ITNW 1425 Unit 3
AAAA (address) record
(called a "quad-A record")—Holds the name-to-address mapping for IPv6 addresses.
you want to display the cache entries for 192.168.1.101. Which parameter should you use with the arp command?
-a
MAC reservation/ IP reservation / DHCP reservation
An IP address that is set aside by a DHCP server for a specific network client, which is identified by its MAC address.
Public IP addresses
An IP address that is valid for use on public networks, such as the internet.
classful addressing
An IP addressing convention that adheres to network class distinctions, in a which the first 8 bits of a Class A address, the first 16 bits of a Class B address, and the first 24 bits of a Class C address are used for network information.
Link local address
Can be used for communicating with nodes in the same link and is similar to an autoconfigured APIPA address in IPv4. local address prefix is sometimes written as FE80::/64. Link local addresses are not allowed past the local link or on the Internet.
CNAME (Canonical Name) record
Holds alternative names for a host. These names can be used in place of the canonical name, which is the complete and properly formatted name, such as www.mycompany.com.
IEEE recommends the following IP address ranges for private use
10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255
IP exclusion
One or more IP addresses used for static IP assignments and excluded from the IP address pool so the server doesn't offer those IP addresses to other clients. DHCP for IPv4 servers listen at port 67 DHCPv4 clients receive responses at port 68 DHCPv6 is the version of DHCP used with IPv6 DHCP servers listen at port 546 and clients receive responses at port 547
_____ _____ number assigned by a network administrator that is different from the well-known port number for that service
Private port
A (address)
Stores the name-to-address mapping for a host. This resource record provides the primary function of DNS—to match host names to IP addresses, using IPv4 addresses.
PTR (Pointer) record
Used for reverse lookups, which provide a host name when you know its IP address. PTR records are usually created by ISPs and stored in a specially formatted reverse lookup zone file, or reverse zone.
IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6)
addresses have 128 bits and are written was right blocks of hexadecimal numbers. EX. 2001:0DB8:0D80:0000:0000:00D3:9C5A:00CC. each block congrats 16 bits.
IPv4(Internet Protocol version 4)
addresses that have 32 bits and are written as four decimal numbers called octets, EX. 92.106.50.200. Each octet, when written in binary, consists of exactly 8 bits.
Hexadecimal number
also called hex number, is a number written in the base-16 number system, which uses the 16 numerals 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A, B, C, D, E, F.
Subnet Mask
also called netmask, a 32-bit number that helps one computer find another. The 32 bits are used to indicate what portion of an IP address is the network portion, called network ID or network address, and what part is the host portion, called the host ID our now ID.
Network Layer IP address
an IP address is assigned to nearly every interface, which is a network connection made by a node on a network. an IP address can be used to find any computer in the world if the IP address is public on the internet.
Process
an instance of running a computer application or service.
Forwarding DNS server
an optional server that receives queries from local clients but doesn't work to resolve the queries.
H.323
another signaling protocol used to make a connection between hosts prior to communicating multimedia data
You suspect that the Webserver, which is located in your network and hosts multiple Internet facing Websites. The Webserver runs on Windows Server 2008. After receiving complaints from the users of Webserver occasionally being unavailable, you investigate and find that it is getting flooded with many point requests. what should you do to immediately handle this situation?
block all incoming ICMP requests
Global address
can be routed on the internet and is similar to public IPv4 addresses. Most begin with the prefix 2000::/3, the /3 indicates that the first three bits are fixed and are always 001.
Name servers
computers that hold these databases, organized in a hierarchical structure
When the host receives a request to communicate on TCP port 23, it establishes or opens a _______, which is an ongoing conversation, with the Telnet service.
session
Why do manufacturers with NIC?
so no two NICs share the same MAC address
You can permanently assign a _______ address to a device, or you can configure the device to request and receive a _____ asses from a DHCP server each time it connects to the network.
static IP; dynamic IP
A _____ is a smaller network within a larger network
subnet
Subnet ID
the 16 bits, or one block in an IPv6 address that can be used to identify a subnet on a large corporate network.
Primary DNS server
the authoritative name server for the organization, which holds the authoritative DNS database for the organization's zones.
Authoritative server
the authority on computer names and their IP addresses for computers in their domains.
Secondary DNS server
the backup authoritative name server for the organization. When a secondary DNS server needs to update its database, it makes the request to the primary server for the update; this process is called a zone transfer.
resource records
the element of a DNS database stored on a name server that contains information about TCP/IP hosts names and their addresses.
Namespace
the entire collection of computer names and their associated IP addresses stored in databases on DNS name servers around the globe.
SNAT (Static Network Address Translation or Source Network Address Translation)
the gateway assigns the same public IP address to a host each time it makes a request to access the Internet. SNAT changes the source IP addresses of outgoing messages and is used to reduce the number of public IP addresses needed by a network
extension identifier or device ID
the last 24 bits that identify the device itself
TDL (Top-level domain)
the last part of an FQDN and the highest-level category used to distinguish domain names.
ISNA (Internet Assigned Number Authority)
the organization responsible for reaching the assignments of IP addresses, port numbers, and domain names. IANA is a department of ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers)
DHCP scope or DHCP pool
the predefined range of addresses that can be leased to any network device on a particular segment
Name resolution
the process of discovering the IP address of a host when the FQDN is known
Tunneling
the process of encapsulating one type of protocol in another. Tunneling is the way in which higher-layer data is transported over VPNs by Layer 2 protocols.
Address translation
the process of substituting a private IP address used by a computers on a private network with the public IP address of a gateway device or router when these computers need access to other networks or the internet.
Ipconfig
the utility used to display and Ashley TCP/IP addressing and domain name information in Windows client operating systems.
TCP and UDP ports ensure that data is ________ to the correct _________ among multiple processes running on the computer
transmitted; process
Multicast address
Delivers packets to all nodes in the targeted, multicast group.
_____ _____ must be registered with an internet naming authority that works on behalf of ______
Domain names; ICANN
____ ____ number assigned by a client or server as the need arises
Dynamic port
PAT (Port Address Translation)
A form of address translation that assigns a separate TCP port to each ongoing conversation, or session, between a local host and an internet host.
RA (router advertisement)
A message from a router in response to a client's solicitation and provides DHCP information
Iterative query
A query that does not demand resolution. For example, when the local server issues queries to other servers, the other servers only provide information if they have it.
Class D IP addresses
Are not available for general use, begin with octets 224 through 239 and are used for multicast transmissions, in which one host sends messages to multiple hosts.
If you use the ping command to send an echo request from one host to the other, then which of the following protocols have you used?
ICMP
Private IP addresses
IP addresses that can used on a private network but not on the internet.
What are the two types of IP addresses?
IPv4 and IPv6
The ________ standards were developed to improve routing capabilities and speed of communication over the established _________standards and to allow for more public IP addresses on the internet.
IPv4; IPv4
The 64 bits are randomly generated
In this case, the IP address is called a temporary address and is never registered in DNS or used to generate global addresses for use on the Internet. The IP address changes often to help prevent hackers from discovering the computer. This is the default method used by Windows 10.
NS (name server) record
Indicates the authoritative name server for a domain. It's mostly used for delegating subdomains to other name servers.
The 64 bits are generated from the network adapter's MAC address
MAC addresses consist of 48 bits and must be converted to the 64-bit standard, called the EUI-64 (Extended Unique Identifier-64) standard. To generate the interface ID, the OS takes the 48 bits of the device's MAC address, inserts a fixed 16-bit value in the middle of the 48 bits, and inverts the value of the seventh bit.
TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol)
Most commonly used by computers (without user intervention) as they are booting up to request configuration files from another computer on the local network. TFTP uses UDP, whereas normal FTP uses TCP.
Class E IP addresses
Not available for general use, begin with 240 through 254, are reserved for research.
Two variations of NAT
SNAT and DNAT
Scope options
Specific configuration information, such as a time limit and a default gateway IP address, that is shared from a DHCP server along with an IP address assignment.
Unicast address
Specifies a single node on a network.
OUI (Organizationally Unique Identifier)
The first 24 bits of the MAC address which identifies the NICs manufacturer
Scope options
Time limit, called a lease time The default gateway's IP address The primary and secondary DNS server addresses
DNS server
servers that are responsible for tracking computer names and their IP addresses.
Resolvers
a DNS client that requests information from DNS name servers.
WSL (Windows Subsystem for Linux)
a Linux shell CLI in Windows that allows users to interact with underlying Windows functions and system files
Data Link Later MAC address
a MAC address is embedded on every NIC on the globe and is assumed to be unique to that NIC. A MAC address is 48 bits, written as six hex numbers, ex. 00:60:8C:00:54:99, nodes on a LAN find each other using their MAC addresses
Gateway
a computer, trust, it other device that a host uses to access another network. The default gateway is the fastest device that nodes on the network turn to first for access to the outside world.
CLI (Command-line interface)
a graphic-free use interface, such as command prompt application in Windows, where technicians can enter command more quickly and with more flexibility than in a GUI (graphical user interface) environment.
DNS (Domain Name System or Domain Name Service)
a hierarchical way of tracking domain names and their addresses, devised in the mid 1980s.
Socket
a logical address consisting of a host's IP address and the port of an application running on the host with a colon separating the two values.
RS (router soliciation)
a message from a client to a router requesting network configuration information
Binary number
a number written in the base-2 number system, which uses only the numerals 0 and 1
transport layer ports
a port number is a number used by the transport layer to find an application. it identifies one application among several that might be ringing in a host.
Recursive query
a query that demands a resolution or the answer "it can't be found." The local server must provide the information requested by the resolver.
Caching DNS server
a server that accesses public DNS data and caches the DNS information it collects. This server receives DNS queries from local network clients and works to resolve them by contacting other DNS servers for information.
SIP (Session Initiation Protocol)
a signaling protocol that is used to make an initial connection between hosts but that does not participate in data transfer during the session. After SIP establishes the connection, other protocols kick in.
NTP (Network Time Protocol)
a simple protocol used to synchronize clocks on computer through a network.
IPAM (IP address management)
a standalone product or application embedded in another product, that provides a way to plan, deploy, and monitor a network's IP address space.
LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol)
a standard protocol for accessing network-based directories. LDAPS (lightweight directory access protocol over SSL uses SSL to encrypt its communications)
When a network is configured to use both IPv4 and IPv6 protocols, the network is said to be ______
dual stacked (a type of network that supports both IPv4 and IPv6 traffic).
application layer FQDNs, computer names and host names
every host on a network is assigned a unique character-based name called the FQDN (fully qualified domain name). the last two parts of a hosts name are called the domain. the first part is the host name, which identifies the individual computer on the network. FTP is the host name given to an FTP server, and www is the host name assigned to a computer running a web server.
SMB (Server Message Block)
first used by earlier Window Os' for file sharing on a network. UNIX uses a version of SMB in its Samba software, which can share files with other operating systems.
Reverse zones differ from a typical __________ file, or __________, that holds A records, in that the IP addresses must be stored in reverse—with the last octet listed first—plus the domain
forward lookup zone; forward zone
DNAT or Destination Network Address Translation
hosts outside the network address a computer inside the network by a predefined public IP address. When a message sent to the public IP address reaches the router managing DNAT, the destination IP address is changed to the private IP address of the host inside the network. DNAT changes the destination IP address of incoming messages and is often used by large organizations that provide services to the internet.
Anycast address
identifies multiple destinations, with packets delivered to the closest destination.
The first part of an IP address
identifies the network, and the last part identifies the host.
The last 64 bits, or four blocks, of an IPv6 address identify the interface and are called the ___________
interface ID or interface identifier.
Port
is a number assigned to a process, such as an application or a service that can receive data.
NAT (Network address translation)
is a technique designed to conserve the number of public IP addresses needed by a network.
static IP address
is configured on the client itself so that the client never requests an IP address from DHCP in the first place.
Reserved IP address
is offered to the client by DHCP when the client requests an IP address.
A link, sometimes called the _________ is any LAN bounded by routers
local link
Broadcast domain
logically grouped network nodes that can communicate directly via broadcast transmissions.
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server
madness the dynamic distribution of IP addresses to devices on a network.
A ______ indicates the bus of an IP address that identify the larger brown, while the ________ indicates t the bus of an IP address that identify a smaller subnet within the larger network.
netmask; subnet mask
Well-known ports
range from 0 to 1023 and are assigned by IANA to widely used and well-known utilities and applications.
registered ports
range from 1024 to 49151 and can be used temporarily by processes for nonstandard assignments for increased security.
dynamic and private ports
range from 49152 to 65535 and are open for use without restriction
