history

Washington could have been King, Congress in effect offered him a crown but he spurned it. And in the process he gave us a whole new definition of greatness, which was renunciation of power, not the embrace of it. And it's not accident, that on his deathbed Napoleon said:

"They wanted me to be another Washington."

Everything in the diggings cost too much: a dollar a pound for potatoes, eggs at 50 cents apiece, $20 for a bottle of rum. John Sutter peddled wheat to hungry miners at $36 a barrel. At his store, the Mormon Sam Brannan was clearing ____________ a day in profits exchanging tools for gold dust.

$2,000

In 1850, American miners pressured the California legislature into enacting a monthly tax of _____ on all miners who were not United States Thousands of foreigners were forced to leave the gold fields, the tax was far more than they could pay.

$20

Robert E. Lee swore renewed allegiance to the United States and by so doing, persuaded thousands of his former soldiers to do the same. He was weary, ailing, and without work in the summer of 1865, when an insurance firm offered him _____________ just for the use of his name. He turned it down. "I cannot consent to receive pay for services I do not render."

$50,000

Frederick Douglass was so eloquent that skeptics charged he could never have been a slave. In part to prove them wrong, he wrote an autobiography, purchased his freedom with _______ obtained from English admirers, and returned to the struggle.

$600

Choose all three of the main regions in England controlled North American circa the late 1600s:

-New England -Carolina and the middle colonies -chesapeake

In 1632, Charles I awarded the first proprietary colony grant to Lord Baltimore. Naming it Maryland, Baltimore intended it as a refuge to English Catholics, along the lines of a manorial system. Choose three of the conditions the King required for its existence:

-freedom from royal taxation -colonists could elected assembly to approve all laws -colonists had the power to appoint sheriffs and judges

It was a daring move. Defying all military convention, Lee divided his tiny force and then attacked the huge Union Army, gambling that McClellan would be too cautious to move into Richmond. Lee's assault did not work. He lost ____________ men, but he would not let up.

1,500

This different way of looking at the world is shared across Native America. It is a reverence for place. Sacred caves, underground sanctuaries, and Grand Canyon's real physical connections to Earth. It's why many call it

Mother Earth

In January 1758, Washington takes sick leave from the army, and returns home to run ________________, the large estate he has inherited.

Mt. Vernon

For the English, it establishes that they are going to survive because of the _________________________.

Native Americans

Parliament issued a series of these to govern imperial commerce, including trade being carried on only via English vessels and imports to the colonies had to arrive via England or Scotland:

Navigation Acts

The French and Indians have only 21 dead, how many British are killed or wounded?

Nearly 1,000

Responsibility of privileged people to act with generosity and nobility toward those less privileged.

Noblesse oblige

Robert E. Lee was a fighter. Wanting to get at the Union men who had dared to invade his state, Lee renamed his force "The Army of _____________________," seized the initiative and never let it go.

Northern Virginia

At 7:22 on the morning of April 15, 1865, Abraham Lincoln He was 56 years old. Secretary of War Edwin Stanton said, "_____________________"

Now, he belongs to the ages

In the 1750s, Britain held the east coast, while Canada and the Mississippi Valley were dominated by the French, between these two empires existed a giant prize called the __________________ that was up for grabs.

Ohio Country

Forbes tries something no British General has done before; he makes diplomatic overtures to the ______________________________.

Ohio country Indians

A loyalty message to King George III from the Second Continental Congress:

Olive Branch Petition

The Mayan represent the advancement of __________ traditions in Mesoamerica: writing, art, mathematics, calendar, astronomy, mythology, monumental architecture, complex society.

Olmec

Which society will be the first in Mesoamerica to bring about political centralization and build colossal heads weighing up to 10 tons, carved out of basalt stone.

Olmec

This is the birthplace of American democracy. Not Boston, Philadelphia, or Washington, DC, but here, at _________________ in Syracuse, New York.

Onondaga Lake

In Washington, John Wilkes Booth dropped by Fords Theater to pick up his mail. A stagehand told him the President and General Grant were both expected to attend that night to see the actress Laura Keene in a British comedy called "_______________________".

Our American Cousin

The dutch name for manor lords

Patroons

As the Aztec society became more stratified, sumptuary laws were imposed. For example, only the ___________ could wear cotton and feathers or eat chocolate.

Pipiltin

First to move large amounts of slaves to Brazil for sugar plantations:

Portuguese

The Aztecs and Incas existed in what era?

Post Classic Era: 950 - 1500 CE

Five days after the disaster at Bull Run, a new general took over what was now called the Army of the ______________. George Brinton McClellan, only thirty-four, seemed just what the North needed. He brought with him to the demoralized capital what one aide called "an indescribable air of success".

Potomac

The Olmec and Chavin existed in which era?

Pre-Classic Era: 3000 BCE - 200 CE

Asserted direct British control of land transaction, settlement, trade, and other activities of non-Indians west of the Appalachian crest:

Proclamation of 1763

These knotted ropes were used in place of writing but allowed for the recording of harvest, herds, and the community census:

Quipus

On June 7th, 1776 , ___________________________ of Virginia , introduced a resolution that declared that "these united colonies, are, and of right, ought to be free and independent states."

Richard Henry Lee

Puts forth the motion before the Continental Congress in June 1776 for Independence:

Richard Henry Lee

Separatist minister who arrived in Massachusetts in 1631 and promoted a more radical desire to separate church and state, including not even swearing oaths on Bibles in court.

Roger Williams

During the five long years Thomas Jefferson had been in France, a constitution had been framed and ratified, and a new government established in the United States. New York was now the American capital, and Jefferson was summoned there. He had been appointed the very first ____________________, head of a newly created department, that had precisely five employees

Secretary of State

Alexander Hamilton, the first _____________, was a hero of the revolution. A favorite of Washington's and had helped draft and win ratification of the Constitution. He sought his country's future as commercial, urban, industrial. To bring it all about, he championed a strong central government, with a strong chief executive.

Secretary of the Treasury

But Secretary of State ___________ worried that until the Army had won a real victory; emancipation would seem like the last shriek on the retreat. Lincoln agreed to wait for a victory.

Seward

In 1787 rebels march on the U.S. Armory at Springfield in an unsuccessful attempt to seize its weaponry and overthrow the government:

Shay's Rebellion

Three and a half million men went to war. _________________________________ men died in it, as many as in all the rest of Americas wars combined. One quarter of the South's White men of military age were dead.

Six hundred and twenty thousand

1739 slave revolt of up to eighty men calling for "liberty," that was suppressed by mounted militia:

Stono Rebellion

How does Mary respond when she sees a small English child in a wigwam unable to chew the piece of horse meat given to it?

Takes it from her and eats it herself

What does George Washington sign?

Terms of surrender and admission of assassination of French Ensign Jumonville

Known to the colonists as "The Intolerable Acts":

The Coercive Acts

Created a "limited monarchy" in 1688 as defined by the English Bill of Rights:

The Glorious Revolution

An evangelical Protestant religious revival movement that swept through Europe and the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s:

The Great Awakening

Included provisions that Boston pay for ruined tea, towns could only hold one meeting per year, and required accused murderers of royal officers be tried in England:

The Intolerable Acts

In May, 1787 delegated arrive at Independence Hall in Philadelphia. This plan proposed that each state should only get one vote:

The New Jersey Plan

Armed group of settlers that stormed Philadelphia with plans to kill Christian Indians:

The Paxton Boys

Obligated colonists to purchase and use watermarked paper for newspapers, customs documents, various licenses, college diplomas, and legal forms.

The Stamp Act

Passed by Parliament in 1764 to help pay for "defending, protecting, and securing" North America and which amended the Molasses act of 1733:

The Sugar Act

This alternate plan proposed representation by population:

The Virginia Plan

What happens when the British try to fall back?

They crash into their troops behind them and their artillery proves useless

How do the French humiliate the "half king?"

They force the English to surrender the forks and abandon their trading post

How do the Indians get the upper hand from the British column?

They snipe at them from the sides.

Why didn't the Indians pursue the wounded General Braddock and his troops and finish them off (including George Washington)?

They were not fighting to secure an empire, just drive the invaders from their land

Colonists that stayed loyal to the British Crown during the Revolutionary War:

Tories

Passed in 1767, taxed glass, paint, lead, paper, and tea imported to the colonies from England:

Townshend Acts

In 1494, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Portuguese Empire and the Crown of Castile:

Treaty of Tordesillas

Native Americans create America's first democracy that later inspires the

United States Constitution

His three achievements were all intellectual ones. The declaration of independence which enabled us to be a free people, the Virginia Statute which said that the mind is utterly free and uncoercible, and then to make sure that that tradition of free exchange of ideas had perpetuity in American culture, he designed the ___________________. It was meant to be a kind of temple of continuing revolution and enlightenment rationality.

University of Virginia

In 1796, George Washington refused to run for a third term and the Federalists named John Adams as their candidate for president. Jefferson was concerned that Adams would betray the promise of the revolution. That he, like Hamilton wanted to create a European style aristocracy in America. And Adams had grown suspicious of Jefferson. He considered him a demagogue, irresponsible in his flirtation with revolution, infatuated with democracy. By the fall, Jefferson agreed to stand against his former friend for the presidency. He lost by just three electoral votes. And according to the rules then in place, Jefferson became the ______________________________.

Vice President

Forbes' road will pave the way for a rush of traders and settlers to the Ohio Country. Washington lobbies hard to get Forbes to change his plans and instead follow General Braddock's southern route, which would favor ______________.

Virginia

Fraudulent deed produced by William Penn's sons forcing the Delaware Indians to hand over an additional 1200 square miles of land:

Walking Purchase

John Mason felt that the resistance was too fierce and he realized that they could not kill everybody by hand to hand fighting. So he ran inside and got a torch out of one of the fires and he came out and yelled, "_____________________!"

We must burn them

The information Columbus most wanted from the Arawaks was:

Where is the gold?

But despite his lifelong interest in native culture, Jefferson believed that ___________________ was more important and encouraged the removal of nearly all the eastern Indians from their homelands to the west.

White settlement

In 1681 he is granted a large tract of land in America by Charles II to pay off Charles' debt

William Penn

The new Prime Minister _____________________, fires Loudoun and even better, promises reimbursement for military expenses. Unlike his predecessors, he understands that the colonists yearn to be recognized as loyal members of the British Empire.

William Pitt

Allowed royal officers to seize illegally imported goods during the period 1760-61, even without probable cause:

Writs of Assistance

His pockets contained two pairs of spectacles, a pocketknife, a linen handkerchief and a wallet. In it were nine newspaper clippings, and ________________________.

a Confederate five-dollar bill

Leaders from the warring tribes come together in _______________ and form the Grand Council of Chiefs. It is America's first democratic legislature. Inspired by Hiawatha and the Peacemaker, the Council votes to end war among their nations.

a longhouse

As 1862 dragged on, the character of the war was changing, and much of the country was changing with it. By 1862, more than ___________ farm workers had enlisted in the Union Army, and travellers in the Midwest saw more women at work in the fields than men.

a million

Of the tens of thousands of men who swarmed into California in 1849 , more than half of them were in their 20s. "A grey beard was almost as rare as _____________," one man remembered.

a petticoat

Jefferson said, "I have ever thought religion a concern purely between our God and our consciences, for which we were accountable to him, and not to the priests, for it is in our lives, and not from our words, that our religion must be read. But this does not satisfy the priesthood. They must have a positive, a declared assent to all their interested absurdities. My opinion is that there would never have been an infidel, if there never had never been ________________________________________."

a priest

What does Metacom ask Mary to make for his son?

a shirt

The first gun that was fired at Fort Sumter sounded the death knell of slavery. They who fired it were the greatest practical _____________ this nation has produced.

abolitionists

And part of Jefferson's genius was to articulate at a sufficiently ____________ level these principles, these truths, that we all want to believe in. The level was sufficiently abstract so that we don't have to notice that these truths are, at some level, unattainable, and in, and in another level, mutually exclusive. Perfect freedom doesn't lead to perfect equality. Usually, it leads to inequality. But Jefferson's geniuses to assert them at a level of abstraction, where they have a kind of rhapsodic, inspirational quality.

abstract

Native Americans find their place among Earth, sea, sky and

all living things

Washington hopes to overcome the handicap of being born __________________. He believes his service on the frontier has earned hum an officer's commission in the regular British Army, not merely the provincial forces.

an American

As the season of death subsided, the Narragansett, largely spared the ravages of the epidemic, began a series of raids on Wampanoag villages, and the beleaguered Wampanoag looked to Massasoit to lead them into ______________________.

an uncertain future

It began in North America, but by 1758, this was a global conflict. It would come to be known in history as the Seven Year's War. An epic struggle to see who would rule the greatest empire, since ___________________. Britain's King George II, a Protestant, or the French King, Louis the Fifteenth, a Catholic.

ancient Rome

Those who oppose the constitution are known as the ___________________. As the debates intensify, it is clear that they are in the majority.

anti-federalists

No one had been more accommodating to the Americans than Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo , the descendant of Spanish soldiers who had conquered Mexico and colonized California . He had built himself a vast empire in the fertile Sonoma Valley. He welcomed the first wave of forty- niners, and hoped to profit himself from the gold rush. With its wealth and sudden population of 90,000 American citizens, California demanded immediate statehood and, in 1850, got it. Vallejo helped draw up the new State Constitution, and served in the first State Senate. But in the overcrowded mining camps, tensions rose as Americans began to suggest that there was no room in California for ________________.

anyone but them

That fall, Lincoln elevated McClellan to General-in-Chief, replacing the aging Winfield Scott. "I can do it all," McClellan said. But he did nothing. As summer turned to autumn, it became increasingly clear that having made a magnificent army, George McClellan, had no immediate plans to lead it _________________________.

anywhere

Jefferson's earliest memory was of _________________________________ at the age of two, by one of his father's slaves

being carried on a pillow

Jefferson and Hamilton are an interesting set of contrasts, in a sense each one ______________________. Hamilton was born in obscurity in the the Caribbean. He was illegitimate. Jefferson was born a patrician in, in aristocratic Virginia. Hamilton gave his life to the rich and the well born. And Jefferson gave his life to the creation of a social democracy.

betrayed his own class of origin

In October, 1789, as the French Revolution intensified, Jefferson, his two daughters, and their slaves, sailed at last for home. He took with him thirty-eight boxes of books, hampers of wine, statuary, and food unobtainable in America. Parmesan cheese, raisins and macaroni. Eighty-six more crates would follow on another ship. As usual, he had spent __________________________________________.

beyond his means

In contrast, the pastor of the Pilgrim colony said that, "surely there is in all children...a stubbornness, and stoutness of mind arising from natural pride, which must, in the first place, be:

broken and beaten down.

The English actually believed that you could not own land unless you tamed it, unless controlled it, unless you modified it, unless you _________________________________ on it.

built permanent structures

John Sutter had expected the gold rush to make him richer than ever. Instead, it ruined him. Squatters took over his land, creditors dogged him, and he began to drink heavily. Finally, someone

burned down his house

Men were more likely to die by drowning at a river crossing, or _______________________ than they were at the hands of Indians. The Sac and the Fox, the Pawnees and Kickapoos, charged tolls at bridges and fords. The Potawatomis sold the emigrants bacon, beef and vegetables, and charged from one to five dollars to ferry emigrants across the Kansas River.

by an accident with their own guns

How are each of the chapters broken down?

by location

The popularly elected legislators pass laws, which in effect _________________________, trampling on the property rights of the creditors.

cancel all debts

In Aztec society, sacrifice was reserved for:

captives

We have a civil religion in this country, and he provided a __________________. You wanna be an American, here's what you would believe. No one knows how you become French. No one knows where Germany comes from. We know when we started. We know the afternoon of July 4th, 1776, and we know how to become an American. You come here and you assent. Then you're an American, just as American as anybody whose family has been here for 10 generations. You're in, you're it.

catechism

This nation, the United States, was really founded on a paradox. It's founded on the paradox of promoting liberty and rights of citizens and at the same time, denying rights of citizens and liberty to _________________. The Pequot's case is a really good example of this type of paradox.

certain groups

Jefferson secretly began to draft legislation to be passed by individual states asserting their supremacy over congress. "Since the states had created the Federal government," he argued, "they had the right to ______________ any Federal law they thought unconstitutional."

challenge

The founding fathers have addressed the issue of power in an entirely new way. They have put forward the idea that only in a large democracy with an extensive system of ____________________________, can you protect the rights of the minorities from potential tyranny by the majority. It was a revolution in democratic thought.

checks and balances

The real danger on the plains was __________, with its soaring fevers, chronic dysentery and ghastly death from dehydration. Some 1,500 of the gold seekers who set out for California that spring died from it on the trail.

cholera

Separation of church and state had not occurred in our culture, in our whole history, and it simply never occurred before. The most revolutionary thing about the revolution, as it worked out into a new government, was that one step, the separation of ______________________________________________________.

church and state

On board the Arabella, days before it landed, the future Governor of the new Massachusetts Bay Colony, John Winthrop, essayed the epic vision, "The Lord shall make us appraised in glory for we must consider that we shall be as a ___________________, the eyes of all people are upon us."

city upon a hill

Loudoun needs men and money to fight the French, but the ______________________ are not cooperating. Massachusetts is being particularly difficult.

colonial assemblies

Madison said faction would be the savior of democracy, because by having more _____________________, more diversity in the modern language, you will prevent the emergence of a stable potentially oppressive majority.

competing factions

On February 18th, a few minutes after noon, Jefferson Davis stood on the steps of the Alabama State House at Montgomery. He took the Oath of Office as president of the Provisional __________________ States of America.

confederate

At the end of the American revolutionary period that idea was dead as a doornail and the assumption was that power legitimacy flowed upwards and that the source of stability was a ___________________________ So one paradigm shattered a new paradigm, the paradigm of modern politics was in place.

consenting mass

Confederate Gospel held that Britain and France could not survive without Southern ___________. Before long, one or both would surely intervene on behalf of the Confederacy to end the Union blockade.

cotton

Hamilton wants a uniform _____________ and uniform _________________ within the country.

currency, internal trade

The old hierarchies are breaking down. Gone is the colonial world of ___________.

deference

"I will not believe our labors are lost. I shall not die without a hope that light and liberty are on steady advance. And even should the cloud of barbarism and despotism again obscure the science and liberties of Europe, this country remains to preserve and restore light and liberty to them. In short, the flames kindled on the 4th of July 1776 have spread over too much of the globe to be extinguished by the feeble engines of ____________________." - Thomas Jefferson

despotism

Rather that fight a battle they know they will lose, the outnumbered French _______________ Fort Duquesne and withdraw to Canada. Without firing a shot, General Forbes has one the prize. He renames the spot Pitts' Borough for the Prime Minister who made victor possible.

destroy

On Sunday evening, October 16th, 1859, the radical abolitionist, John Brown, led five blacks and thirteen whites into Harper's Ferry, Virginia. He brought along a wagon load of guns to arm the slaves he was sure would rally to him. Once they had, he planned to lead them southward, along the crest of the Appalachians and _______________________.

destroy slavery

As he waits for the British to arrive, the commander of the French forces in North America, forty-six year old Louis-Joseph, the marquis de Montcalm, knows how precarious France's position has become. "We are faced with the imminent loss of Canada. The English have twenty battalions, we have _________."

eight

On the morning of July 22nd, 1862, the president called a Cabinet meeting. What he said took everyone by surprise. After long thought, he told them, he had decided to ___________________.

emancipate the slaves

By summer, he knew what tactic was needed to win the war, ____________________, but doubted whether he would ever have the political or military opportunity to use it.

emancipation

To Lincoln, it was clear now that it was no longer possible to restore the old Union. A new one had to be ____________.

embraced

In 1758, when the British turn their attention back to Fort Duquesne, they send a general who has no allusions as to what he is up against. General John Forbes, a determined Scotsman, will carve a road though the wilderness in a methodical way. He will build a fort or staging post, every _________ miles from Philadelphia to the Forks of the Ohio.

fifty

The towns of Marysville and Honey Lake paid bounties for Indian scalps. Shasta City offered ______ dollars for every Indian head brought to city hall. And California's state treasury reimbursed many of the local governments for their expenses.

five

Lincoln, as a result of Antietam, converted the war to a higher plane. Again the master politician, he announces the preliminary emancipation proclamation, but of course it doesn't _______________________________.

free a single slave revolt

Four millions of Americans had been freed after four years of agony. But the meaning of freedom in American life remained unresolved. The emancipated slaves own nothing, one Tennessee planter wrote, because "nothing but ____________ has been given them."

freedom

Freedom of religion, freedom of speech, the right of trial by jury, and _______________________________. Overtime, the Bill of Rights has proven to be a significant as the constitution itself, the ultimate protection for the rights of a vast diversity of humanity, who in the centuries to follow will call themselves American.

freedom of the press

The priests of Chavin create a shared experience centered on powerful sounds and symbols from the natural world. It transforms priests into leaders and people into citizens. Chavin isn't just the architecture of a temple, it's the foundation of a ________________.

government

To preserve the Constitution, Lincoln had, for three months, gone beyond it, waging war without congressional consent. Seizing Northern telegraph offices, suspending habeas corpus. To keep the Border States from seceding, Lincoln sent troops to occupy Baltimore and clapped the mayor and 19 secessionist legislators in jail without trial. Chief Justice Taney ruled that the President had exceeded his power. Lincoln simply ignored him. "More rogues than honest man find shelter under _________________________."

habeus corpus

Mary Todd Lincoln never recovered from his husband's murder. Her son Ted died in 1871. Five years later, her eldest son Robert __________ . She spent her last years in Springfield, rarely leaving her room whose curtains were never raised.

had her committed to a mental institution

Columbus gave the natives on Haiti copper tokens to hang around their necks when they bought him gold. Indians found without a copper token:

had their hands cut off and bled to death.

The qualities that served Ulysses S. Grant so well in war, stubbornness, independence, and aversion to politics deserted him in peacetime. He entered in the White House, pledged to peace and honesty and Civil Rights, but corruption tainted his two terms. After the Presidency, he settled in Manhattan where he lends his name to a Wall Street brokerage firm. Another partner in the firm stole millions from the shareholders in 1884 and bankrupted the Grant Once again, U.S. Grant was penniless. At almost the same moment, he was found to be suffering from inoperable cancer of the throat. Determined to provide for his family before he died, he set to work writing his memoirs. In the summer 1885, he moved to a cottage at Mt. McGregor in the Adirondacks. Unable now to eat or speak, he sat on front porch in the afternoons, laboring over his manuscript. He finished it on July 16th and died one week later. Grant's memoirs sold _________________ copies and restored his family's fortune.

half a million

William Faulkner said once that history is not was, it's is and what we need to remember about Civil War is that, the civil is that the Civil War is in the present as well as in the past. The generation that fought the war, the generation argued over the definition of the war, the generation that had to pay the price and blood, that had to pay the price and blasted hopes on a lost future also established a standard that will not mean anything until we ____________________________.

have finished the work

As Indians continued to experience ill health and epidemic disease, one of the things they become indebted for is ______________ that is being provided by English guardians.

health care

When the Indians attack her town, a bullet goes through Mary's side and strikes through the bowels and hand of_____________________.

her child

Roughly two-thirds of the Forty- niners came from the United States, and two-thirds of them were from New England. But the miners also included slaves, free Blacks, even Cherokees forced out of Georgia twenty years earlier when gold had been found on their land. "The rest of the miners," one American wrote, "came from every hole and corner in the world." California now had more ____________ than any other part of the United States .

immigrants

Before the war, it was said the United States are, grammatically it was spoken that way and thought of as a collection of independent states. And after the war, it was always the United States _____ as we say today without being self-conscious at all.

is

The Wampanoag, even in their weaken state, could have wiped out the visitors with ease, instead Massasoit sent warriors to _______________________ the strangers.

keep an eye on

The Civil War established the fact that a popular government could survive. That it could overcome an internal cessation movement that could destroy it. So, the war becomes, in essence it becomes a testament for the _____________________ of the human spirit for all time

liberation

For Abraham Lincoln, the Declaration of Independence was to be taken ______________. All men had the right to rise as far as talent would take them, just as he had. He detested slavery, but he called for its restriction, not immediate abolition.

literally

At 27, Jefferson moved to the hill which he and Dabney Carr had named Tom's mountain when they were boys. He renamed it Monticello, Italian for _______________________, and began to build himself a house.

little mountain

Jefferson was a life-long champion of small government, who took it upon himself to __________________ of his country.

more than double the size

Jigonhsasee transforms Tadodaho's mind and he abandons war. Because of Jigonhsasee, clan ______________ hold the power to appoint or dismiss chiefs.

mothers

On April 26, the Union Cavalry trapped John Wilkes Booth in a Virginia tobacco barn and set it to fire. His accomplice, David Herold, Booth preferred death; the soldier shot him in the __________. At the end, he asked to have his hands raised, looked at them and said, "Useless, useless."

neck

During the early years, trade allows for an accommodation between worlds. As long as the common understanding is through trade, you're going to have relative ________________________.

neighborliness

For Americans , the wild west is only several hundred miles England . Most of the continent is still peopled by Indians. With the coming of peace, the way is now open for a steady stream of migration. In time, this will decimate native American culture. But in 1783 , most Indians have __________________. For the losers of this war, the several hundred thousand Americans who had chosen to remain loyal to the crown, the American victory is a disaster. Many are forced to flee. Some go to Canada to start a new life, others to England

never even seen a white man

As Mrs. Jefferson lay dying, she told Jefferson that she could not die happy if she thought her children were ever to have a stepmother brought in over them. Holding her hand in his, Mr. Jefferson promised to her solemnly that he would _____________________________________. And he never did.

never marry again

The defeat at Ticonderoga shatters British hopes for a quick victory, along with General Abercrombie's reputation. In the wake of the disaster, a brash suggestion comes from an unlikely quarter, an American born Colonel, named John Bradstreet. Bradstreet suggests a bold strike, at the heart of the French Canadian colony. The goal is the French fort, Frontenac; which surrenders within hours of the attack. Inside the fort are cannons, muskets, and food meant to supply Canada's western outposts. It is a blow from which the French empire in North America will ____________________.

never recover

Jefferson distilled a century of enlightenment thinking into one remarkable sentence, which began, "We hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal," yet he owned more than 200 human beings, and ______________________________. "

never saw fit to free them

The odds against the Southern victory were long. There were nearly twenty-one million people in the North, just ________ million in the Confederacy, and four million of them were slaves, whom their masters did not dare arm.

nine

United States was bankrupt as it had _____________________________.

no ability to tax

In about 1815, when Jefferson realized that he was insolvent, he had to choose between living the life of a patrician and doing something about slavery, which he had always said that he wanted to do. And Jefferson, having looked in the face of that dilemma, chose to buy more Bordeaux wine and more books and more scientific instruments, and to live in his comfortable way and ______________________.

not to emancipate

Rules a Protectorate over England from 1653-1658:

oliver cromwell

We are drawn to Thomas Jefferson because in an age when the America Republican Experiment was new, untested and many people including George Washington felt that it didn't have a great chance of success. Thomas Jefferson embodied a spirit of ___________, and a belief in the promise of America's future.

optimism

Because of gold, Spanish-speaking families who had lived in California for three quarters of a century would suddenly find themselves surrounded by strangers and robbed of their land. And because of gold, California's Indians would be ____________________________________. "The Gold Rush revolutionized America ," wrote one man who had seen it all. It was the beginning of our national madness, our insanity of greed.

overwhelmed, enslaved and then slaughtered

In 1776 , when Thomas Jefferson's Declaration of Independence proclaimed that all men were created equal, 539,000 Americans, one-fifth of the population, were _________________________________.

owned by other Americans

The Hiawatha Belt tells the story of a prophet of _________ who arrives in a white stone canoe, a grieving warrior named Hiawatha, who has to choose between bloody vengeance or a message of peace.

peace

On the clear moonlit night of November 7th, 1837, a mob surrounded a warehouse at Alton, Illinois, intent on destroying an anti-slavery newspaper run by the Reverend Elijah P. Lovejoy. When one of the mob moved to set the building on fire, Lovejoy, armed with a pistol, came out to stop him. The slavery men shot him dead, and dumped his ____________________into the Mississippi.

printing press

When a woman in an Iroquois society wanted a divorce, she simply:

put her husband's things outside the door.

One officer suggested his commander was motivated either by cowardice or treason. In just one week, Lee had completely unnerved the Union general, and demonstrated for the first time the strengths that would make him a legend. Surprise, audacity and an eerie ability to _______________________. In just seven days, McClellan had been totally out-generalled.

read his opponent's mind

September 19th, 1787, the constitution is made public. For the majority of the country expecting only a revision of the Articles of Confederation, it is a ___________________________________.

real shock

It was an experimental college. It was the first college in the history of world that was not a divinity school, that was not founded by a _____________________________. Jefferson had some ideas that, that were not in the end adopted - for example he did not want degrees to be given, he did want matriculation, he simply wanted to people to come when they felt like it, to study what they pleased, and leave when they felt educated. And it was meant to be what he called an academical village.

religious organization

When strung into a belt, wampum empowers the person holding it as a ___________________________________.

representative of their people

The Pilgrims were completely alone in a new world, separated by thousands of miles of ocean from friends and family. The Wampanoag badly weakened by rolling epidemics, lived in fear of _________________. That they found one another in 1621 looked like a boon to each.

rival tribes

The object of Mesoamerican warfare was to capture the enemy alive and bring back to enslave. At the end of the year the captive was:

sacrificed

Thousands of years before the Romans or Greeks and 8,000 years before the Egyptians, at least 13,000 years ago, people arrived in the Amazon. And their stone tools and paintings reveal that these first Americans are not only mammoth hunters, they are foragers, fishermen, artists, and perhaps

scientists

Chaco becomes a beacon, drawing people from thousands of miles away. Visitors bring hallowed objects like turquoise stones, tropical bird feathers,

seashells, and chocolate

From the start of the war, slaves fled their plantations for the Union lines, But Lincoln's policy was clear. Despite pressure from the abolitionist, he insisted he was making war on __________________, not slavery, and ordered the army to return fugitives to their owners.

secession

En route to Washington, the President's train stopped at Cleveland, Buffalo, Albany, and New York. In Philadelphia, warned of plots to kill him, Lincoln declared he would rather be assassinated than ___________________________________________________. Two days later, he reluctantly cancelled plans for a grand arrival in Washington, and slipped into the capital by train at dawn, wrapped in a shawl and protected by two-armed guards.

see a single star removed from the American flag

The Iroquois did not use harsh punishment on children; they did not insist on early weaning or early toilet training, but gradually allowed the child to learn:

self-care.

Jefferson had, in his first draft, blamed the English king, for encouraging and sustaining the slave trade, but all mention of it was dropped from his text, when slave-owning patriots objected. The new nation had simply __________________________ the issue.

sidestepped

In Quincy, Massachusetts at five in the afternoon on the 4th of July, John Adams finally died. His last words were, "Thomas Jefferson _ _________________." But Adams was wrong. Jefferson had died a few hours earlier in his alcove bed in his downstairs room at the heart of the great house he had never managed quite to finish.

still lives

And when he sees Rhode Island charging Massachusetts a_____________ every time someone brings eggs from one state to the other, he is absolutely disgusted.

tarrif

William Tecumseh Sherman remained a soldier, fighting Indians and shunning politics until his retirement in 1883. "If nominated, I will not run," he told the Republican delegation urging him to run for president. "If elected, I will not serve." He died in New York City in the winter of 1891. Among the honorary pallbearers who stood bareheaded in the cold wind outside the church was 82-year-old Joe Johnston, who had fought Sherman in Georgia and the Carolinas. When a friend warned him he might fall ill, Johnston told him, "If I were in Sherman's place and he were standing here in mine, he would not put on his hat." Johnston died _____ days later of pneumonia.

ten

Jefferson says, "I think you ought to do it." And Adams says, "No. Three reasons, you must do it. First you are a Virginian, and a Virginian must be at the head of this business. Second, I, John Adams , am disliked and obnoxious, and if I write it, it will lack credibility. And third, you are _____________________________________________."

ten times better w writer than I am

Levi Strauss , a Jewish immigrant from Germany , turned up in San Francisco with a bolt of cotton duck he thought would be perfect for making ________. It turned out to be the wrong material, but Strauss used it to make a miner a pair of durable trousers. Soon other miners were asking for those pants of Levi's

tents

In the Late Agrarian era, these two largest empires in the Americas were concentrated in Mesoamerica and the Andes:

the Aztecs and the Inca

A country founded on three pieces of paper; - ________________________________, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights. Their words express the ideals, the standard by which we judge our actions. In time and ever widening circle of groups will demand to be included in the phrase "We the people." It is an ongoing struggle, one which began as soon as the words were written over two centuries ago.

the Declaration of Independence

Forbes' road carves the path that will eventually become ________________________________.

the Pennsylvania Turnpike

Others heard it as "___________________________." For a long moment the theater was still, then Mary Lincoln screamed.

the South is avenged

It was to John Adams that Jefferson wrote. I believe in __________________ more than the history of the past. It was to John Adams that Jefferson looked to for a sense of history. It was to John Adams that Jefferson could express his profound appreciation for the spirit of '76, which lived in him until his dying day.

the dreams of the future

Over 200 years ago, the framers of the U.S. Constitution learn lessons of governance from the Haudenosaunee. But the founding fathers leave out a core principle, people have a responsibility to take care of ________________.

the earth

The comfortable life Jefferson led at Monticello, like the lives led by all his fellow planters, depended entirely on _________________________________________.

the labor of slaves

In 1988, the U.S. Senate passed a special resolution recognizing the influence of the Haudenosaunee democracy on the U.S. Constitution. The Council of Chiefs meeting in ____________ is similar toCongress. Tadodaho parallels _______________. And the clan _______________ are like justices on the Supreme Court. They, too, serve for life, but have an additional powers as they can choose and impeach the chiefs. It is a three-branch system of government that looks strikingly familiar.

the longhouse, the presidency, mothers

When Jefferson heard that poor Massachusetts farmers had taken up arms against their creditors, frightening his old friend John Adams, he sided with the ________________.

the rebels

The Constitution of the United States forbade any state to prevent:

the return of escaped slaves to another state

The explorers that described these regions all described the native peoples of New England living in these very populous villages in fact Champlain sailing for the French decided that they didn't want to colonize New England because __________________________.

there were many people here

What is Mary's first thought when she hears that her Indian Mistress' Papoos has died?

there would be more room

This is a celebration of their survival, of their recognition that they probably wouldn't have survived without the assistance of these Indians. This is a time clearly when ____________________________.

they are welcome

Booth fired then bolted over the front of the box, caught his right spur on the draped flag and landed on the stage, breaking his left leg. He waved his dagger and shouted something to the stunned audience. Some thought he said, "Sic semper tyrannis," "_____________________," Virginia's state motto.

thus be it ever to tyrants

At Chaco, the builders extend the science of six directions to apply not only to place, but also to

time

At the end of her tale, why does Mary state it was good that she suffered these afflictions?

to learn the vanities of outward things

At the beginning of the American revolutionary period we lived in a late aristocratic world. The assumption was that wisdom, power, stability had to flow from the ___________________________________.

top to the bottom

There are different interpretations/theories for decline of Mayan cities including warfare, civil conflict, soil erosion.

true

How much does Mary say the English will give the Indians if they ransom her?

twenty pounds

They wouldn't take it down, Philip's head, for ______________ while Philip's son lived in slavery in the West Indies. The head was displayed in Plymouth, a reminder to the Indians about who was in charge. A reminder to the English, that God continued to smile on their endeavor.

two decades

This misconceptions about Davis are so strange; it is as if a gigantic conspiracy was launched. It was partly launched by Southerners who having been lost the war, they did not want to blame it on the generals, so they blamed it on the politicians. And of course, Davis was a chief politician, so it was Southerners that was more than the Northerners who ______________ Captain Davis.

vilified

With the arrest of his President, the Confederate government ceased to exist. Davis was sent north to Virginia under heavy guard. Northern newspapers spread the false rumor that Davis had been apprehended _____________________________. North and South, he was reviled as the villain of the war.

wearing women's clothes

Within a few short years, the surface gold in California was all but gone. Most of what gold remained could no longer be retrieved by a single miner with a pick or shovel or pan no matter how hard he worked. It lay at the bottom of rivers, in veins of quartz that could only be reached by deep shafts, or hidden in hillsides from which it had to be blasted by powerful streams of water. Big machinery required big money. California's goldfields were soon controlled by investors with headquarters in San Francisco, and worked by miners who now labored for a _________________________.

weekly pay check

One California law made it legal to declare any jobless Indian a vagrant, then auction his services off for up to four months. And it permitted Whites to force Indian children to work for them until they were 18, provided the permission of what the law called "a friend was obtained first." Whites hunted down adult Indians in the mountains, kidnapped their children and sold them as apprentices for as little as $50. "If ever an Indian was fully and honestly paid for his labor," one White settler said, "it was not my luck to hear of it." Indians could not complain in court because by another California statute, "no Indian or black or mulatto person was permitted to give evidence in favor of or against a _______________."

white person

The word Wampum means ____________________.

white shell beads

The massacre at the Mystic Fort did change relationships between the colonist and the Indians forever. It set the form for the taking of Indian land and the processes repeated across the country. The massacre at Mystic was the first time English people engaged in the ____________________ Native Americans but it certainly would not be the last.

wholesale slaughter of

When you stop and think to yourself, do you really believe all men are created equal, or all people, let us say, are created equal, you have a, a trouble believing it, but you don't ever _______________________. If the equality clause will trouble us, a thousand years as Frost said, if it'll trouble us, then the pursuit of happiness will mystify us forever.

wish it hadn't been written

"We are," as Lincoln said, Lincoln being the greatest student of Jefferson of them all, "We are a nation dedicated to a proposition." Jefferson _______________________________.

wrote the proposition

How many miles does General Edward Braddock have to travel through the wilderness with his army to reach the French fort?

100

The Confederate Government, its capital now in Richmond, called for ______________ volunteers. So many Southerners volunteered that a third of them had to be sent home.

100,000

After a of humiliating defeats to the French, the British have appointed a new Commander In Chief, Major General James Abercrombie is mobilizing the largest army ever seen in North America. Over ___________ men and eighteen massive siege cannon, more than enough to crush the French forces.

15,000

On the day Sumter fell, the regular Army of the United States consisted of fewer than _______________ men, most of whom were stationed in the far west. Only two of its generals had ever commanded an army in the field, and both were long past their prime. Winfield Scott, the hero of the Mexican War, Old Fuss and Feathers, was too fat even to mount a horse.

17,000

For the British, ____ would the year that turned the tide. Finally the empire they wanted so badly was within reach. But to grasp it would prove more painful than anyone could imagine.

1758

When you end monarchy, you end the sense of being a subject, you end the sense of inequality prevailing everywhere. And I think when you become a citizen, you are saying everyone is equal and not subject to anyone. You are equal to each other. And that had a pervasive effect. Servitude for example, white servitude declined very rapidly and finally disappears altogether by ________ . Whereas in the pre-revolutionary period as many as half the population of Philadelphia had been, at one point in their lives, bonded servants. So you have a real change.

1800

Radical abolitionists in the North complained that Lincoln's opposition to slavery did not go far enough. But to most people in the South, the prospect of Lincoln's election posed a lethal threat. The ______ campaign had become a referendum on the Southern way of life.

1860

In North America the outcome of this was should have been pretty easy to predict. The British colonists outnumbered the French by ______. But what Britain didn't have, was the one thing it needed most, the support of the Indian Nations.

18:1

Overturns late 1600s anti-miscegenation laws:

1967 Loving v. Virginia

The signal to fire the first shot was given by a civilian, Edmund Ruffin, a Virginia farmer and editor, who had preached secession for ____ years. "Of course," he said, "I was delighted to perform the service."

20

In 1854, Congress allowed settlers in the Kansas and Nebraska territories to decide for themselves whether or not to permit slavery. Kansas exploded. Five thousand pro-slavery men invaded the territory. In the next three months, ______ men died in bleeding Kansas. The killing would not stop for 10 years. In 1857, the Supreme Court refused to free a slave, Dred Scott, even though he had lived for many years on free soil. Chief Justice Roger B. Taney said a black man had no rights a white man was bound to respect.

200

There were some 150,000 Indians in California before the Forty-niners came. By 1870 , there would be fewer than ____________. It was the worst slaughter of Indian peoples in United States

30,000

In the fall of 1849, the village of San Francisco had barely 2,000 residents. Just one year later, the population had grown to nearly ________, and it had become the West's first full-fledged city.

35,000

The realism that struck them above all else was there are so damn many miners. There were ___________ miners in the mining camps and the mining regions of California by the fall of 1849 . There had only been six or seven thousand in the fall of 1848

40,000

In 1852, because of intense competition between Chinese miners and Anglo-American miners, the legislature passed a second foreign miners tax. This law was in effect from 1852 to 1870 and the revenues, the state revenues, collected from Chinese miners constituted ____ percent of the income of the state of California .

50

By the beginning of 1849, over ________________ American gold seekers had decided to head for California.

50,000

Women were also the main producers of food. Something like _____ percent of the food consumed by Native American peoples were produced by the labor of women.

80

To put more pressure on Europe, the Confederates cut cotton production _______ percent. Two-and-a-half million bales were burned or left to rot on Confederate wharves to keep it out of English hands.

90

In 1774 , as the colonists prepared for the first time to meet together in Philadelphia , at what they called a Continental Congress, Jefferson wrote ________________________________________. He boldly argued that since the association between crown and colonist was purely voluntary, parliament had no inherent authority over Americans.

A Summary View of the Rights of British America

In 1798, French warships seized American vessels trading with England. Frightened by the possibility of invasion, Congress passed the ___________________________. To Jefferson's horror, the new laws claimed for government the power to arrest or deport any alien and made citizens who criticize the government liable to arrest. Twenty-four men was ceased, mostly anti-Federalist newspaper editors who supported Jefferson's cause.

Alien and Sedition Acts

The Pennsylvanians pledge no new settlements west of the _________________________________________.

Alleghany Mountains

Criticized the clergy for judging prospective members on the basis of "good works;" for substituting their own judgment for God's, causing the Clergy to fear that people might start to believe they were accountable to no one but themselves.

Anne Hutchinson

The Mexica tlatoani Itzcoatl created a Triple Alliance with two neighboring states and overthrew the last Toltec ruler in 1428 and established the:

Aztec Empire

In 1676 turns poor whites, Indians, and slaves against British elites and in response, the first anti-miscegenation laws would be passed in Virginia.

Bacon's Rebellion

Trained the Continental Army, making them a formidable fighting force which defeats the British at the Battle of Monmouth:

Baron Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben

On September 22nd, just five days after the ______________________________, the president issued his Emancipation Proclamation. "If my name ever goes into history," Lincoln said, "it will be for this act."

Battle of Antietam

Turning point in the war that convinced France that Americas could win the war:

Battle of Saratoga

Battle in Virginia where Lord Cornwallis surrendered to George Washington:

Battle of Yorktown

For years after the ______________________________ visitors here would come across the unburied bones of British and American soldiers.

Battle of the Monongahela

They established a committee to draft a Declaration of Independence, to which all 13 colonies could subscribe. _______________________ was asked to write the first draft, and refused. He made it a policy, he said, not to write documents subject to editing by others. Jefferson and Adams were assigned the task.

Benjamin Franklin

Like earlier migrants, the peoples going into the Americas were hunters and gatherers looking for more resources and survival. They followed the hunt and crossed the:

Bering Land Bridge

Used by people around 14,000 B.C.E. to cross from Asia into North America:

Bering Land Bridge

Their mastery of the stars and seafaring enabled the very first Americans to move quickly down the coast and across the continents. Can the way America is settled explain why Native Americans share so many core beliefs? New DNA evidence suggests that all Native Americans are descended from one people. They live together for 25,000 years stuck behind a wall of ice in an area called

Beringia

On 3/05/1770 an unruly crowd threw objects at the soldiers guarding the customs office. One private was knocked to the ground by a block of ice and fired into the crowd, yelling "fire, fire" to his fellow soldiers. This incident is called the:

Boston Massacre

The Louisiana Purchase is in a sense the making moment of American history. Because by buying Louisiana, Jefferson not only doubled the size of the country with the single stroke of the pen. It was unprecedented in human history to buy an empire, but buying this territory, he had essentially removed _____________________ from serious contention on this continent.

Britain, France, Russia, and Spain

It may be the lowest point in the young man's life. George Washington would never again seek a ________________________.

British commission

These men had just come out of a war. They had risked their lives to fight for no taxation without representation and the power of local government and all men are created equal. And within a few short years what is being proposed about the creation of a central government that looks suspiciously to them just like the _____________________________ that they have been fighting against.

British government

A week before the Battle of Bull Run, Sullivan Ballou, a major in the second Rhode Island volunteers, wrote home to his wife in Smithfield. Sullivan Ballou was killed a week later at the First Battle of ____________________.

Bull Run

Chavin has one of America's first monumental structures built of stone, dating back to 1300 BCE. Chavin is only about the size of two football fields, but projects influence over an area the size of _________________.

California

To plead the case of his men and himself, Washington makes a visit to the new British Commander for North America, John ____________, 4th Earl of Loudoun, an aristocratic Scotsman with little patients for colonials.

Campbell

What does Braddock say to Washington's suggestion to fight like the Indian?

Certainly not, mind your place!

Lost his head in 1649 to the Roundheads.

Charles I

The scene was so shocking that even some of the English began to ask if as _____________________ they ought to show some mercy. But Captain Underhill pointed to the old testament and said that God wanted those who were sinners heathen to suffer he said the terriblest death that may be and that the innocent needed to suffer along with the guilty.

Christians

The Maya, Teotihuacan, Moche, Huari, and Tiawanaku existed in what era?

Classic Era: 200 - 950 CE

Why didn't Rodrigo, the first sailor to see land, get the 10,000 maravedis (Spanish copper coins) yearly pension he was due for his discovery?

Columbus lied and claimed he had seen a light the evening before.

Pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that advocated freedom from British rule:

Common Sense

Practice of inspecting slave "cargo" and throwing overboard those deemed unworthy of food and water:

Culling

Washington returns to Mt. Vernon and wins a seat in the Virginia House of Burgesses and goes home to marry Martha _____________, the wealthiest widow in Virginia.

Custis

The local militia join with the farmers. __________________, the leader of the insurgents, becomes a folk hero. Soon debtor rebellions are breaking out in all thirteen states. The debtors are by far the majority.

Daniel Shays

Women that purchased most family household needs and organized together to boycott English tea:

Daughters of Liberty

American history is replete with miraculous moments that convince you that there is something really quite special about the American project and one of them is the simultaneous death fifty years to the day after the signing of the ______________________________ of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson.

Declaration of Independence

In Philadelphia, Lincoln's coffin lay in the Independence Hall where he declared he would rather be assassinated than surrender the principles embodied in the _______________________________.

Declaration of Independence

Affirmed parliamentary power to legislate for the colonies "in all cases whatsoever":

Declaratory Act

Humble submission and shows of respect to one's "betters"

Deference

Hamilton's followers called themselves Federalists. Jefferson's became known as _________________. It was the beginning of party politics in America.

Democratic Republicans

Where Martin Luther was summoned to answer charges of heresy in April 1521:

Diet of Worms

When the news of the surrender reached _________________, the old Virginia secessionist who had fired one of the first shots at Fort Sumter, he draped a rebel flag over his shoulders and shot himself. "Rather than live," he wrote, "in a restored union with members of the Yankee race."

Edmund Ruffin

Americans endeavored to guarantee liberty at the state level by minimizing:

Executive power

France deepened his radicalism. He came back from France realizing that this is not about ideas, this is about the fate of humanity, and that he had to give himself in an absolute commitment, to the creation of something like a democratic social structure in the United States. And that prepared him psychically for the long struggle against Hamilton and ______________, and what amounts to a counter-revolution that occurred when he returned to this country.

Federalism

The young Virginia colonel, George Washington has rejoined the army for the final push to conquer the ____________________________. Washington has his own ideas as to the best route the British Army should take

Forks of the Ohio

Name of French Fort at the Forks in the Ohio Valley:

Fort Duquesne

What is the name of the fort Washington has his men build?

Fort Necessity

The Civil War began at 4:30 a.m. on the 12th of April 1861. General Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard ordered his Confederate gunners to open fire on _____________.

Fort Sumter

Of the 54 women that marched with Braddock's army, how many returned?

Four

By 1860, the last year of peace, one out of every seven Americans belonged to another American. ________________ men, women, and children were slaves.

Four million

On December 31st, a large crowd of abolitionists including Harriet Tubman and Wendell Phillips gathered together in the music hall in Boston. At midnight, the Emancipation Proclamation would take effect. On the stage, William Lloyd Garrison wept with joy beside ____________________.

Frederick Douglass

Do most of the natives in this region favor the French or the English?

French

The contested region, where Pittsburg stands today, called the "Forks of the Ohio River" was claimed by whom?

French, English, and Native Americas

A powerful preacher that arrived from Britain in 1739 and who inspired thousands of colonists to seek salvation:

George Whitefield

Causes King James II to flee England and be replaced by Mary II and her husband, William III:

Glorious Revolution in 1688

Upon arrival in Boston, declares Massachusetts "shall be a city upon a hill, the eyes of all people are upon us....as God's elect nation."

Governor John Winthrop

It was one of the world's great commercial empires, one of the world's great cities within a matter of four or five years. The simple reason was gold. There's no other way to explain it. _____________ worth of gold was pulled out of California's mines and streams between 1849 and 1860

Half a billion dollars

When rumors spread that the Federalists might refuse to accept a Jefferson victory, the Republican governors of Pennsylvania and Virginia vowed to send their militia to seize the capital. Many feared the American experiment was failing. One man held the key. He alone could persuade his fellow Federalists to break the deadlock. Alexander Hamilton disliked Jefferson but he despised Aaron Burr whom he thought a most unfit and dangerous man. To him, the survival of the new republic was at stake. Finally, at _______________, the Federalists gave up. The exhausted legislators elected Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States.

Hamilton's urging

The cheering crowd called for _________________________. She stood in the balcony, tears in her eyes. At a Washington, D.C. contraband camp, former slaves testified. One remembered the sale of his daughter. "Now, no more of that," he said. "They can't sell my wife and children anymore. Bless the Lord."

Harriet Beecher Stowe

All but one of the Battles of the Seven Days were Union victories, yet McClellan treated them as defeats, continuing to back down until he reached the safety of Federal gunboats at __________________________ on the James River. Union officers urged a counter attack. Lee had lost 20,000 men, McClellan

Harrison's Landing

How does he get tricked into doing this?

He can't read French

What does the French Commander Beaujeu do as a symbol of solidarity that the film states the British would never do?

He dons Indian war dress and paints his face

Why is the Indian Chief in the film called the "half king?"

He has to get permission from Iroquois Nation

How does the "half king" respond?

He kills the French with Washington's help

The forced recruitment of fisherman by the British:

Impressment

Who is more surprised when the French and English encounter each other in the woods?

It is impossible to say.

On the Sea Islands off South Carolina, Federal agents read the proclamation aloud to former slaves under the spreading boughs of a huge oak tree. As the commander of a new all-black regiment unfurled an American flag, his men broke into song. "_________________________________" he wrote.

It seemed the choked voice of a race at last unloosed

Even thought he Narragansett and Mohegan had no love lost for the Pequots, they were absolutely shocked by the brutality that the English displayed to attack elderly men and women, or women and children, women with nursing children. They went out and threw their hands up and said "ma hit, ma hit" - "_______________". They were distraught is not too strong a work.

It's too much

In the end both sides are victorious. The constitution is ratified by the states and becomes the law of the land and Congress begins work on a Bill of Rights. Ironically, it is __________________ himself who drafts the document and becomes its strongest supporter.

James Madison

Established the colony of Georgia in 1733:

James Ogelthorpe

It frees, only as a war measure, it only frees the slaves in states where the Confederacy is in control, and it will take effect on the first day of _______________.

January

The South was outraged. ________________________ called it the most execrable measure recorded in the history of guilty man.

Jefferson Davis

French theologian, pastor, and reformer that preached predestination and the belief in the "Elect."

John Calvin

The first gold had been found on the land of the Swiss-born adventurer named ________________, who had already created a 50,000-acre empire for himself in California . If he could keep the discovery quiet, he believed, it would make him rich beyond his wildest imaginings. But rumors began to spread.

John Sutter

"You may forgive us", a surrendering rebel officer told _____________________________ after the ceremony at Appomattox, "but we won't be forgiven. There is a rancor in our hearts which you little dream of. We hate you sir."

Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain

American phase of the War of the Austrian Succession, third and inconclusive struggle between France and Great Britain for mastery of the North American continent:

King George's War

Named after the Wampanoag chief, Metacomet, and which caused colonists to develop a group identity separate from those that lived in Britain:

King Phillip's War

When Wampanoag warriors began their rampage, Philip stood with them convincing other aggrieved tribes in the area, including the Wampanoag's old rival, the Narragansett to join their fight against New England; the fight the English would come to be called,_______________________.

King Phillip's War

War caused by the fact that the treaties and agreements that were reached at the end of King Philip's War (1675-1678) were not adhered to and from the fear by the English that the Indians were receiving French aid. Also known as the Second Indian War, it was the North American theater of the Nine Year's War (1688-1697).

King William's War

In 1815, Jefferson was forced to sell his entire library of 6,487 books to help pay his bills. The United States Government bought them and they became the nucleus of the New __________________________________. But Jefferson could not resist buying himself another library. "I cannot live without books," he told John Adams . His bills continued to mount. He now owed creditors nearly $100,000 dollars. Monticello remained unfinished.

Library of Congress

Promised freedom to any able bodied male slave who enlisted in the cause of restoring royal authority:

Lord Dunmore's Proclamation

As the Thanksgiving began, a group of Wampanoag men, led by their chief _______________, entered the Plymouth settlement, not entirely sure of the reception they would get.

Massasoit

The highpoint of Mesoamerican civilization is this civilization c. 200 - 950 CE, which represents the advancement of Olmec traditions in Mesoamerica in writing, art, mathematics, calendar, astronomy, mythology, monumental architecture, and a complex society:

Mayan

Throughout the whole campaign, Lee carefully observed McClellan's tentative advance up the peninsula. As McClellan was preparing at last to lay siege to Richmond, Lee surprised him, first at _________________ on June 26.

Mechanicsville

Belief that each nation's power is measured by its wealth, especially in gold; therefore a country should maximize its sale of goods abroad, while minimizing foreign purchases and the use of foreign shippers.

Mercantilism

Massasoit's eventual heir, his second son, was born around the time of the Pequot War and nearly twenty years after the arrival of the Pilgrims. He knew no world but the one in which English and Wampanoag lived together. Even his names would suggest a man comfortable in two cultures. He was first called _____________ and later Phillip.

Metacom

BY 1000 BCE, The two heaviest concentrations of human and agriculture activity and complex civilization arose in what is today:

Mexico and Peru

In the spring of 1623, after hearing rumors of a planned attack by Massachusett Indians to the north, the Pilgrims, under their militia leader _________________, made a deadly preemptive raid and returned to Plymouth with an object lesson to those that would cross them.

Miles Standish

The Hiawatha Belt tells the story of the Haudenosaunee's legendary founding and wampum's power to heal. Before theHaudenosaunee create their democracy, they were five warring tribes living in an area of what is now upstate New York, the Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, and ____________.

Mohawk

In early 1676, Philip could feel the tide turning and then the powerful ___________, longtime allies to the English, made a surprise attack, killing almost five hundred of Philip's men and dooming his confederacy.

Mohawks

Those that tried to get out were either killed by the English and if they got through the line behind them there was a line of ______________ who finished the rest off.

Mohegans

The war ground on month after month, exacting a terrible price, Twenty- five English towns were destroyed, more than _____________ English colonists died, but the shared danger did unite the colonies and they lashed back.

2,000

Between 1620 and 1640, ________________ people left England in something that's become known as the great migration and can to New England.

20,000

In less than a generation, Massasoit saw the population surrounding the Wampanoag rise from 300 to ______________.

20,000

By 1634 the Pequot population went from an estimated 13,000 to fewer than ___________. Nevertheless, compared to tribes that lost 90 percent or even a hundred percent of their members, the Pequots and their rivals the Narragansett and Mohegans were less affected by disease.

4,000

There are a variety of ways that the English claim possession of Indian Lands. Everything from just seizing them and attending to the legalities much later; merely occupy lands that they want to declare vacant and thus available for the taking; one that is often overlooked is that the English would __________________________________.

get the Indians indebted

Over the coming months, the two peoples made halting moves towards codifying their alliance. As a show of friendship, Massasoit formally seceded the villagers the village of Pawtuxet and all the planting land and ________________ around it.

hunting grounds

Zinn notes that Hernando Cortes invited the headmen of the Cholulu into the square and when they arrived with thousands of unarmed retainers, Cortes' small army of Spaniards:

massacred them all.

What craft/special skill does Mary have that the Indians value?

sewing

By the time Europeans arrive in 1492, Native Americans number ____________ million people. They live in diverse societies from nomadic tribes to monumental kingdoms, from dictatorships to democracies.

100

May 26th, ___________ was a day that changed everything is in land that would become America.

1637

Even the Narragansett who had allied with the English during the massacre at Mystic were not safe. Just ______ years later, in one battle of what became know as King Phillip's War, the Narragansett were similarly massacred. Their survivor's sold into slavery.

40

A year into the war, scores of Indian Villages had been burned to ash, ____________________ native people had died. Hundreds of men, women, and children who did survive, "heathen malefactors" Josiah Winslow called them, were loaded onto boats, shipped to the West Indies and Europe and sold into slavery.

5,000

Columbus found no gold fields from his base on Haiti, so what type of dividend did he fill his ships with to return to Spain?

500 Arawak men, women, and children

Haudenosaunee ancestors didn't simply focus on feeding themselves and their children. They planned centuries ahead. It's a strategy that changed the world. 10,000 years ago, there was no corn, only a tiny weed called teosinte. Over hundreds of generations of careful observation and seed selection, it was developed into corn. And that's only the beginning. Native Americans feed a population of 100 million people by developing new foods from wild plants. The potato, the tomato, peanuts, chocolate, and dozens of varieties of beans and squash. Today, these crops provide ____________ of the world's grown food. But for Native America, corn is king.

60%

The Pequot War, established in Indians minds, the potential savagery of the English. The idea of _______ people, men, women and children perishing in the burning of a fort was incomprehensible to Indians. It was a cautionary tale that Massasoit did not forget.

700

In the 1740s, ____________________ prints speeches from one of their leaders, Canassatego, who encourages democracy for thecolonists. Their chiefs advise the founding fathers at one of their first meetings. And the newly independent United States adopts a 13-arrow bundle into its official seal, echoing the Native Americans' five arrows that symbolize strength through unity.

Benjamin Franklin

For those that follow the Pilgrims across the Atlantic, the first Thanksgiving would enter into national mythology, where it remains that bright opening chapter of the American creation story. For the Wampanoag and for Massasoit, the memory of that day would recede into darker places, shadowed by ________________.

Betrayal and loss

The Pequots were the most powerful group of native peoples in Southern New England at the time that European settlers arrived. They were the most numerous, they were the wealthiest, they were the most political powerful. Highly organized and aggressive, the Pequots had a gift for trade and expansion. They dominated nearby tribes using threats and alliances to control the land and trade over hundreds of square miles in what is now ________________________________.

Eastern Connecticut

In December of 1620, after sixty-six days at sea and five uneasy weeks on the northern tip of Cape Cod, a scraggly cult from England anchored its sailing vessel the ______________ off the mainland coast and sent a small party of men to scout the wooded shores.

Mayflower

With the influx of English people in the 1630s, Puritan New England ceases to be weak and vulnerable and now becomes a power in the region. As they look further west they see another major power. The English identify the ___________ as an obstacle to their expansion.

Pequot

A group of representative of all the English settlements in the region determined that they could no longer permit the ___________ to control the region.

Pequots

To the west and inland were the Nipmuc, the people of the ________________. Then the Mohegan and Pequot and the Narragansett.

fresh water

Planted together, the ______________________ are a farming miracle. Corn strips soil of nitrogen, but bean roots balance this by replenishing nitrogen. And the broad prickly leaves of the squash plant reduce weeds and deter pests. When consumed together, corn, beans, and squash provide all the essential nutrients for a healthy diet.

Three Sisters

The Wampanoag and the Pilgrims were an unlikely match but the two people's were bound by what they shared, an urgent need for _________.

allies

The English and Dutch and French, needed wampum to trade for furs with interior natives. Because the Pequot controlled so much of the coastline, they also controlled the wampum. To the European colonist, the Pequot become a sort of mint turning out shell ___________ that fueled all the other trade in the region.

currency

Massasoit and his men had not appeared empty handed. They brought five fresh killed __________, providing some of the vitals for a celebration that stretched over the next three days.

deer

When did the English lose their sense of openness - well, when they become more independent, when they realize that they no longer need the Indians and right around that same time in the 1650s, they make one attempt to convert the Indians to Christianity which is to say in effect, if you are going to live among us you need to basically become us because we can't live with people who are _____________________.

different from ourselves

We like stories that have good guys and bad guys. And for a long time the good guys were the virtuous English and the bad guys were the Indians. Today, the good guys are the nature loving Indians and the bad guys are the greedy English. Well, neither of those stories comes close to being accurate. The tale of the Mystic massacre is so complex. It shows that there is good and bad in all of us and in most historical events. At the end of the day, it shows when cultures stop trying to understand each other, the outcomes can be _______________.

disastrous

Pueblo Bonito is a clock that tracks the sun during the day. It's also a calendar that tracks that during the year, every day, the sun sets in a different place on the horizon. The solar year starts on the winter solstice when it sets in the south. On the summer solstice, it sets in the north. The two days halfway in between them are called the

equinoxes

In Virginia, Zinn notes that the settlers not being able to enslave the Indians, and not able to live with them, the English decided to

exterminate them

At the heart of the underground maze stands a carved statue called the Lanzon. It is a representation of Chavin's supreme deity, part human, part ______________. The sound of the conch shell mimics its call.

jaguar

The First Nations of the Americas have their foundation in sacred natural symbols. In Chavin, priests use the ________ to gather people into a nation. In Central America, _______ builds vast kingdoms. In the Atlantic Northeast, ___________ unites nations. And in the Pacific Northwest, _______ establishes and maintains a national identity. Building on lessons from nature, Native Americans create some of the greatest nations on Earth.

jaguar, corn, shell wampum, cedar

The Puritans found the Indians shocking not only in terms of their worship but also in their relationships with one another. They were shocked by the native dress or _________________. They were shocked by the relationship between men and women. Women were treated as equals. They were able to speak forcefully and often did. They were themselves, traders and leaders.

lack of dress

Plymouth colonists rely on Massasoit to begin brokering connections with other native groups so Massasoit becomes this very important ________ in these regional exchanges among furs and European goods and wampum, all of where are being exchanged many times in different groups depending on who has what.

node

Whereas the Dutch sought trade, the English eventually sought land and that changed the dynamic. You didn't need the natives as partners for the land. You need the natives ______________________.

off the land

May 26th In almost complete darkness just before dawn, the English forces and their native allies commanded by John Underhill and John Mason, quietly prepared to attack the Pequot Fort at Mystic. Inside, hundreds of men, women, and children lay sleeping; about _____________ of the entire Pequot tribe.

one-third

To which natives does Mary show the most contempt?

praying indians

More than 8,000 years before England celebrated Stonehenge, Native Americans painted cliff face to transform a mountain into a three dimensional

solar claendar

In Wampanoag tradition, if you are thinking about making trouble, you don't bring your women and you don't bring your children; so to see folks showing up with women and children, immediately they are not a threat. Secondly, they are really, really, sickly and they are _____________.

starving

Per Columbus' journal, when he first met the Arawaks he thought they were well-built, with good bodies, handsome features and very friendly. He goes on say that with fifty men he could

subjugate them all and make them do whatever we want.

They lived in a place of privilege, at the edge of a world where every new day began and they called themselves the Wampanoag, the people of _________________.

the first light

When Mary's Indian Mistress finds Mary reading a Bible, what does her Mistress do?

throws it outdoors