HUN 2201 Chapter 14

Six-month-old Lauren is ready to eat solid foods. Which of the following foods is/are nutritious and safe options to introduce in her diet? All options are correct. Pureed meat Pureed butternut squash Cooked rice cereal

All options are correct.

The food industry influences Americans' food choices by ______. All options are correct. funding lobbyists to influence members of state legislatures and the U.S. Congress spending billions of dollars to advertise its products opposing taxes on sugary drinks and other unhealthful products

All options are correct.

The production and function of sperm may decrease if the male _____. abuses alcohol and smokes All options are correct. is obese consumes a diet deficient in zinc, folate, and/or antioxidants

All options are correct.

To reduce "food miles" a person could ________. All options are correct. buy foods from local farmers avoid purchasing imported fruits and vegetables plant a garden

All options are correct.

When children do not receive the nutrients necessary to develop properly, they are likely to experience which of the following? All options are correct. impaired brain development lowered resistance to infection growth stunting

All options are correct.

Optimal nutrition is important even before conception in order to __________.

develop healthy sperm and egg cells

Which of the following fatty acids is thought to support fetal brain and eye development?

docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) ((And ARA)

A word of caution about breastfeeding is that __________.

drugs and other substances in breast milk can cause symptoms in babies

At what point during pregnancy is adequate folate MOST important?

during the first four weeks after conception

About 80% of American women follow the advice of the American Academy of Pediatrics to breastfeed exclusively for the first six months of their infant's life.

false

Alcohol consumption during pregnancy is dangerous only during the first trimester.

false

Because breastfeeding suppresses ovulation, it can be a reliable form of contraception.

false

Before 4 to 5 months of age, attempts to feed an infant solid foods are unlikely to succeed because the extrusion reflex will cause the infant to vomit.

false

Breast milk is very low in cholesterol.

false

During pregnancy women should not consume fish or fish products.

false

The neural tube is an embryonic structure that develops into the fetal skeleton.

false

Frequent or binge alcohol drinking during pregnancy can result in __________.

fetal alcohol syndrome

In which trimester of pregnancy is the fetus the most vulnerable to teratogens?

first

An inadequate intake of ________ during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of neural tube defects in the fetus.

folate

Inadequate intake of which nutrient during the first few weeks of pregnancy is associated with spinal cord defects in the fetus?

folate

Food lobbyists work for _____.

food companies or organizations that have a vested interest in the outcome of food policy

Poverty, discrimination, armed conflict, and natural disasters are all acknowledged to contribute to ______.

food insecurity

Milk that is low in fat and produced first in a breastfeeding session is known as

foremilk

Two potential complications of pregnancy that must be closely monitored by a health care provider are _____.

gestational diabetes and hypertension

Studies indicate that breastfeeding for at least 3 to 6 months __________.

helps a mother regain her prepregnancy weight

An increased risk of cardiovascular disease is associated with high maternal intake of

trans fats.

Excessive vitamin A supplementation during pregnancy is associated with birth defects.

true

Low vitamin D status in pregnant women increases the risk of low bone density in their children.

true

Morning sickness can begin at any time of day and can last all day.

true

The negative impact of fetal exposure to malnutrition is worsened if followed by low nutrient intakes shortly after birth.

true

Which of the following is NOT a sign or symptom of preeclampsia?

unexplained and rapid weight loss

U.S. households with an inability to satisfy basic food needs and a reduced food intake by one or more household members are classified as having ________.

very low food security

Breast-fed newborns need supplemental _____.

vitamin D

Ryan is a healthy 3-month-old baby boy who is exclusively breast-fed. Which of the following nutrients should be added to his diet?

vitamin D

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that all breastfed infants up to six months old be given what kind of supplement?

vitamin D

At birth baby Peyton weighs 8 pounds. If his growth and development are normal, what would Peyton be expected to weigh at his first birthday?

24 pounds

At birth, baby Ramon weighs 8 pounds. If his growth and development are normal, what would you expect Ramon to weigh at his first birthday?

24 pounds

For a woman with a prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) of 20.0, the recommended weight gain during pregnancy is __________ pounds.

25 to 35

A woman who begins pregnancy at a healthy weight should gain ______ pounds during pregnancy.

25 to 35 pounds

A woman who enters pregnancy underweight (a body mass index [BMI] less than 18.5) is encouraged to gain ________ pounds during pregnancy.

28 to 40

It is recommended that breastfeeding women who began pregnancy at a healthy weight consume how many kilocalories (kcal) a day above their pre-pregnancy intake during the first six months of lactation?

330 kcal

During the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, the woman's energy needs increase by how many kilocalories per day?

350 to 450

The process by which a fetus's metabolism, hormone production, and other physiological processes shift in response to inadequate energy intake during pregnancy is called fetal

adaptation.

A key characteristic of sustainable agriculture is that it __________.

meets a population's needs and can be sustained for a long time without negatively impacting the environment for future generations

According to certain studies, exposure of a fetus to famine in the first trimester of pregnancy can result in high risk for the development of what condition in adulthood?

metabolic syndrome

Pregnant women who don't eat animal-based foods may not get enough of which of the following micronutrients? Copper and zinc All options are correct. Calcium and vitamin D Iron and vitamin B12 I

All options are correct.

A pregnancy is most vulnerable to maternal alcohol intake during __________.

the first trimester

What are "food miles"?

the number of miles the food travels from where it was grown to the location where the consumer purchases it

Colostrum, which is rich in protein, micronutrients, and antibodies, is replaced by mature milk in about

4 to 6 days.

A full-term pregnancy is approximately ______ weeks long.

40

A low-birthweight baby is defined as a baby who is born weighing less than _____.

5½ pounds

What is the average weight for a healthy newborn in the United States (with an average height of 18 to 22 inches long)?

7-1/2 lbs

Milk production in lactating women requires about __________ per day.

700 to 800 kcal

Within the next decade, the global population is expected to reach __________.

8 billion

By law, foods that are labeled or advertised with the USDA Organic seal must contain at least ____ percent organic ingredients.

95

Population studies have reported a link between high birth weight and this risk later in life.

?breast cancer?

Which statement about food advertising and marketing is true?

Advertising for fruits and vegetables is almost nonexistent.

Introducing solid food to an infant is an important process, but should not be done before an infant is ready. There are also a variety of recommendations in place to help reduce the risk of food allergies and keep children safe from choking, digestive problems, bacterial infections, and nutritional deficiencies. Read each of the examples below, and choose those that describe an acceptable and/or recommended infant feeding method When Ethan was 8 months old, his parents added honey to his cereal to make it more palatable. At 7 months old Jenny loved to eat, so her parents gave her a new food each day to make sure her diet contained a wide variety of foods. After testing each food individually for any allergic reactions, 10-month-old Eric's parents have been pureeing a small portion of their dinner each night to give to Eric. Nine-month-old Jackie loves apple juice, but her parents limit her intake to 4 oz of unsweetened juice per day. Brian was small for his age, so his parents began adding rice cereal to his bottle for extra calories when he was 2 months old.

After testing each food individually for any allergic reactions, 10-month-old Eric's parents have been pureeing a small portion of their dinner each night to give to Eric. Nine-month-old Jackie loves apple juice, but her parents limit her intake to 4 oz of unsweetened juice per day. (By following these recommendations for infant feeding, parents and caregivers can provide important nutrients while helping keep infants safe and healthy.)

Breastfeeding can _____. help women reduce their risk of breast cancer and possibly ovarian cancer All options are correct. help women shed their pregnancy weight gain decrease the risk of the baby developing allergies and infections

All options are correct.

Even before she attempts to become pregnant, a woman should ________. consume adequate folic acid attain a healthy weight All options are correct. avoid smoking

All options are correct.

Weight gain recommendations during pregnancy depend on a woman's weight status before conception and how many babies she is carrying. Risks are involved when a woman gains too little or too much weight during her pregnancy. Choose the statement below that correctly describes recommended weight gain for a pregnant woman carrying one baby. An underweight woman should gain 15 to 25 lb. An overweight woman should gain 15 to 25 lb. A normal weight woman should gain 28 to 40 lb. An obese woman should gain 25 to 35 lb.

An overweight woman should gain 15 to 25 lb. (Remember that women who are overweight or obese prior to pregnancy have lower recommendations for gaining weight than women of normal weight. Conversely, underweight women are recommended to gain more weight.)

Gestational diabetes is a type of diabetes that occurs in previously nondiabetic women during pregnancy. When this occurs, a pregnant woman is unable to produce sufficient insulin or becomes insulin resistant, leading to elevated levels of blood glucose. Choose all the correct statements about gestational diabetes. Babies born to mothers with poorly controlled gestational diabetes may be too large and, thus, may experience trauma during vaginal birth. Women with gestational diabetes are at significantly increased risk for type 2 diabetes 5 to 10 years after delivery. Treatment for gestational diabetes focuses on diet and/or medication with little emphasis on physical activity since exercise can be dangerous during pregnancy. Offspring of mothers with poorly controlled gestational diabetes may have a higher risk of overweight and diabetes later in life. Gestational diabetes is rare, affecting less than 1% of all pregnancies in the United States.

Babies born to mothers with poorly controlled gestational diabetes may be too large and, thus, may experience trauma during vaginal birth. Women with gestational diabetes are at significantly increased risk for type 2 diabetes 5 to 10 years after delivery. Offspring of mothers with poorly controlled gestational diabetes may have a higher risk of overweight and diabetes later in life. (Proper screening, well-controlled blood sugar during pregnancy, and healthy habits after pregnancy can reduce risks of gestational diabetes for both mom and baby.)

Which of the following statements about breastfeeding is TRUE?

Breastfed newborns typically require more frequent feedings than formula-fed infants.

Gestation is the event in which the ovum and sperm unite to create a fertilized egg.

False

Malnutrition contributes to abnormalities in sperm.

False

What government agency is responsible for overseeing food-processing plants and for approval and surveillance of food-animal drugs, feed additives, and all food additives?

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

A balanced diet throughout pregnancy is necessary to support both the developing fetus and the health of the mother. Choose the statement below that correctly describes the relationship between a pregnant woman's nutrient requirements and fetal development. The fetus is at greatest risk for birth defects from nutrient deficiencies in the third trimester of pregnancy. Beginning in the second trimester, when fetal bone mineralization occurs, the pregnant woman's calcium requirements increase above prepregnancy levels. Good nutrition is important throughout pregnancy to both ensure proper fetal development and prevent nutrient depletion in the mother. Because the fetus undergoes dramatic growth in the third month of gestation, the pregnant woman's energy needs are highest at this time.

Good nutrition is important throughout pregnancy to both ensure proper fetal development and prevent nutrient depletion in the mother. (Proper nutrition is essential throughout pregnancy. In the early stages of pregnancy, the embryo is most susceptible to damage from harmful substances and inadequate nutrients. In the last trimester, adequate calories and nutrients are important for rapid growth of the fetus.)

Which of the following foods will increase a pregnant woman's intake of folate (folic acid)?

Green leafy vegetables, legumes, and breakfast cereals

Which of the following is a foodborne bacterium associated with fetal infection that can prompt miscarriage or premature birth?

Listeria monocytogenes

Why are newborns given a single injection of vitamin K?

Newborns lack the intestinal bacteria needed to synthesize vitamin K.

Which of the following increases a woman's risk for gestational diabetes?

Obesity

Consumption of which of the following types of foods is strongly associated with both increased nutrition and reduced harm to the natural environment?

Plant-based foods

Breastfeeding can be a rewarding experience for both mother and baby. However, inadequate nutrition and hydration can interfere with lactation or lead to health problems for the mother. From the list below, choose all the correct statements about nutrient recommendations for breastfeeding women. Compared to prepregnancy needs, breastfeeding women require an additional 15 to 20 g of protein per day. Requirements for iron are greater during lactation than during pregnancy. Recommendations for calcium intake are the same for lactation as for pregnancy. Fluid needs are higher during lactation than during pregnancy. Energy needs are lower for breastfeeding women than for pregnant women.

Select all that apply. Compared to prepregnancy needs, breastfeeding women require an additional 15 to 20 g of protein per day. Recommendations for calcium intake are the same for lactation as for pregnancy. Fluid needs are higher during lactation than during pregnancy. (To support breastfeeding, lactating women should consume a nutrient-dense diet with adequate calories and fluid.)

Which of the following is NOT true for a pregnant woman who was obese prior to her pregnancy?

She should gain 0.5 lb/week during the second and third trimesters.

Which food assistance program serves at-risk, low-income pregnant and lactating women?

Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)

Which of the following statements concerning genetically modified (GM) foods is false?

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires prominent labeling of GM foods.

Which of the following milestones indicate an infant is ready to accept solid foods?

The infant can sit up with or without support.

Why are newborns given an injection of vitamin K?

The newborn does not yet have a population of GI flora able to synthesize adequate vitamin K.

During pregnancy, excessive consumption of which of the following micronutrients is MOST significantly associated with birth defects?

Vitamin A

Breastfeeding is considered the ideal method of infant feeding. While the practice can be challenging (and, in rare cases, contraindicated), it can offer many advantages over formula feeding. Choose all the statements below that describe the advantages of breastfeeding. Breastfeeding reduces the likelihood of uterine contractions. Women who breastfeed typically return to their prepregnancy weight more quickly. Breastfed infants have a reduced risk for childhood and adulthood obesity. Women who breastfeed resume ovulation sooner. Choosing to breastfeed can save a substantial amount of money.

Women who breastfeed typically return to their prepregnancy weight more quickly. Breastfed infants have a reduced risk for childhood and adulthood obesity. Choosing to breastfeed can save a substantial amount of money. (Breastfeeding can offer distinct advantages for infants, mothers, families, society, and the environment.)

Which of the following lunches is lowest in nutrient density and highest in terms of its cost to the environment?

a beef burger with fries

Which of the following foods is LEAST likely to be contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes?

a hard-boiled egg

Infants may be small, but they grow rapidly and have high nutrient needs. Proper nutrition is important to help support their unique needs for growth and development. Complete the sentence about an infant's nutrient needs. Recommendations for the infant diet ____________. state that protein intake should make up at least 50% of energy requirements state that no more than 35% of energy intake should come from fat are based on the nutrient composition of breast milk include advice to begin a liquid iron supplement no later than 3 months of age include a recommendation for 1 oz of fluid per pound of body weight

are based on the nutrient composition of breast milk (Breast milk and commercial formulas (which are modeled after breast milk) provide the proper quantity and balance of nutrients for growing infants. Complementary foods given at appropriate stages of development can provide additional calories and important nutrients.)

A box of cereal that bears the USDA Organic seal is made with ________.

at least 95 percent organic ingredients

The process of applying biological techniques to a living cell to alter its DNA and create a desired trait is called _____.

biotechnology

The inner portion of the zygote that implants in the uterine lining is called the

blastocyst.

Which of the following statements about food allergies is TRUE?

breastfeeding helps reduce the risk of food allergies

Inconsolable crying for hours at a time is a characteristic of

colic.

The first milk released after birth, rich in protein, micronutrients, and antibodies, is called __________.

colostrum

Surplus, unsold foods that are grown and raised on U.S. farms and purchased by the government to be given to schools and other food assistance programs are called ________.

commodity foods

What is the term for an arrangement whereby people pay a fee to a local farm in exchange for a regular supply of fresh products from the farm?

community-supported agriculture

The point at which the ovum becomes fertilized by the sperm is

conception.

A genetically modified tomato is a tomato that __________.

contains one or more genes that originated in a different species

Which of the following are among the top food crops grown in the United States?

corn, soybeans, and wheat

Substances that are used to kill and control weeds are called ________.

herbicides

A breastfeeding woman has __________needs for __________ than she had during pregnancy.

higher; protein

Infants should never be fed _____.

honey

All of the following groups are at greater risk of experiencing food insecurity EXCEPT ________.

households headed by a married couple

Women younger than 20 and older than 35 are both vulnerable to __________ during pregnancy.

hypertension

During pregnancy, protein needs

increase to 1.1 g/kg of body weight.

Which of the following is NOT associated with gestational diabetes?

increased risk of giving birth to a low-birth-weight infant

During pregnancy, the requirement for which mineral is unlikely to be met through diet alone?

iron

What is the most common nutritional deficiency worldwide?

iron deficiency

Over-reliance on breast milk or formula by older infants can limit iron intake and lead to

iron-deficiency anemia.

All of the following are signs and symptoms of preeclampsia EXCEPT ________.

low blood pressure

Recommended weight gain during pregnancy is based on the

mother's weight before becoming pregnant.

During pregnancy, what amount of alcohol consumption is considered safe?

none

Never leaving an infant alone with a bottle and teaching an older infant to use a cup are useful tips to prevent

nursing bottle syndrome.

The hormone that triggers the let-down response that causes milk to be released from the mother's breast to feed the baby is ________.

oxytocin

Which of the following hormones is referred to as the "let down" hormone?

oxytocin

The abnormal craving for nonfood items, such as cornstarch, clay, dirt, or baking soda, is known as ________.

pica

Which pregnancy-specific structure is responsible for delivering nutrients and oxygen to the fetus and removing waste products?

placenta

Nutrients are passed from the mother to the fetus through the ________.

placenta and umbilical cord

To reduce the risk for birth of a newborn with a neural tube defect, at what stage of pregnancy should a woman begin to consume 400 micrograms of folic acid?"

prior to conception

The hormone responsible for the synthesis of breast milk is called

prolactin

Which of the following should women consume in abundance throughout pregnancy?

protein

A maternal low vitamin D status is associated with this risk for offspring.

reduced bone density

The primary cause of gastroesophageal reflux and constipation during pregnancy is

relaxation of the smooth muscles.

Which of the following is NOT a maternal benefit of breastfeeding?

shortens the intervals between pregnancies

The recommended daily intake of calcium for a woman during pregnancy __________.

stays the same