History Chapter 13 Section 1-4
what event signaled the final defeat of the central powers
-bulgarians and ottoman turks surrender -revolution swept through austria-hungary -a mutiny on germany
which nation was fist to declare war in the Great war
-Austria-Hungary
which nations heir to throne was assassinated in 1914 by serbian nationalists
-Austria-Hungary
who annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908
-Austria-Hungary
which 2 non-Balkan nations competed for dominance of the Balkans
-Austria-Hungary and Russia
where were the battles of Marne, Somme, and Verdun fought
-French soil
Kaiser Wilhelm II
-German emperor -forced Bismarck to resign -was a proud and stubborn man -wished to share his power with no one -let his nations treaty with Russia lapse -built up German navy so they would challenge Britain
Bismarck was part of what nation
-Germany
assassination in Sarajevo
-a serbian nationalist, Gavrilo Pirincip, shot and killed Archduke Ferdinand and his wife, Sofia
purpose of Gallipoli
-allies were to secure the Dardanelles -then take Constantinople -defeat the turks -establish a supply line to russia
self-determination
-allowed people to decide for themselves under what government they wished to live
armistice
-an agreement to stop fighting -brought an end to WWI
triple entente (1907)
-an alliance formed between Britain, France, and Russia -it ensured Britain would not fight against France and Russia -during WWI -ALLIES
trench warfare
-battle strategy in which soldiers fought from deep pits dug into the ground -armies traded huge losses of people for small amounts a land gain -primarily used on the western front
why did the czar's government collapse
-bc Czar Nicholas stepped down do to war related shortages of food and fuel
why did US enter the war
-bc of the public outrage over germanys unrestricted submarine warfare, strong economic ties with Allies, and the Zimmerman note, which was the last straw -germany sinking the british boat Lusitania with US passengers on board
treaty of versailles
-between germany and allied powers -adopted wilson's 14 points -created the league of nations
causes of WWI why US entered war effects of war
-causes: nationalism: all the european nations wanted dominance and power over each other, territorial fights -causes: imperialism: rivalry and mistrust between the nations, competed for colonies in africa and asia -causes: militarism: led to formation of large armies, which scared the people, and then led to military alliances -US entered the war bc of the public outrage over germanys unrestricted submarine warfare, strong economic ties with Allies, and the Zimmerman note, which was the last straw -also bc germany sunk the british boat, Lusitania, with US passengers on board -effects: many people dead and wounded on all sides, economies devastated, weaker and furious germany due to league of nations, left behind a lot of destruction never seen before
concerns and aims of france and britain
-concerned with national security -wanted to strip germany of its war-making power
how did the triple entente increase tension among european countries
-created 2 rival camps in Europe: the triple alliance and the triple entente-a dispute between the 2 could draw all the nations of europe into war
triple alliance (1882)
-created by Bismarck -he wanted to isolate France and create an alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy -CENTRAL POWERS
14 points
-created by Wilson -they outlines a plan for achieving a just and lasting peace
nationalism
-deep devotion to ones nation -serves as a unifying force within a country, but can cause intense competition among nations, each wanting to over power the other
treaty of brest-litovsk
-ended war between russia and germany
how did imperialism increase tension among european countries
-european nation's sense of rivalry and mistrust of one another deepened as they competed for colonies in Asia and Africa
alliance system
-forming of all the alliances
according to Bismarck what nation was the greatest threat to peace in europe
-france
Schliefen Plan
-german battle strategy for the 2 front war that called for a quick defeat of france in the west and then attacking Russia in the east
effects of russia mobilizing along the german border
-german government declared war on russia -russia looked to its ally france for help, but germany didn't wait for france to react
second battle of the marne
-german military was weak -allied forces began to advance steadily toward germany -central power began to crumble
effects of russian forces attacking austria and germany
-germany counterattacked and forced russia to retreat -many russian soldiers were killed -austria defeated the russians and eventually pushed them out of austria-hungary
in what ways did the treaty punish germany
-germany lost substantial territory -had severe restrictions placed on its military operations -had to pay reparations to the ALLIES -had to take responsibility for war -forced to pay huge amounts of money to war victims
what did the zimmerman note expose
-germanys plan to help mexico regain US territory
which of the great powers did not have a large army
-great britain
effects of germany declaring war on france
-great britain then declared war in defense of france on germany -much of europe was now locked in battle
league of nations
-international association whose goal would be to keep peace among nations
how did the triple alliance increase tension among european countries
-it created an unstable alliance which had problems such as Germany having enemies on both sides during war
how did the assassination in Sarajevo increase tension among european countries
-it gave Austra-Hungary an excuse to punish serbia and start a war on them -this leads to the conflict between Austria and Russia
how did militarism increase tension among european countries
-led to the formation pf large armies which scared the people -later also led to military alliances
palace of versailles
-location of meetings to determine conditions of peace after WWI
costs of war
-many people died or wounded -economies devasted -countries still remained under control
new countries created
-mostly around the Baltic Sea -Austria-hungary and the Ottoman empire were separated into new countries/independent nations -Austria-Hungary empire turned into: Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia -Ottoman Empire gave up almost all of their former empire, they only had the territory of what is now Turkey -german land taken to form Poland
new war technology military strategies how war spread
-new technology: machine guns, tanks, poison gases, submarine, and airplanes. -new tools didn't speed up war like expected -just killed more people -strategies: Schliffen Plan: german battle strategy for the 2 front war that called for a quick defeat of france in the west and then attacking Russia in the east -strategies: trench warfare: battle strategy in which soldiers fought from deep pits dug into the ground -how war spread: Germany making the US angry caused them to join the war, different countries wanting to seize other countries land
submarine
-new warship introduced by the germans that used underwater missiles
poison gas
-new weapon that caused blindness, blisters, and choking
georges clemenceau
-part of big 4 -represented France at paris peace conference -wanted to punish germany and make them pay money
woodrow wilson
-part of the big 4 -represented the US at paris peace conference -had idea of league of nations -created the 14 points
war guilt clause
-part of the treat of versailles that placed responsibility for the war solely on germany
unrestricted submarine warfare
-policy by Germany where their submarines would sink any ship around Britain w/out warning -Germany wanted to keep cargo ships from reaching great britain
terms of peace treaty problems arriving at terms
-punish germany by restriction their military operations q, pay reparations to war victims/ALLIES, and had to take responsibility for the war -problems: the 4 major allies had different peace goals
social, political, and economic changes caused by war
-social: led to deaths of many civilians by starvation, disease, and slaughter. survivors had a sense of insecurity and despair, women began working mens jobs(factories, offices, and shoppes) -economic: drained the treasures of european countries. destroyed farmland,homes, villages, and towns, economy crippled -political: germany became weak
eastern front
-stretch of battlefield along german and russian border
rationing
-system where people could only buy small amounts of items needed for war -limit purchases of consumer goods
how did nationalism increase tension among european countries
-tensions grew among european nations, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, and France, for materials and markets -there was territorial disputes -they all wanted industrial dominance and power
mandates
-term for postwar territories expected to be governed by the league of nations -help nations become independent and self-governing
"power keg" of europe
-the Balkans
militarism
-the policy of glorifying military power and keeping an army prepared for war
western front
-the region in france that became a bloody stalemate -deadlock region
Allies
-the triple entente: great britain, france and russia -japan later joins
why did US reject the treaty and league of nations
-they believed they should stay out of european affairs
how did rejection affect the league of nations
-they couldn't take action and help find peace around the world
imperialism
-this is when nations fiercely compete for colonies
effects of the allies defeating the germans in the battle of marne
-this left schlieffen plan in ruins, so a quick win in the west seemed impossible -germany had to fight on both sides -france won battle of marne
central powers
-this was Germany and Austria-Hungary -known as this bc of their location in the heart of europe -Bulgaria and Ottoman Empire later join them -italy refuses to join
effects of the allies being unstable to ship war supplies to russian ports
-this was bc they were unindustrialized and near collapse -so as a result russian armies were constantly short on food, guns, ammunition, clothes, boots, and blankets
propoganda
-used by the government -one sided information designed to persuade, keep up morale, and support the war -media blows things out of proportions/exaggerates -lies to the public to get people to believe
why did many countries feel bitter and cheated as a result of the treaty
-war guilt clause left bitterness and hatred in the germans -people of africa and asia were mad at the way the ALLIES disregarded their desire for independence -Japan and italy gained less land then they wanted
reparations
-what germany had to pay Allies because of war guilt
total war
-where countries devoted all their resources to the war effort -WWI became a total war