Hope bio 8

Refer to the accompanying figure. The average weight of a female guppy in the experimental group is: 70 g

190 mg

Which pair correctly matches two homoplastic features in the accompanying figure?

2 and 7

How long age was the time of Aristotle?

2200 years ago

The evidence suggests that some ___________ years ago, a population of early fishlike vertebrates evolved.

380 to 400 million years ago

Refer to the accompanying figure. The structure labeled as 2 is homologous with the structure labeled as:

4

Based on the accompanying figure, which two present day continents should have the most closely related plant and animal species?

Africa and South America

Who arranged organisms into a scale of nature and first stated that organisms changed toward the more complex and perfect?

Aristotle

Which best explains how Australia has distinctive organisms, such as marsupials, that cannot be found anywhere else on earth?

Australia was separated and isolated from other land masses for a long period of time.

What did R. H. Whittaker base his five kingdom classification upon?

Cell structure and how an organism derived its nutrition

A group of organisms with a common ancestor

Cladogram

The arrangement of organisms into groups based on similarities that show evolutionary relationships

Classification

What does CBOL stands for?

Consortium for the Barcode of Life

Which is the third kingdom to be established to accommodate bacteria and other microorganisms?

Cryptogamae

Which is not one of the characteristics of a population?

Demographic range

What is considered a fundamental evolutionary divergence?

Distinction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Which classification level contains the greatest number of species?

Domain

___________ are organisms that have nuclei and other membrane-enclosed organelles.

Eukarya

In vertical gene transfer, genes move from one species to another species in the same generation.

False

Poaceae falls under which category/classification of corn?

Family

Which type of classification was proposed by R. H. Whittaker in 1969?

Five-kingdom classification

How are fungi differentiated from plants?

Fungi are heterotrophic.

In which group of islands Charles Darwin observed variation among organisms and compared these organisms to those found on the mainland?

Galapagos Islands

What did Charles Darwin investigate while visiting the Galapagos Islands?

How the island species resembled those from continental South America.

What is the land mass labeled as 1 in the accompanying figure?

Laurasia

HIV is a ___________.

Lentivirus

Which of the following are known for their elaborate courtship?

Peacock spiders

The evolution of a group of organisms from a common ancestor

Phylogeny

___________ are terrestrial, multicellular, photosynthetic organisms.

Plantae

The scientific study of the diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships

Systematics

___________ is the scientific study of the diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships.

Systematics

Fossil evidence shows that giraffes living 1000 years ago had much shorter necks than the giraffes seen today. Which statement best explains this observation?

The giraffes acquired longer necks through the continuing process of natural selection.

You have identified a new mammal species. You are surprised to find that it has a pelvis, but there is no evidence the species has legs. What can you conclude about this animal's structure?

The pelvis is a vestigial structure.

Four of the following ideas are consistent with Darwinian evolution. Which one is the exception?

Traits acquired during an individual's life are passed on to its offspring.

The similarity between the bodies of sharks and dolphins is an example of convergent evolution.

True

Which example illustrates how "maximum likelihood" is used by systematists?

Using probability to determine that the nucleotide sequences in DNA and RNA change at a constant rate over time

Scientists using evolutionary systematics to construct a phylogenetic tree would use:

a combination of ancestral and derived characters.

What is a cladogram?

a diagram showing lines of descent

The term "clade" most closely refers to:

a group of organisms that share common characteristics inherited from a common ancestor.

Evolution is genetic change in ____ that occurs over time.

a population

Scientists are now grouping reptiles with birds and mammals because they are all vertebrates that have a(n):

amniotic egg.

Which of the following would be least likely to form a fossil?

an organism in the tropical rain forest

Humans, as well as all other mammals, have hair. Hair, then, would be considered to be a(n):

ancestral character.

An example of homologous structures is the wing of a bat and the:

arm of a human.

What process has been used to produce many of today's vegetables, such as broccoli, kohlrabi, and cauliflower, which are all derived from wild cabbage?

artificial selection

Linnaeus simplified scientific classification by developing: clades.

binomial system of nomenclature.

The rapid evolution of bacteria and fungi in certain environments is used in the field of:

bioremediation

Which example best illustrates homoplasy?

bird wings and insect wings

DNA sequencing data suggest that evolutionary changes are related to an accumulation of:

changes in DNA nucleotide sequences

Based on data in the accompanying table, which primate has the most recent common ancestor with humans?

chimpanzee

Phylogenetic systematics produce branching diagrams called:

cladograms.

Sea snakes, which are reptiles, are similar in body form to eels, which are fish. Sea snakes and eels therefore demonstrate:

convergent evolution.

Molecular evidence indicating less than 50% shared genes was the basis for:

dividing the prokaryotes into two domains, Bacteria and Archaea.

Due to our increasing ability to analyze DNA sequences and other molecular data of organisms, scientists are more often classifying organisms by their:

evolutionary history.

True or false A paraphyletic group consists of several evolutionary lines that do not share a common ancestor.

false

True or false Medicine must respond with new drugs and vaccinations to the slow evolution of disease-causing organisms such as bacteria and viruses. True

false

True or false The decrease of carbon-12 in a fossil indicates the age of that fossil.

false

True or false When DNA sequences are compared, the closet living relative of humans is found to be the gorilla.

false

true or false Analysis of mitochondrial DNA from different species of stickleback fish in three lakes disproves the hypothesis of a common ancestor for all three species.

false

true or false The modern synthesis theory of evolution explains Darwin's observations of variation among offspring in terms of amino acid substitutions.

false

true or false The number of similarities in certain DNA or RNA nucleotide or amino acid sequences may be used as a molecular clock to indicate how much time has passed since the groups branched from a common ancestor.

false

The discovery of fossils of whale intermediates suggest that whales evolved from:

four-legged, land dwelling mammals

Scientific evidence in the field of developmental biology overwhelmingly demonstrates that development in different animals is controlled by the same kinds of:

genes

What is the land mass labeled as 2 in the accompanying figure?

gondwana

In _________________, gene swapping takes place between one genome and another within one taxon or between genomes in different taxa.

horizontal gene transfer

A taxon that includes all the descendants of an ancestor is called:

monophyletic

Shared homologous structures would indicate that two taxa are:

monophyletic.

Which process provides the genetic variability that natural selection acts on during evolution?

mutation

The results in the accompanying figure support the conclusion that:

natural selection can occur in guppies within a few generations.

Where would you most likely find fossilized remains of humans and their immediate ancestors

only in relatively young rock

The genetic code demonstrates the universality of living things because it is common to virtually all:

organisms

A taxon that diverges earlier than the other taxa being considered in cladistic analysis is a(n):

outgroup.

The evolutionary history of a group of organisms from a common ancestor is known as:

phylogeny.

What does the modern synthesis theory of evolution emphasize?

population genetics

What is an example of a limit on population growth, and proposed by Darwin to be a mechanism of evolution by natural selection?

predation

Based on data in the accompanying table, which of the primates listed below is the most distantly related to humans?

rhesus monkey

The novel traits that evolve and remain present in a descendant organism are referred to as

shared derived characters

A monophyletic group is defined by:

shared derived characters.

The scientific study of the diversity of organisms and the evolutionary relationships between them is referred to as:

systematics.

Darwin might have made greater advances in his theory of evolution by natural selection if he had:

taken into consideration the work of Gregor Mendel

The science of naming, describing and classifying organisms

taxonomy

A study of the genomes of dogs from around the world indicated that:

the dogs' closest relative is the gray wolf.

Which of the following provides the most direct evidence for evolution?

the fossil record

During the 1920s to 1940s, biologists combined Mendelian genetics with Darwin's theory to form a unified explanation of evolution that is referred to as:

the modern synthesis

Based on the accompanying table, one characteristic used at the class level of classification for corn is:

the presence of a single seed leaf.

True or false After 11 years, the descendants of transferred guppies in Venezuela and Trinidad were significantly larger than their ancestors, indicating that the larger size of guppies was an adaptation to the new environment.

true

True or false Dolphins share synapomorphies with mammals.

true

True or false Membership in a clade cannot be established by shared ancestral traits alone.

true

true or false Darwin observed that species found on ocean islands do not resemble species on islands with similar environment in other parts of the world.

true

true or false Systematists use phylogenetic trees to graphically represent hypothesized evolutionary relationships among organisms.

true

true or false The accumulation of genetic changes in vertebrates that modified the basic body plan laid out in fish development illustrates evolutionary development from a common ancestor.

true

An example of homoplastic structures is the wing of a butterfly and:

wing of a bird