, as they will likely be feeling left out or not wanted. This can put a lot of stress on teenagers as gaining approval can often seem very important.

Vitamin B1 (Thiamin)

Function - Coenzyme involved in reactions that release energy from carbohydrates. Necessary for the normal functioning of nerve cells. Food source - Fortified breakfast cereals, yeast and whole meal bread.

Vitamin B3 (Niacin)

Function - Coenzyme involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. It is important for blood circulation. Food source - Yeast extracts, fish and eggs

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

Function - Coenzyme involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. It is necessary for healthy skin and eyesight. Food source - Yeast extracts (Vegemite) and lean red meat

Calcium

Function - Form hard structures of bones and teeth Food source - Milk and milk products such as yoghurt and cheese

Folate B9

Function - Formation of enzymes and red blood cells Food source - Vegemite, leafy vegetables and avocado

Vitamin B12

Function - Formation of red blood cells Food source - Only found in animal foods, liver, kidney and oysters

Vitamin A

Function - Healthy vision and skin Food source - Animal sources such as liver, oily fish and egg yolk

Vitamin C

Function - Promoting the healing of wounds Food source - Fruit and vegetables such as oranges, pineapple and spinach.

Iron

Function - Required for the formation of red blood cells or healthy blood to prevent anemia Food source - Dried beans and eggs

Vitamin D

Function - The absorption and metabolism of calcium and phosphorus, to assist with the formation of bones and teeth Food source - Amounts absorbed from food are usually minimal, examples include fish with a high fat content and dairy products

Oestrogen

Gland: Ovaries Effects on body: Development of secondary sexual characteristics (Female). Plays a key role in the menstrual cycle (Female).

Progesterone

Gland: Ovaries Effects on body: Stimulates the growth of the endometrium (lining of the uterus).

Testosterone

Gland: Testes Effects on body: Stimulates sperm production (Male). Development of secondary sexual characteristics (Male).

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Gland: Thyroid Effects on body: To produce the thyroxin which regulates metabolism.

HALE

Health Adjusted Life Expectancy. The estimate of the number of healthy years a person born in a particular year can expect to live. HALE = Life expectancy - Number of years living in an unhealthy state.

Asthma: Impact on emotional development

Intellectually asthma doesn't really affect the development, however for some people with severe asthma, the time missed at school could make it harder for them to learn later in life.

Optimal health

Is the best possible health that someone can realistically aspire, in some or all of the three dimensions.

Incidence

Is the number of new cases occurring during a given period.

Nutrition

Is the process of eating to nourish our bodies.

Asthma: Impact on mental health

It affects their mental health as it is one of the leading causes of school absences and this can cause them to lack behind in their schoolwork.

Function of carbohydrates

Main fuel/energy source for the body.

Function of fats

Maintain cell membrans and provide a secondary energy source for the body

Example of an interrelationship of the dimensions of health

Many teenagers play sport and benefit greatly from the physical exercise and from the positive effect sport has on how they feel about themselves and their interactions with their peers.

Food sources of protein

Meat, nuts, fish, eggs

Micronutrients

Nutrients that the body requires in relatively small amounts; mainly vitamins and minerals.

Asthma: Personal strategies

People need to be aware of asthma and work out how to stay away from the triggers, there are many websites that contain information about it, and specifically for youth, there are some that explain exactly how to deal with it such as the kids health website, which gives helpful pointers and tips.

Asthma: Impact on Physical development

Physically the asthma itself does not cause any long-term damage to the body, however the medication taken could have any type of affect. For example, if a child is regularly using their inhaler or asthma medication containing a steroid then it can have an affect on their overall height. The steroids in the drug cause the person to stop growing before they reach their full potential height.

What are the stages of the lifespan?

Prenatal - Conception to birth Infancy - Birth to 2 years of age Childhood - 2 to 12 years of age Youth - 12 to 18 years of age Adulthood - 18 years of age onwards

Trends

Refer to tendencies or directions, such as increases, decreases, improvements, reductions and other changes over time.

Intellectual development

Refers to changes in mental skills and abilities.

Morbidity

Refers to ill health in and individual and to levels of ill health in a population or group.

Life expectancy at birth

Refers to the average number of years newborns can be expected to live if existing mortality patterns continue during their lifetime.

Life expectancy

Refers to the average number of years of life remaining to a person at any specified age.

Emotional development

Refers to the capacity to recognise, express and control feelings and emotions.

Youth

Refers to young people, in the period of the human lifespan between the ages of 12 and 18 years. It is generally recognised as the transitional phase between childhood and adulthood.

Behavioural determinants

Relating to lifestyle, behaviour, choices and decisions. For example, exercising regularly, choosing healthy foods, using UV protection, avoiding substances such as tobacco and alcohol, engaging in safe sex, developing and maintaining relationships, seeking help from healthcare professionals when needed.

Physical environment determinants

Relating to where we work, live or spend most time. For example, safe physical environment, fresh food, clean water, home free of tobacco smoke, clean, safe, welcoming home, access to sporting and recreational facilities.

Function of protein

Required for growth, maintenance and repair of cells

Asthma: Government strategies

The National Asthma Council of Australia also provides support and it is a nonprofit organization that helps improve the outcome and quality of life for asthma sufferers.

Define social health

The ability to independently and cooperatively interact with others and participate in their community.

Define mental health

The aspects of health and wellbeing that relate to people's abilities to recognise their own strengths and weaknesses, cope with the normal stresses of life, work productively and make a contribution to their community.

Nutrients

The chemical compounds of food, and they are required by living things to maintain life.

Burden of disease

The effect of a condition or disease on health.

Define physical health

The efficient functioning of the body and its systems.

Lifespan

The length of time that the person lives; from the time a person is conceived to when the person dies.

Prevalence

The number or proportion of cases present in a population at a given time.

Primary sexual characteristics

The physical reproduction organs (present at birth)

Asthma: Impact on social development

Their social development is not usually affected, however by letting the asthma stop them from being around their friends, then they can sometimes miss out on important social skills.

Energy balance: Weight loss

When less energy is taken into the body than needed the stored reserves break down to provide energy

Energy balance: Weight gain

When more energy is taken into the body than needed the excess energy is stored as fat

Energy balance: Stable weight

When the energy intake equals the energy expenditure, which is when weight remains stable.

YLD

Years of life living with a disability

YLL

Years of life lost

Emotional characteristics of development during youth

ncludes learning how to understand and appropriately manage emotions - For example, learning to cope with stress - Controlling display of emotion - Characterized by individual increasingly understanding their emotions - Strength or weakness of peer and family relationships at this can have a positive or negative effect on emotional development. - Romantic relationships: being to develop, they can become very strong and result in a young person feeling happy and satisfied; however if the relationship were to break down, it could be emotionally devastating