Instrument Flying Handbook: Chapter 5 Flight Instruments

How does temperature affect Altimeter errors?

"When flying from hot to cold or from high to low, look out below" Hot temperature errors indicate higher than actual Cold temperature errors indicate lower than actual Use ICAO Cold Temp error table

What are the 3 basic pressure-operated instruments

ASI Altimeter VSI

Describe blocked pitot

ASI no longer operates - acts like altimeter

How often does altimeter and static systems need to be checked?

Every 24 calendar months.

GPWS

Ground Proximity Warning System

What is formula for True Course and Magnetic Course?

1. Magnetic Course = Compass Course +- Deviation 2. True Course = Magnetic Course + - Variation

The earth rotates at X degrees per hour and requires synchronizing with magnetic compass every X minutes.

15 degrees per hour at least every 15 minutes

What is the range of scale of a Altimeter in the Kollsman window

28 to 31 inches of mercury

When checking altimeter against the published field elevation, how many feet of tolerance are allowed?

75 feet

Describe blocked static

ASI: When the aircraft is operated above altitude where static port became blocked the airspeed indicates lower than the actual airspeed because the trapped pressure is higher than the normal for that altidude. Note: it gives you the most dangerous outcome. Altimeter: Freezes in place VSI: Continuous zero display

ADC

Air Data Computers IAS, TAS, Temp etc and feeds FMS Integrated with Electronic Displays (Glass) An air data computer (ADC) is an essential avionics component found in modern glass cockpits. This computer, rather than individual instruments, can determine the calibrated airspeed, Mach number, altitude, and altitude trend data from an aircraft's pitot-static system.

What is a Radio Altimeter

Altimeter with receiver/transmitter measuring height above ground Category II and III aircraft can use them for precision approaches

What is an altimeter?

Aneroid barometer that measures the absolute pressure of the ambient air and displays it in terms of feet above a selected pressure level. Barometer the displays pressure as altitude. a flight instrument that measures height above a particular air pressure level, i.e. altitude

Take off briefing for abort

At 50% of runway you have to have 75% of rotation speed

What are the 3 axis of typical autopilot

Rol, pitch, yaw Is either position bases or rate based (turn and bank for autopilot) Newer autopilots are digital

What is difference in TCAS 1 and TCAS 2?

TCAS 2 also provides advisory resolutions to collisions and coordinates it with other TCAS 2 equipped aircrafts.

AHRS

Attitude Heading Reference Systems consists of sensors on three axes that provide attitude information for aircraft, including roll, pitch and yaw.They are designed to replace traditional mechanical gyroscopic flight instruments and provide superior reliability and accuracy.

Which instruments are gyroscopic instruments?

Attitude Indicator and Heading Indicator Some Turn and Slips AI and DG/HI

ADS-B

Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast - Postion - Altitude - Velocity - Tail # - Weather (if equipped) - Key is GPS which provides 3-D position of aircraft Receive if enabled: Weather, position of other aircraft, NOTAMS

What is the lubber line?

Vertical line heading index on rotating compass

Term 2

Definition 2

EFIS

Electronic Flight Instrument Systems Any Flight instrument display that utlilizes LCD or picture tube like displays is a "electronic flight instrument display and or "glass flight deck"

ASI

Air Speed Indicator Differential pressure from ambient air and ram air

Describe what happens when Alt Stat is selected

Air pressure inside is lower than exterior pressure (due to venturi effect of air flowing around fuselage) ASI Indicates airspeed greater than actual Altimeter Indicates higher than actual VSI shows climb then stabilizes

FDS

Flight Director System Provides easily interpreted understanding of the aircrafts flightpath (command bars lead where to put aircraft) Components: 1. HSI 2. ADI (attitude direction indicator) 3. Annunciation Panel 4. Controller

What is FMS (and CDU)

Flight Management System Hubert Naiver invented in 1976 CDU - Common control Display Unit works with master computer "Best computed position" and uses waypoints eliminating putting in lat/long. Has GPS sensors today and uses known ground reference points for DME

HUD

Head-Up Display - diminish shifting of head down to up

HSI

Horizontal Situation Indicator

Define: IAS, CAS, EAS, TAS

IAS - Indicated Airspeed CAS - Calibrated Airspeed (corrected in POH) EAS - Equivalent Airspeed (CAS corrected for compressed air correction in pitot tube) TAS - True Airspeed (CAS corrected for pressure and Temparature and CAS = TAS at standard) - Turn your temp to match altitude on ASI

Describe Acceleration errors on the compass.

When accelerating on either an EASTERLY or WESTERLY heading, the error appears as a turn indication toward north. When decelerating on either of these headings, the compass indicates a turn toward south. ANDS "Acceleration - North / Deceleration South"

What happens when you dial in 29.92 in Kollsman window

You can read pressure altitude.

What is standard rate turn?

3 degrees per second 2 minutes to turn 360 degrees 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 4 seconds to turn 12 degrees

Term 1

Definition 1

What are isogonic lines?

Lines of equal variation from True North representing variation corrections Chicago is 0 and east of it least (minus) so you ADD variation; west is "best" and greater than 0 and you have to subtract the variation. Example: DC is -10 east and true heading of 180 is 190 magnetic heading. Example2: California variation is +14 and true heading of 180 is 166 magnetic heading

What are Northerly turning errors and how to correct?

Magnetic Dip: CG of float in compass is below the pivotal point causing it to swinging same direction the float turns causing northerly turning errors. Correction is: Lead or overshoot 15 degrees plus half the latitude Lat in Delaware is about 30 degrees and half is 15 degrees Lead level off 1/2 bank angle 30 degree bank is another 15 degrees So 30 degrees prior start leveling off. "Never see North and Sail Past South"

What are the 2 most common EFIS displays?

PFD - Primary Flight Display on left for traditional 6 pack information; horizon, airspeed, altitude, vertical speed, trend, trim, and some have synthetic vision. MFD - on right for moving map, approach charts, terrain awareness warning system, weather and is redundant instrument to PFD.

What is RVSM

Reduced Vertical Separation Minimums FL290 - 410 RVSM aircraft can be separated 1000 feet. No deviation greater than 200! Non RVSM - 2000feet Climbs/Descents ... VSI should be 1000 FPM ... no less than 500 fpm and no more than 1500 fpm Note DRVSM simply means domestic for US.

TAWS

Terrain Awareness and Warning System - Relies on GPS

TCAS

Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System "last line of defense" in collision avoidance

TIS

Traffic Information Service (TIS) Ground based service using S-Mode transponder and altitude encoder. TIS sees 3500 above and below in 7 mile radius.

True of False. When the pilot adjusts the barometric scale to the local altimeter setting, the data sent to the transponder is not affected.

True - changing altimeter does not send different data to ATC

What is the Agonic line?

Where True North is Equal to Magnetic North Where the two poles are aligned There is no variation Note: the earth changes the location of the agonic line over time as it is a a spinning disk of Iron and Nickel. https://maps.ngdc.noaa.gov/viewers/historical_declination/

Describe White, Green, Blue, Yellow, and Red Arcs on ASI

White - Flap operating range; Bottom flaps down stall speed; Top max airspeed for flaps down Green - Normal operating range; Bottom flaps up stall speed; Top max speed rough air Blue - Best Rate (blue best rate) single engine Yellow - Structural warning area; Bottom max rough air; Top never exceed Red - Never exceed

What is a turn and slip indicator?

black glass ball sealed inside a curved glass tube Also called inclinometer - represents relationship between angle of bank and rate of yaw.

Mach number is:

ratio of the TAS to speed of sound Speed of sound is 589.5 knots standard atmosphere and varies with temp etc

How to correct compass errors

swing the compass on a compass rose at an airport and record the deviation that comes from installation and radios etc