Histology A&P
what is the difference between skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle tissue?
*Skeletal - is striated, designed to work at a moments notice, but tires easily *Smooth - works slowly (stomach) so it doesnt tire out *Cardiac - designed to work continuously without tiring
3 subcategories of Loose connective tissue:
- areole tissue - adipose tissue - reticular tissue the Fibers create loose, open framework
name the classification types of connecctive tissue
- connective tissue proper - fluid connective tissue - supporting connective tissue
3 subcategories of Dense connective tissue:
- dense regular - dense irregular - elastic Fibers densely packed
Where would you find a supporting connective tissue?
- hyaline cartilage - elastic cartilage - fibrous cartilage -Bone
4 characteristics of Epithelial tissue
- many cells packed tightly together - for protection - lower surfaces rests on basement membrane. apical is the skin surface - avascular - no blood, not enough room for them - cells divide frequently
Stratified squamous epithelia
- stacked in rows - forms layers - a vascular -apical top is made of squamous cells
Columnar cells
-Are longer than they are wide -the absorptive cells of the small intestines are columnar epithelial cells
How does supporting tissue differ from connective tissue proper?
-Less diverse cell population. -A matrix that is much more densely packed fibers. - protect soft tissues - support the weight of the body
Cuboidal cells
-Same height and width - cuboidal cells line many ducts, and are at the base of stratified epithelial
Squamous cells
-These are FLAT cells (squamous means plate) -squamous cells line anterior body cavities, the air sacs of the lungs, and form the inner lining of all blood vessels
what is the difference between exocrine and endocrine?
-exocrine secrets on to the body surface, or into passage ways that connect to the surface of the body -endocrine secrets hormones into the interstitial fluid
Lack of vitamin C in the diet interferes with the ability of fibroblasts to produce collagen. What effect would this have on connective tissue?
. Weaken connective tissue
Where in the body would you find stratified squamous epithelia?
1. Epidermis 2. Oral cavity 3. Vaginal lining 4. Esophagus
EPITHELIAL TISSUE CHARACTERISTICS
1. Many cells packed closely together 2. Lower surface (basal surface) rests on basement membrane.Top surface (apical surface) is on the surface of body 3. Avascular - not enough room between cells for blood vessels 4. Cells divide frequently
Name three things to describe simple squamous epithelial tissue
1. Thinnest tissue of the body 2. Allows transport across membranes in lungs and capillaries 3. Secretes fluid in serous membranes 4. Lines cardiovascular system 5. Covers organs 6. Forms glomerular capsules in kidney
If you looked under a microscope and saw a layer of simple squamous epithelium, it might have come from
A finger tip
An organ is defined as?
A functional unit with 2 or more tissues working together
How do things get from outside the body to inside the body?
Active Transport Diffusion Osmosis
If you looked under a microscope and saw a layer of simple squamous epithelium, you could assume its function is
Aid in diffusion
What is cancer?
An abnormal growth of cells which tend to multiply in an uncontrolled way, and sometimes metastasize
Why is blood classified as a connective tissue?
Because it originates from the same primitive tissue as the other connective tissues, as do the stems cells that produce all the blood cells.
this type of tissue is the only connective tissue that is fluid:
Blood
Name the types of fluid connective tissue
Blood Lymph
What is the matrix of blood?
Blood is made up of a non living fluid, in which living cells are suspended. its a watery matrix
this type of tissue is the principal component of the skeleton:
Bone
How are pseudostratified columnar epithelium and simple columnar tissues the same?
Both are simple tissues with column shaped cells
name a few organs that contain nervous tissue
Brain and spinal cord
Nervous tissue
Carries information very quickly through the body
This type of connective tissue is avascular:
Cartilage
Name two kinds of supporting connective tissue
Cartilage Bone
What 3 things make up connective tissue?
Cells,matrix and fibers in varying proportions
Describe the morphology (shape) of columnar
Column/rectangle
Simple Columnar example location
Columns; lots of organelles and a little more protection than cubes stomach
Connective tissue proper
Connecting; binding; fat tissues Tissue is comprised of a gel-like ground substance, and all three fiber types and is made up from fibroblasts.
Name the types of connective tissue
Connective proper tissue Fluid connective tissue Supporting connective tissue
Transitional epithelium
Contains multiple layers of cube shaped cells, the apical surface having larger cells then the basal surface
2nd Functions of Epithelial Tissue -
Control Permeability List 2 areas with epithelial tissue that would WANT materials to get into or out of body. lungs, exchange of gases Digestive system, nutrients from food
1st Functions of Epithelial Tissue -
Covering Protects underlying tissues against Physical damage Drying out Infection
Epithelial tissues
Covers all of the body that is exposed to the outside -lines digestive tract -lines respiratory tract -lines hollow organs -forms glands
Describe the morphology (shape) of a cuboidal:
Cube/square
Simple Cuboidal example location
Cubes; has more organelles so it can produce secretions lining exocrine gland
Pseudostratified columnar
Distance between the cell nuclei and the exposed surface vary, so it appears layered/stratified, but it isn't because every cell contacts the basil lamina, and typically possess cilia
Endocrine
Ductless (cells secrete into body) hormones
glands
Endocrine Exocrine
If a gland has no ducts, and the secretions of the gland are secreted into the body, it is an ??
Endocrine Gland
What do you think makes skin so susceptible to uncontrolled cellular growth?
Exposure to the external environment and possible carcinogens and, or the rapid rate of mitosis that would allow cancer to spread quickly
True or False Besides the heart, cardiac muscle can also be found in the liver
False
Connective tissue may contain _____, _____ and/or _____
Fibers, Collagen, and/or Elastin
Describe the morphology (shape) squamous:
Flat
Simple Squamous example location
Flat; can easily be diffused across kidney
Blood
Flows with in the cardiovascular system
Lymph
Flows within the lymphatic system
Components of Connective Tissue
Ground substance Fibers Cells
Exocrine
Have ducts to outside of body Sweat Tears Milk
Connective tissues
Hold together tissues, organs and the body.
What differentiates pseudo stratified columnar epithelium from simple columnar?
In pseudostratified columnar, not all the cells appear to reach from top to bottom and nucleus is found at different levels giving it a layered appearance
The epidermis of skin is specialized to produce a strong protein called ______
Keratin, so the tissue is called keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium
Stratified Squamous example location
Lots of layers; helps in case of abrasion skin, mouth lining
Elastin
Makes tissues stretchy Marfan syndrome
Ground Substance + Fibers = ?
Matrix
Various types of connective tissue are situated in the body but they are _______exposed to the _______ environment
Never Outside
4 th Functions of Epithelial Tissue
Produce specialized secretions Glands are made of epithelial tissue
What is the purpose of stratified squamous tissue in the vaginal lining
Protect underlying tissues during intercourse and childbirth
Functions of connective tissue
Protects Supports Binds Stores Transports
Which two tissues do not conform to the naming classification rules
Pseudostratified columnar and transitional epitheliums
Blood consists of ?
Red blood cells = Erythrocytes White blood cells = Leukocytes Platelets = Thrombocyctes and other materials like antibodies, hormones ,etc and they are all carried in the plasma
Muscle tissues
Responsible for movement
Exocrine glands
Serous glands Mucous glands Sebaceous glands
What two characteristics do you think are used to classify epithelial tissue?
Shape of cell and layers of cell
Names of Epithelial Tissue
Simple Squamous Simple Cuboidal Simple Columnar Stratified Squamous
Describe the difference between simple and stratified epithelium tissue
Simple epithelium contains one layer (row) of cells, stratified epithelium contains two or more layers of cells
what are the three types of muscle tissue and where can it be found?
Skeletal - attached to bone Cardiac - in the heart Smooth - arteries, digestive tract, bladder
The majority of dust is composed of human skin cells. What does this indicate about the rate of mitosis for epithelial tissue?
Skin cells have a rapid rate of mitosis
Name the specific type of epithelial described by the following : a tissue that consists of multiple layers of cells, in which the top layer is composed of columnar cells
Stratified columnar epithelial
The type of epithelial tissue that makes up the skin, esophagus and vagina is
Stratified squamous
Histology
The study of tissues of the body
What is the purpose of the stratified squamous epithelial cells in the oral cavity and esophagus?
To protect underlying tissues as food slides down to the stomach
The bottom (basal) layer of stratified epithelial tissue may have different cell shapes from the top (apical) layer. Which layer determines the shape classification of the tissue?
Top layer. Both stratified squamous and stratified columnar contain cube shaped cells on the basal surface, but apical shape matches the name of the tissue
What kind of epithelial cells stretch and where can you find them in your body?
Transitional epithelium, in your bladder, ureters, and the urine collecting chambers in the kidneys
True or False Blood is a connective tissue
True
True or False Epithelial tissue covers surfaces of the body that interface with the outside world.
True
True or False the lining of the stomach is made of epithelial tissue
True
True or False Smooth muscle can be found in the walls of hollow organs.
True
the inside of the heart ( a hollow organ ) is made of epithelial tissue
True
Connective tissue is _____ and contain ______ ______.
Vascular Sensory recptors
Where in the body would you find simple squamous epithelial tissue ?
Visceral and parietal linings of the anterior body cavities - pleural, pericardial and peritoneal
Fluid connective tissue are cells suspended In a _____ ____ that contains dissolved ______
Watery matrix Proteins
Serous glands
Watery substance
Sebaceous glands
Waxy/oily secretions
all epithelial tissues are attached to ?
a basement membrane
What is a gland?
a gland is a cell that produces exocrine or endorcrine secretions.
define basement membrane
a layer of filaments and fibers that attach an epithelium to the under lying connective tissue - All epithelial tissues are attached to it,
define apical surface
aka free surface, a epithelium surface that faces the exterior of the body or some internal space
what is the location of cartilage?
between bones, on the surface of them, at mobile joints
-blast, Blast/o
build
Sarcoma
cancer of connective tissue
Carcinoma
cancer of epithelial cells
Connective tissue has fewer ____ than other tissues
cells
what are fibers made of?
collagen and elastin
Muscle tissue can do two things:
contract relax
what are the 4 basic types of tissue?
epithelial, muscle, nervous, connective
3 kinds of cartilage are:
fibrocartilage hyaline cartilage elastic cartilage
Epithelial tissue is classified according to two different systems. what are they?
first it is the shape of the cell, and second the arrangement of the cells. when you combine the two you get terms line simple squamous stratified.
what is the location of adipose tissue?
flank, buttocks, breasts
tendons have little ____ and lots of _______
ground substance, collagen
where is blood found?
in our bodies, heart, veins, capillairies etc
Caritilage is made up how?
is a avascular tissue, that is slightly pliable/flexible tissue producece by CHONDROBLASTS that then mature into chondrocytes.
what are goblet cells? and where are they found?
is a glandular simple columnar epithelial cell ( which lookes like a wine goblet ) whose function is to secret mucin which dissolves in water to form mucus. It is found in the intestinal and respiratory tract
Bone is produced how?
it is produced when bone-forming cells, called OSTEOBLASTS, release a gelatinous material (osteoid) where caclcium (CA2+) and phosphate accumluate to harden the bone into hydroxyapatite
Transitional Epithelium example location
it is stratified epithelium that tolerates repeated cycles of stretching and recoiling without damage. Called transitional because the appearnace changes as it stretches. lines the urinary bladder, the ureters and the urine collection chambers in the kidneys
what is the function of blood?
it supplies nutrients and hormones, carries waste away from the cells, regulation of PH and body temperature
in connective tissue cells are scattered in a substance called _______, which may be liquid, gel or solid
matrix
Mucous glands
mucus
What is the difference between a neuron and a neuroglial cell?
neuron - transfers information from place to place neuroglial cell - protect, support and repair neural tissue and maintain the nutrient supply to the neurons
what is the difference between a neuron and a nerve?
neuron- basic cell of the nervous system nerve - bundle of axions
-cyte
old cell
what is the location of bone?
our skeleton
pseudostratified columnar epithelium example location
pseudostratified means that its made up of several layers of cells. every cell is still attached to the Basale lamina. found lining the nasal cavities, the trachea and larger airwaves of the lungs, also found in portions of the male reproductive tract
3rd Function of Epithelial tissue -
sensation, like? and why? heat, cold, pain, for protection
what is the function of bone?
support, protect soft tissue, mineral storage and blood formation
a ground substance can be
thick or jello like fluid or a solid
what is a tissue?
tissue is a group of cells with similiar structure working together to preform a particular function of the body
in a brief sentence explain how epithelial tissues are named.
tissues are named by looking at the shape of the cells first, and then by the arrangement of them. by combining these two terms you get "simple squamous or stratified squamous epithelium"
what is the function of cartilage?
to act as a cushion between joints, to prevent friction
-clast
to break
what is the function of adipose tissue?
to store energy in the form of fat
What causes human skin to sag?
unrepaired skin molecules
