Human Genetics ch 13
The ability to isolate and produce many copies of specific______ molecules had a great impact on many areas of genetic research.
DNA
After a restriction enzyme cuts DNA into fragments and the fragments pair with complementary bases, the enzyme_________ is used to seal the gaps in the phosphate backbone.
DNA ligase
A restriction enzyme is a ____.
a bacterial enzyme that cuts DNA at specific sites
Most often, genomic library screening uses ____.
a labeled, complementary single-stranded RNA or DNA molecule called a probe
To clone an animal by embryo splitting, ____.
an unfertilized egg is collected from a donor mother and then fertilized in a dish by in vitro fertilization
Plant and animal food sources have been improved by_________ for thousands of years.
artificial selection
A yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) is a ____ that can accommodate large DNA inserts and uses the eukaryote yeast as a host cell.
cloning vector that has telomeres and a centromere
During the Southern blot technique, the cut DNA in the gel is________ to single strands to enable a labeled probe to bind to complementary sequences of interest in the fragments.
denatured
Plasmids are short sequences of DNA used as primers in PCR.
false
PCR uses two components: ____________________ that serve as templates and primers that bind to regions on either side of the template to be copied.
single strands of DNA
During gel electrophoresis, DNA fragments are separated by size.
true
In June 2001 an announcement was made that a draft sequence of the ____________________ nucleotides in the human genome had been finished.
3.2 billion
During in vitro fertilization, the fertilized egg ____.
develops in a Petri dish to form an embryo containing four to eight cells
During the process of gel electrophoresis, the DNA fragments migrate due to the effects of ____.
electrical charge
Adult cells cannot be used as the source of nuclei for cloning animals.
false
DNA cloning techniques have made it possible to locate_______ , map them, isolate them, sequence them, and transfer them between species.
genes
During the denaturation step of PCR, ____ bonds are broken when DNA is heated.
hydrogen
A technique called the_____ has revolutionized molecular biology because it is not as labor intensive or time consuming as DNA cloning techniques.
polymerase chain reaction
During PCR, _____ serve as a starting point for the synthesis of the new DNA strand.
primers
A series of techniques in which DNA fragments from an organism are linked to self-replicating vectors to create recombinant DNA molecules, which are then replicated in a host cell, is called
recombinant DNA technology
Southern blot is a method for ____.
transferring DNA fragments from a gel to a membrane filter and used in hybridization experiments
A collection of clones containing all the DNA sequences carried by an individual is called a genomic library.
true
Repeating the sequence of the polymerase chain reaction doubles the number of DNA fragments each time.
true
In recombinant DNA techniques, the gaps in the paired DNA fragments are closed by ____.
DNA ligase
Vectors can transfer ____.
DNA sequences into bacterial host cells for cloning
A DNA microarray is ____.
a series of short nucleotide sequences placed on a solid support and has several uses
An advantage of YACs over other vectors in cloning human genes is that they ____.
have a higher capacity for carrying long DNA fragments
The discovery that some bacteria ____ using enzymes that cut the viral DNA into pieces was one of the first steps in the development of recombinant DNA technology.
resist viral infection
Nuclear transfer is a preferred method of cloning over embryo splitting because it ____.
results in a larger number of cloned offspring