Immunology class problems

Which is a first line of defense? a. immune response b. skin and mucous membranes c. inflammatory response d. inflammatory response and mucous membranes.

B. skin and mucous membranes

How does the complement system aid the process of phagocytosis?What is this called?

Complement proteins coat the surface of bacteria and other pathogens, marking them for attack. This is called opsonization

If you sequenced the receptors and proteins of the adaptive immune system from identical twins, they would be identical, regardless of differences in immunological experience T/F

False

How would damage to the ciliated cells of the respiratory tract predispose a person to infection?

It is a barrier to organisms and removal would lead to infection.

Syphilis was once treated by intentionally infecting the patient with the parasite that causes malaria, a disease characterized by repeated bouts of fever, shaking, and chills. Why would this treatment help syphilis?

Pyrotherapy - Malaria causes a fever that kills the syphilis.

If you sequenced the receptors and proteins of the innate immune system from identical twins, they would be identical, regardless of differences in immunological experience. T/F

True

After a traffic accident, a 34-year-old lady was admitted to the intensive care unit for treatment. On the second day of admission a blood sample was taken and sent to the laboratory for biochemical analyses. Her liver function and renal function tests were normal. The following findings would be consistent with: Albumin -30 g/L (normal 35 -45 g/L) C-reactiveprotein-68mg/L (normal < 10 mg/L) Plasma immunoglobulin levels-normal a)Acute phase response to injury b)Lymphopenia c)Liver cirrhosis d)Chronic infection

a) Acute phase response to injury

A group of cytokines released by leukocytes that function to induce fever, signal the release of neutrophils from the bone marrow in large numbers, and stimulate macrophages to release cytokines are called: a) Interleukins b) Colony Stimulating Factor c) Tumor Necrosis Factor d) Interferons e) Endotoxins

a) Interleukins

Hyper acute rejection of transplants is caused by: a) Pre-existing antibodies to the donor's HLA antigens b) Passenger leukocytes c) Cytotoxic T cells d) CD4 Th1 cell

a) Pre-existing antibodies to the donor's HLA antigens

A hospitalized patient develops an unexplained fever. A differential blood count is done, which shows a left shift with an increase in neutrophils. This person is probably suffering from a: a)Bacterial infection b)Post-surgical reaction to anesthesia c)Reaction to pain medication d)Viral infection

a)Bacterial infection

What are bradykinin, prostaglandins and serotonin? a)Chemical mediators that induce pain b)Components of bacterial cell walls c)Neurotransmitters d)Mediators produced by bacteria

a)Chemical mediators that induce pain

Which of the following is not a type of cytokine? a)Hormones b)Chemokines c)Interferons d)Interleukins

a)Hormones

What is the benefit of the vasodilation that occurs early in the inflammatory response? a)It allows more white blood cells and other plasma proteins to be delivered to the site of injury b)It increases the pressure in the injured area so that cells are compressed c)It shunts blood away from the injured area and towards healthy tissue d)It stretches the walls of blood vessels so that they are less permeable

a)It allows more white blood cells and other plasma proteins to be delivered to the site of injury

Dendritic cells and macrophages start the immune response by: a) Degrading MHC class I proteins and presenting them on the surface of their cells b) Degrading foreign proteins and presenting them on MHC class II proteins c) Producing cytokines to recruit T helper cells d) Activating B cells directly e) None of the above

b) Degrading foreign proteins and presenting them on MHC class II proteins

During degranulation the mast cells release chemotactic cytokines that perform which of these functions? a)Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability b)Attraction of neutrophils and eosinophils c)Activation of the complement cascade d)Opsonization of bacteria

b)Attraction of neutrophils and eosinophils

These cytokines use chemotaxis to recruit cells to the site of infection. a)Tumor Necrosis Factor b)Chemokines c)Interleukins d)Interferons

b)Chemokines

Active movement of PMN's along a concentration gradient is known as: a)Passive diffusion b)Chemotaxis c)Facilitated diffusion d)Chemotactic diffusion

b)Chemotaxis

Chronic inflammation is characterized by all of the below except :a)Tissue destruction b)Infiltration with neutrophils c)Fibrosis d)Increased tissue concentration of lymphocytes

b)Infiltration with neutrophils

These cytokines are proteins that can inhibit virus replication. a)Chemokines b)Interferons c)Interleukins d)Tumor Necrosis Factor

b)Interferons

Which of the following is a distinction between the innate and adaptive immune systems? a)The ability of the cells of only one system to produce cytokines b)The capacity for exquisite antigenic specificity in only one system c)The capacity of only one system to recognize virally infected cells d)The ability of cells of only one system to mediate cell cytotoxicity

b)The capacity for exquisite antigenic specificity in only one system

how are interferons beneficial to infections by more than one type of virus? how are interferons harmful to the body?

beneficial bc they act generally/nonspecifically, so one virus can activate and it will act against others harmful bc it causes the negative symptoms associated with infection

Immunodeficiencies can be genetic in origin. An example is Bruton's agammaglobulinemia, an X-linked disorder. Bruton's disorder results in underdeveloped B cells. Select the description that likely indicates a child with Bruton's disease. a) Baby girl Denise, with low level of antibody response to streptococcal infection b) Baby boy John, with immature T cells, missing CD4 receptors c) Baby boy Jeff, with no plasma cells following infection by bacterial pneumonia d) Baby girl Susan, with no evidence of a thymus gland e) Baby boy Matt, with very low circulating antigens

c) Baby boy Jeff, with no plasma cells following infection by bacterial pneumonia

The secretion of antibodies by lymphocyte B cells provides: a)Cell-mediated immunity b)Passive immunity c)Humoral immunity d)Permanent immunity

c)Humoral immunity

Which of the following chemicals of inflammation are produced by mast cells from arachidonic acids in the cell membrane after degranulation? a)Platelet-activating factor b)Histamine and chemotactic cytokines c)Leukotrienes and prostaglandins d)Complement proteins

c)Leukotrienes and prostaglandins

All of the following cells are phagocytic except for: a)Basophils b)Neutrophils c)Lymphocytes d)Eosinophils e)All of the above are phagocytic

c)Lymphocytes

Which of the following is not considered a physical barrier? a)Epithelial cell b)Mucous membranes c)Macrophages present in the skin d)Ciliated cells of the alveolar sacs

c)Macrophages present in the skin

Which of the following is associated with passive immunity? a)Long-term immune protection b)Infusion of weakened viruses c)Passage of IgG antibodies from the pregnant mother to her fetus d)Booster shot

c)Passage of IgG antibodies from the pregnant mother to her fetus

You enter a dusty room, feel an itch in your nose, and sneeze. This is an example of the operation of which of the following innate immune mechanisms? a)The released granular contents of your granulocytes b)The low pH of the environment c)The physical barrier produced by hairs d)Phagocytosis by macrophages e)Mucus combined with the movement of cilia of the liningcells

c)The physical barrier produced by hairs

Immediately following a break in the skin, phagocytes engulf bacteria within the wound. This is an example of an ___ immune response which is ___ against a pathogen. a. adaptive, specific b. innate, specific c. innate, nonspecific d. adaptive, nonspecific

c. innate, nonspecific

Interferon (IFN)

cytokine produced against viruses

Interleukin (IL)

cytokine that allows WBCs to communicate with each other

An epitope is: a) Part of the interferons that penetrate foreign cells b) A protein protruding from the surface of B cells c) Two structurally similar antibodies dissolved in the blood plasma d) The part of an antigen that binds to an antigen receptor e) A mirror image of an antigen

d) The part of an antigen that binds to an antigen receptor

Which of the following is NOT a feature of a secondary immune response to an antigen, when compared to the first response to the same antigen? a) The antibody is generated faster b) More antibody is produced c) The response can occur with memory T and/or B cells d) The response occurs after re-exposure to any antigen

d) The response occurs after re-exposure to any antigen

What is the purpose of vasodilation and increased vascular permeability during inflammation? a)To bring white blood cells to the area of injury b)To transport inflammatory chemicals to the area of injury c)To dilute toxins d)All of the above

d)All of the above

Which of the following cells participate in nonspecific defense responses when your body is invaded by microbes? a)Natural killer cells b)Macrophages c)Neutrophils d)All of the above

d)All of the above

Which of the following statements is TRUE about chronic inflammation? a)Chronic inflammation occurs immediately after infection with microbes that have a high lipid content b)Chronic inflammation involves macrophages, while acute inflammation does not c)Chronic inflammation rarely involves damage to tissue d)Chronic inflammation involves lymphocytes and macrophages, rather than neutrophils

d)Chronic inflammation involves lymphocytes and macrophages, rather than neutrophils

Which of the following is not one of the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation a)Heat and redness b)Loss of function c)Pain d)Coughing e)Swelling

d)Coughing

Precursors of macrophages are called: a)T cells b)B cells c)Plasma cells d)Monocytes

d)Monocytes

The first cell to react to tissue injury is the: a)Macrophage b)Mast cell c)Fibroblast d)Neutrophil

d)Neutrophil

Which of the following is NOT a chemical mediator of inflammation? a)Histamine b)Kinins c)Leukotrienes d)Neutrophils e) prostaglandins

d)Neutrophils

Inflammation is controlled by mediators -these take many forms. Which of the following is not an inflammatory mediator group? a)Complement components like C1, C3, and C5 b)Cytokines like IL-2, IL-4, and IL-17 c)Lipid mediators like eicosanoids and prostaglandins d)Peptides like epinephrine and norepinephrine e)Vasoactive amines like histamine and heparin

d)Peptides like epinephrine and norepinephrine

A rare small dust particle reaches the alveolus (small terminal air sac where gas exchange occurs). At this anatomical site, you are protected by which of the following? a)The released granular contents of your granulocytes b)The low pH of the environment c)The physical barrier produced by hairs d)Phagocytosis by macrophages e)Mucus combined with the movement of cilia of the lining cells

d)Phagocytosis by macrophages

Which of the following is not a beneficial response to inflammation? a)Drainage of tissue fluid to the lymphatic system allowing for delivery of antigens b)Entry of antibodies, immune cells, and complement components, allowing for opsonization of invaders, followed by lysis or phagocytosis, and neutralization of toxins c)Fibrin formation trapping and facilitating phagocytosis d)Prolonged inflammatory responses to antigens

d)Prolonged inflammatory responses to antigens

Memory cells: a)Produce cyclosporine b)Are responsible for passive immunity c)Prevent an animal from encountering certain antigens d)Provide an accelerated immune response upon second exposure to a particular antigen

d)Provide an accelerated immune response upon second exposure to a particular antigen

Which of the following exudates would be present in highest concentration at the site of a persistent bacterial infection? a)Fibrinous b)Serous c)Hemorrhagic d)Purulent

d)Purulent

Warmth and redness of the skin are indicators of inflammation. Which of the following processes is responsible for this clinical manifestation? a)Stimulation of nerve endings b)Phagocytosis c)Vasoconstriction d)Vasodilation

d)Vasodilation

___ are responsible for the production of antibody against free pathogens and soluble products from pathogens while ___ destroy pathogen and virally infected cells and abnormal cells. a. cytotoxic t cells, b cells b. macrophages, t cells c. b cells, helper t cells d. b cells, cytotoxic t cells

d. b cells, cytotoxic t cells

B cells interacting with helper T cells are stimulated to differentiate when: a) B cells produce IgE antibodies b) B cells release cytokines c) Helper T cells present the class II MHC molecule-antigen complex on their surface d) Helper T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells e) Helper T cells release cytokine

e) Helper T cells release cytokine

A nonfunctional CD4+ protein on a helper T cell would result in the helper T cell being unable to: a) Respond to T-independent antigens b) Lyse tumor cells c) Stimulate a cytotoxic T cell d) Interact with a class I MHC-antigen complex e) Interact with a class II MHC-antigen complex

e) Interact with a class II MHC-antigen complex

Which of the following processes occurs due to the release of chemical mediators of inflammation from injured tissues? a)Dilation of blood vessels b)Stimulation of pain receptors c)Increased permeability of blood vessels d)Edema e)All of these

e)All of these

Some of the dust particles are not expelled by the sneeze and make their way further down the respiratory tract but not yet into the alveolar space. Here their elimination is the job of which of the following? a)The released granular contents of your granulocytes b)The low pHof the environment c)The physical barrier produced by hairs d)Phagocytosis by macrophages e)Mucus combined with the movement of cilia of the lining cells

e)Mucus combined with the movement of cilia of the lining cells

What sorts of pathogens would successfully attack a patient with an inability to synthesize B lymphocytes?

extracellular microbes

what is the unique function of NK cells?

kill virally infected cells and tumors. Interferon is made by dendritic cells, activates NK cells. NK cells make more IFN, activates more NK cells and activates macrophages to be better at killing things they've ingested)

how are NK cells signalled to kill a cell?

nk cells bind to cells with inhibitory and activating receptors. When the cell is okay, it will show the inhibitory receptor, but if cell is infected with a virus it will not show that receptor and only the activating receptor will be available to signal NK cell. Nk cell will then kill cell. adcc: NK cells connect to antibodies on surface of cells that activates them to kill that cell.

three results of complement activation

opsonization inflammation lysis

Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMP)

parts of pathogens that are recognized by PRRs

what are opsonins and what can act as an opsonin? what is the purpose of opsonization?

purpose is to increase the ability of phagocytes to bind to and therefore ingest microorganisms. opsonization increases the number of places on the microbe the phagocytic cell can bind to. opsonins are proteins that coat the microbes. complement and antibodies can act as opsonins.

pattern recognition receptor (PRR)

receptor on cells that binds to pathogen molecules (PAMPs)

Toll-like receptors (TLR)

special PRRs found on phagocytes