History Chapter 13 Section 1-4

what event signaled the final defeat of the central powers

-bulgarians and ottoman turks surrender -revolution swept through austria-hungary -a mutiny on germany

which nation was fist to declare war in the Great war

-Austria-Hungary

which nations heir to throne was assassinated in 1914 by serbian nationalists

-Austria-Hungary

who annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908

-Austria-Hungary

which 2 non-Balkan nations competed for dominance of the Balkans

-Austria-Hungary and Russia

where were the battles of Marne, Somme, and Verdun fought

-French soil

Kaiser Wilhelm II

-German emperor -forced Bismarck to resign -was a proud and stubborn man -wished to share his power with no one -let his nations treaty with Russia lapse -built up German navy so they would challenge Britain

Bismarck was part of what nation

-Germany

assassination in Sarajevo

-a serbian nationalist, Gavrilo Pirincip, shot and killed Archduke Ferdinand and his wife, Sofia

purpose of Gallipoli

-allies were to secure the Dardanelles -then take Constantinople -defeat the turks -establish a supply line to russia

self-determination

-allowed people to decide for themselves under what government they wished to live

armistice

-an agreement to stop fighting -brought an end to WWI

triple entente (1907)

-an alliance formed between Britain, France, and Russia -it ensured Britain would not fight against France and Russia -during WWI -ALLIES

trench warfare

-battle strategy in which soldiers fought from deep pits dug into the ground -armies traded huge losses of people for small amounts a land gain -primarily used on the western front

why did the czar's government collapse

-bc Czar Nicholas stepped down do to war related shortages of food and fuel

why did US enter the war

-bc of the public outrage over germanys unrestricted submarine warfare, strong economic ties with Allies, and the Zimmerman note, which was the last straw -germany sinking the british boat Lusitania with US passengers on board

treaty of versailles

-between germany and allied powers -adopted wilson's 14 points -created the league of nations

causes of WWI why US entered war effects of war

-causes: nationalism: all the european nations wanted dominance and power over each other, territorial fights -causes: imperialism: rivalry and mistrust between the nations, competed for colonies in africa and asia -causes: militarism: led to formation of large armies, which scared the people, and then led to military alliances -US entered the war bc of the public outrage over germanys unrestricted submarine warfare, strong economic ties with Allies, and the Zimmerman note, which was the last straw -also bc germany sunk the british boat, Lusitania, with US passengers on board -effects: many people dead and wounded on all sides, economies devastated, weaker and furious germany due to league of nations, left behind a lot of destruction never seen before

concerns and aims of france and britain

-concerned with national security -wanted to strip germany of its war-making power

how did the triple entente increase tension among european countries

-created 2 rival camps in Europe: the triple alliance and the triple entente-a dispute between the 2 could draw all the nations of europe into war

triple alliance (1882)

-created by Bismarck -he wanted to isolate France and create an alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy -CENTRAL POWERS

14 points

-created by Wilson -they outlines a plan for achieving a just and lasting peace

nationalism

-deep devotion to ones nation -serves as a unifying force within a country, but can cause intense competition among nations, each wanting to over power the other

treaty of brest-litovsk

-ended war between russia and germany

how did imperialism increase tension among european countries

-european nation's sense of rivalry and mistrust of one another deepened as they competed for colonies in Asia and Africa

alliance system

-forming of all the alliances

according to Bismarck what nation was the greatest threat to peace in europe

-france

Schliefen Plan

-german battle strategy for the 2 front war that called for a quick defeat of france in the west and then attacking Russia in the east

effects of russia mobilizing along the german border

-german government declared war on russia -russia looked to its ally france for help, but germany didn't wait for france to react

second battle of the marne

-german military was weak -allied forces began to advance steadily toward germany -central power began to crumble

effects of russian forces attacking austria and germany

-germany counterattacked and forced russia to retreat -many russian soldiers were killed -austria defeated the russians and eventually pushed them out of austria-hungary

in what ways did the treaty punish germany

-germany lost substantial territory -had severe restrictions placed on its military operations -had to pay reparations to the ALLIES -had to take responsibility for war -forced to pay huge amounts of money to war victims

what did the zimmerman note expose

-germanys plan to help mexico regain US territory

which of the great powers did not have a large army

-great britain

effects of germany declaring war on france

-great britain then declared war in defense of france on germany -much of europe was now locked in battle

league of nations

-international association whose goal would be to keep peace among nations

how did the triple alliance increase tension among european countries

-it created an unstable alliance which had problems such as Germany having enemies on both sides during war

how did the assassination in Sarajevo increase tension among european countries

-it gave Austra-Hungary an excuse to punish serbia and start a war on them -this leads to the conflict between Austria and Russia

how did militarism increase tension among european countries

-led to the formation pf large armies which scared the people -later also led to military alliances

palace of versailles

-location of meetings to determine conditions of peace after WWI

costs of war

-many people died or wounded -economies devasted -countries still remained under control

new countries created

-mostly around the Baltic Sea -Austria-hungary and the Ottoman empire were separated into new countries/independent nations -Austria-Hungary empire turned into: Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia -Ottoman Empire gave up almost all of their former empire, they only had the territory of what is now Turkey -german land taken to form Poland

new war technology military strategies how war spread

-new technology: machine guns, tanks, poison gases, submarine, and airplanes. -new tools didn't speed up war like expected -just killed more people -strategies: Schliffen Plan: german battle strategy for the 2 front war that called for a quick defeat of france in the west and then attacking Russia in the east -strategies: trench warfare: battle strategy in which soldiers fought from deep pits dug into the ground -how war spread: Germany making the US angry caused them to join the war, different countries wanting to seize other countries land

submarine

-new warship introduced by the germans that used underwater missiles

poison gas

-new weapon that caused blindness, blisters, and choking

georges clemenceau

-part of big 4 -represented France at paris peace conference -wanted to punish germany and make them pay money

woodrow wilson

-part of the big 4 -represented the US at paris peace conference -had idea of league of nations -created the 14 points

war guilt clause

-part of the treat of versailles that placed responsibility for the war solely on germany

unrestricted submarine warfare

-policy by Germany where their submarines would sink any ship around Britain w/out warning -Germany wanted to keep cargo ships from reaching great britain

terms of peace treaty problems arriving at terms

-punish germany by restriction their military operations q, pay reparations to war victims/ALLIES, and had to take responsibility for the war -problems: the 4 major allies had different peace goals

social, political, and economic changes caused by war

-social: led to deaths of many civilians by starvation, disease, and slaughter. survivors had a sense of insecurity and despair, women began working mens jobs(factories, offices, and shoppes) -economic: drained the treasures of european countries. destroyed farmland,homes, villages, and towns, economy crippled -political: germany became weak

eastern front

-stretch of battlefield along german and russian border

rationing

-system where people could only buy small amounts of items needed for war -limit purchases of consumer goods

how did nationalism increase tension among european countries

-tensions grew among european nations, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, and France, for materials and markets -there was territorial disputes -they all wanted industrial dominance and power

mandates

-term for postwar territories expected to be governed by the league of nations -help nations become independent and self-governing

"power keg" of europe

-the Balkans

militarism

-the policy of glorifying military power and keeping an army prepared for war

western front

-the region in france that became a bloody stalemate -deadlock region

Allies

-the triple entente: great britain, france and russia -japan later joins

why did US reject the treaty and league of nations

-they believed they should stay out of european affairs

how did rejection affect the league of nations

-they couldn't take action and help find peace around the world

imperialism

-this is when nations fiercely compete for colonies

effects of the allies defeating the germans in the battle of marne

-this left schlieffen plan in ruins, so a quick win in the west seemed impossible -germany had to fight on both sides -france won battle of marne

central powers

-this was Germany and Austria-Hungary -known as this bc of their location in the heart of europe -Bulgaria and Ottoman Empire later join them -italy refuses to join

effects of the allies being unstable to ship war supplies to russian ports

-this was bc they were unindustrialized and near collapse -so as a result russian armies were constantly short on food, guns, ammunition, clothes, boots, and blankets

propoganda

-used by the government -one sided information designed to persuade, keep up morale, and support the war -media blows things out of proportions/exaggerates -lies to the public to get people to believe

why did many countries feel bitter and cheated as a result of the treaty

-war guilt clause left bitterness and hatred in the germans -people of africa and asia were mad at the way the ALLIES disregarded their desire for independence -Japan and italy gained less land then they wanted

reparations

-what germany had to pay Allies because of war guilt

total war

-where countries devoted all their resources to the war effort -WWI became a total war