Juvenile Delinquency Test 3
Which of the following is not an educational factor related to dropping out? Maintaining a grade point average just below a 2.0 Failing one course Missing 10% of instructional time in a school year The use of suspensions and transfers by school administration as the solution to troublemakers.
missing 10% of the instructional time in a school year
According to the _____________ view, ganging can provide girls with a sense of sisterhood, independence, and solidarity, as well as a chance to earn profit through illegal activities.
liberation
______________________ was terrorized by organized gangs that called themselves "Hectors," "Bugles," "Dead Boys," and other colorful names.
london
The ______ child may suffer the most from resource dilution.
middle
Cohen contends that delinquency among lower class youths is a result of their poor preparation and socialization to function in schools. According to Cohen they essentially failed to live up to:
middle-class measuring rods
What is not a common characteristic of contemporary gangs?
more concern over turf and territory
__________ are clusters of youth who outwardly seem unified, but actually have limited cohesion, impermanence, minimal consensus of norms, shifting membership, disturbed leadership, and limited definitions of membership expectations.
near groups
Which of the following best describes a blended family? nuclear families made up of two parents, their children, and grandparents nuclear families made up of two parents and their children nuclear made up of children and one single parent Correct! nuclear families that are the product of divorce and remarriage
nuclear families that are the product of divorce and remarriage
Fagan described this type of gang as being involved in few delinquent activities and little drug use other than alcohol and marijuana.
social
Policies that mandate specific consequences or punishments for delinquent acts and do not allow anyone to avoid these consequences are referred to as:
zero tolerance policies
About what percent of students report bringing a weapon to school regularly?
10
It is estimated that about _____ out of every 100 child abuse or neglect cases reaches the trial stage.
10
According to the text, about _____ percent of schools use random metal detectors.
15
In the United States today, an estimated ________ children die each year because of abuse.
1600
Less than ______ of gang members move to a new location solely in order to participate in illegal ventures or to start up a new gang branch.
20%
What percent of schools reported bullying among students on a daily or weekly basis?
25
Approximately what percentage of high school students dropout?
33%
Jazmyn is a 15-year old black Hispanic female who attends an inner-city high school in an economically disadvantaged part of town, where the completion rate is below 40%. Her GPA her first year was below 2.0 due to stress from family dysfunction and conflict. Because she has been placed in remedial classes, Jazmyn has no interest in academics and has been hanging out with older kids who engage in criminal behaviors. She recently started to act out in classes. Given the risk factors, Jazmyn will likely join approximately what percentage of high school students that dropout?
33%
Approximately, how many of American children currently live in poverty?
6 million
James' parents were married for 10 years. Currently, he lives with his divorced mom who works full-time. Approximately what percent of children live with two parents?
66%
Approximately what percent of teens today that give birth are unmarried?
90%
What statement about improving school climate and security is false? To reduce school-based crime, administrators might be better off improving the standards of the teaching staff rather than installing strict security. Tighter school security may only displace acts of violence to the community. Administrators who apply school rules evenly and increase the certainty of punishment for breaking school rule can create the multifaceted approach needed provide a safer school environment. Early identification of at-risk students and removing them from the school will assist in lowering the crime rate in the school.
Early identification of at-risk students and removing them from the school will assist in lowering the crime rate in the school.
In _________________________ (2001), the Supreme Court required an upstate New York school district to provide space for an after-school Bible club for elementary students.
Good News Club v. Milford Central School
All-American High School has experienced an increase in school violence over the past year. School administration has implemented a number of security strategies, which include searching students randomly and has, ultimately, resulted in the suspensions of some students. What Supreme Court case ruled that any time a student is to be suspended for up to 10 days, he or she is entitled to a hearing?
Goss v. Lopez
With regard to gang leadership, which statement is false? Those who assume leadership roles earned their position by demonstrating fighting prowess, verbal quickness, or athletic distinction. In some gangs, each age level has its own leaders. Older members are considered leaders by younger members. Less organized gangs are marked by diffuse and shifting leadership.
Older members are considered leaders by younger members.
Casey is a 10-year old victim of sexual abuse by a family member. His perpetrator's case will go to trial and Casey is on the witness list. What is known about the abuse-delinquency link?
Kids maltreated solely during early childhood may be less likely to engage in chronic delinquency.
What statement about childcare is false according to the text? A relative primarily cares for about 48 % of children ages 0-4 with employed mothers. Several states neither license nor monitor private providers of daycare. Like many other Western countries, the United States provides universal day care to working mothers. Children from working poor families are most likely to suffer from inadequate childcare.
Like many other Western countries, the United States provides universal day care to working mothers.
The __________ is considered by some experts to be the most dangerous gang in the United States.
MS-13
In ____________________, the Court ruled that one-way CCTV could serve as the equivalent of in court testimony and would not interfere with the defendant's right to confront witnesses.
Maryland v. Craig
All-American High School has experienced an increase in school violence over the past year. School administration has implemented a number of security strategies, which include searching students randomly and has, ultimately, resulted in the suspensions of some students. In what case did the Supreme Court hold that with regard to searches and seizures school officials are not bound by the same restrictions as law enforcement agents?
New Jersey v. T.L.O.
In what case did the Supreme Court rule that search measures used by school officials to root out contraband must be "reasonably related to the objectives of the search and not excessively intrusive in light of the age and sex of the student and the nature of the infraction?"
Safford Unified School District v. Redding
Michael is 13 years old and has both a good relationship with his parents and with close group of friends who know him well. Some of these friends have engaged in various delinquent activities. One friend, John, is rather aggressive and is liked by some in the group and not others. Michael also has a wider circle of friends from his participation in Boy Scouts and hockey. With regard to Michael's long-term behavior patterns, what is true?
The influence of his peers is more important than Michael's parents.
Which of the following statements about bullying is false? Studies of bullying suggest that there are short- and long-term consequences for both the perpetrators and the victims of bullying Studies suggest that chronically victimized students may, as adults, be at increased risk for depression, poor self-esteem, and other mental health problems Studies suggest that bullying may be a critical risk factor in the development of future problems with violence and delinquency Studies suggest that victims of bullying in early grades are less likely to be bullied later
Studies suggest that victims of bullying in early grades are less likely to be bullied later
Research by Dorn leads him to believe that:
The dropout problem is a function of inequality of educational opportunity rather than the failure of individual students.
In ________________________, the Supreme Court ruled that the due process clause of the Constitution protects against government interference with certain fundamental rights and liberty interests, including parents' fundamental right to make decisions concerning the care, custody, and control of their children.
Troxel v. Granville
Schools can drug test student athletes according to the United States Supreme Court decision in:
Vernonia School District v. Acton
In a 1992 case, _____________________, the Supreme Court ruled that the state's attorney is required neither to produce young victims at trial nor to demonstrate the reason why they were unavailable to serve as witnesses.
White v. Illinois
Of the findings by Farrington on the influence of parental deviance, which of the following is false? Schoolyard bullying may be both inter- and intra-generational. Kids whose parents go to prison are much more likely to be at risk of delinquency then children of non-incarcerated parents. A significant number of delinquent youths have criminal fathers. All are findings of the longitudinal research
all are findings of the longitudinal research
Nye established a link between parental conflict and delinquency with the finding that:
a child's perception of martial happiness was a significant predictor of delinquency
Jimmy, known as Lil' Jam to his crew, is 17 years old and has been a member of the Crips since he was 10 years old. He comes from a lower-class neighborhood and a dysfunctional family. He has participated in a number of gang-related crimes, including physically assaulting a rival gang member to gain entry into the gang and notoriety in the neighborhood. Jimmy's physical assault as part of his gang initiation is considered:
a prestige crime
Which of the following is not a correlate of school failure according to the text?
academic integration
During a _____________________, the court reviews the facts of the case, determines whether removal of the child from the home is justified, and notifies the parents of charges against them.
advisement hearing
Tom is the oldest of five children. His parents both work at low-paying, unskilled jobs. They are not home regularly and when they are verbally fight; at times, the fights escalate to physical aggression. Tom and his brothers and sisters have witnessed the violence on occasion and have also been direct victims of harsh discipline and physical abuse. If the state intervenes and prosecutes Tom's parents, what is the first step of the process?
advisement hearing
In some instances, a peer group provides the social and emotional basis for antisocial activity. When this happens:
an out-group is transformed into a social category
Casey is a 10-year old victim of sexual abuse by a family member. His perpetrator's case will go to trial and Casey is on the witness list. According to the text, sexual abuse accusations often:
are made in conjunction with martial disputes
In a 1988 case, Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier, the Court extended the right of school officials to censor active speech when it ruled that the principal could censor :
articles in a school-sponsored publication
According to the text, females are involved in gangs in three ways. Which of the following is not one of these three ways?
as back-up gangs
Julie is a 16-year old member of an independent female gang. Her family background was turbulent and she was victimized at home and in school. Since joining the gang, Julie has been able to buy clothes, an iPad, and a new car by selling drugs and turning tricks. Recently, she found out she is pregnant and decided to keep the baby. Based on the facts presented, what is the status of Julie's gang?
autonomous gang
Which of the following is not among the elements that distinguish effective and ineffective families?
father's employment
Many states use the __________________ approach to accommodate the parents' natural right to control their children and the child's right to grow up free from harm.
balancing-of-the-interests
Which of the following statements about gender-specific effects of divorce is false? Boys seem to be more affected by the post-divorce absence of the father Girls are more affected by both the quality of the mother's parenting Boys are more affected by post-divorce parental conflict Boys are less likely to become delinquent if the divorced fathers remain actively involved in their lives
boys are more affected by post-divorce parental conflict
All-American High School has experienced an increase in school violence over the past year. School administration has implemented a number of security strategies, which include searching students randomly and has, ultimately, resulted in the suspensions of some students. A number of researchers have observed that school crime is a function of the community in which the school is located. This is considered a:
community level cause
According to the text, __________________ are aggressive kids who are either highly liked or intensely disliked by their peers.
controversial status youth
Michael is 13 years old and has both a good relationship with his parents and with close group of friends who know him well. Some of these friends have engaged in various delinquent activities. One friend, John, is rather aggressive and is liked by some in the group and not others. Michael also has a wider circle of friends from his participation in Boy Scouts and hockey. Given John's propensity toward being aggressive, what might he be considered?
controversial status youth
Which of the following statements about the impact of peer relations is true?
delinquent friends cause law-abiding youth to "get in trouble"
Which of the following statements about the impact of peer relations is true? delinquent friends cause law-abiding youth to "get in trouble" youths who maintain friendships with antisocial peers are less likely to become delinquent as children move through the life course, they outgrow their antisocial friends troubled kids choose delinquent peers out of desire rather than necessity
delinquent friends cause law-abiding youth to "get in trouble"
At the ____________________, the social service agency presents its case plan, which includes visitation plans, services, or other conditions of the formal agreement.
disposition hearing
High schools with a completion rate of 40% or less are known as:
dropout factories
Jazmyn is a 15-year old black Hispanic female who attends an inner-city high school in an economically disadvantaged part of town, where the completion rate is below 40%. Her GPA her first year was below 2.0 due to stress from family dysfunction and conflict. Because she has been placed in remedial classes, Jazmyn has no interest in academics and has been hanging out with older kids who engage in criminal behaviors. She recently started to act out in classes. What category of schools does Jazmyn attend?
dropout factories
Which of the following is not about the community gang-control strategies?
ensuring that punitive sanctions target delinquent gang apparel
States have relaxed their laws of evidence to allow out-of-court statements by the child to a social worker, teacher, or police officer to be used as evidence such statements would otherwise be considered:
hearsay
What legal doctrine gives the schools the right to assume some of the duties of parents, including discipline?
in loco parentis
Klein notes that even the most criminal gang members spend the bulk of their time:
in noncriminal activities
According to Thrasher, ___________________ areas are cracks and voids in the social, political, and economic fabric of society.
interstitial
Tom is the oldest of five children. His parents both work at low-paying, unskilled jobs. They are not home regularly and when they are verbally fight; at times, the fights escalate to physical aggression. Tom and his brothers and sisters have witnessed the violence on occasion and have also been direct victims of harsh discipline and physical abuse. What statement is false with regard to family conflict? Intra-family conflict is a rare experience in many American families. A child's perception of his or her parents' marital happiness was a significant predictor of delinquency. There seems to be little difference between the behavior of children who witness intra-family violence and those who are its victims. Children in high-conflict homes are worse off than their peers in low-conflict and intact families.
intra-family conflict is a rare experience in many American families
According to the profile developed by the U.S. Secret Service, school shootings:
involve shooters with a history of being bullied
Research indicates that the social and educational atmosphere of a school:
is one of the most important predictors of levels of violence.
Which of the following statements about the psychological view of gang formation is true? kids join gangs for protection, fun, and survival gangs appeal to kids' tribal instincts gangs form because of destructive sociocultural forces in disorganized inner-city areas kids with personality problems form gangs and become leaders
kids with personality problems form gangs and become leaders
A crowd is defined as:
large hoards of youths who share common locations like schools and neighborhoods
William Julius Wilson contends that older members are still active to some degree in gangs because:
of the inability to find adequate jobs
Today about ___________ of African American children live in a two-parent household.
one-third
about 90 percent of day care providers
operate "underground"
Delinquency will be reduced if parents provide the type of structure that integrates children into families, while giving them the ability to assert their individuality and regulate their own behavior, a phenomenon referred to as __________.
parental efficacy
A ________________ gang concentrates on drug use and sales but forgoes most delinquent behavior.
party
Julie is a 16-year old member of an independent female gang. Her family background was turbulent and she was victimized at home and in school. Since joining the gang, Julie has been able to buy clothes, an iPad, and a new car by selling drugs and turning tricks. Recently, she found out she is pregnant and decided to keep the baby. Given the scenario, which of the following may not be a reason why Julie joined a gang?
peer pressure
In recent years, gang control has often been left to local police departments and has taken three basic forms. Which of the following is not one of these basic forms?
peer-gang educators
At the _____________________, the attorney for the social service agency presents an overview of the case and the evidence; matters such as admissibility of photos and written reports are settled. The attorneys can negotiate a settlement of the case, in which the parents accept a treatment plan.
pretrial conference
A clique is defined as:
small groups of friends who share activities and confidences
Which of the following is not among the research findings on the association between divorce and delinquency? Remarriage lessens the effects of divorce on youth. Post-divorce conflict between parents is related to child maladjustment. Parental divorce raises the likelihood of teenage marriage. Children growing up in families disrupted by parental death are better adjusted than children of divorce are.
remarriage lessens the effects of divorce on youth
Large families may suffer from _______________________ when resources are spread too thin.
resource dilution
_____________________ is/are periodically held to determine if the conditions of the case plan are being met.
review hearings
According to ___________________ theory, kids who engage in unstructured socializing with like-minded peers, without parental controls, will have greater opportunities to get involved in delinquent behaviors than those who receive adult monitoring and control
routine activities
Prevention of school bullying has taken many forms, what is not one of the methods? Teacher in-service training to raise awareness Discussions with individual students to identify bullies and victims Establishment of classroom rules against bullying School assemblies outing bullies
school assemblies outing bullies
Mark is white, 16-years old and has been bullied since elementary school. He has a history of feeling isolated and severe depression. He recently wrote disturbing and threatening prose in English class. What is false regarding victims of school crimes? School crime is random. Some kids are targeted. Impulsivity increased the risk of victimization. Risky behavior increases the likelihood of victimization.
school crime is random
There are three independent views on the association between school failure and delinquency; which of the following statements does not reflect one of these three views? school failure is unrelated to delinquency school failure is a direct cause of delinquent behavior school failure leads to emotional and psychological problems that are the actual cause of antisocial behavior school failure and delinquency share a common cause: social and personal problems
school failure is unrelated to delinquency
Julie is a 16-year old member of an independent female gang. Her family background was turbulent and she was victimized at home and in school. Since joining the gang, Julie has been able to buy clothes, an iPad, and a new car by selling drugs and turning tricks. Recently, she found out she is pregnant and decided to keep the baby. What might be expected when Julie gives birth?
she will drift away from the gang
Jimmy, known as Lil' Jam to his crew, is 17 years old and has been a member of the Crips since he was 10 years old. He comes from a lower-class neighborhood and a dysfunctional family. He has participated in a number of gang-related crimes, including physically assaulting a rival gang member to gain entry into the gang and notoriety in the neighborhood. What view is most appropriate as to why Jimmy joined the gang?
social disorganization
According to the ____________________ view, female members are still sexually exploited by male gang boys and are sometimes forced to exploit other females.
social injury
Which of the following best describes the most common reason for gang member migration in the United States?
social, the gang member's family moves
Which of the following is false with concern to child witnesses in the courtroom? Most states have enacted legislation allowing videotaped statements to be admissible in court. Most of the states now allow a child's testimony to be given on closed-circuit television (CCTV). Some states require that the defendant be present to directly question the child. Children in sexual abuse cases have been allowed to use anatomically correct dolls to demonstrate happenings that they cannot describe verbally.
some states require that the defendant be present to directly question the child
Which of the following statements about tracking and school failure is true? studies indicate that non-college-track students experience progressive deterioration of achievement studies indicate non-college-track students experience less academic failure studies indicate non-college-track students participate more in extracurricular activities studies indicate non-college-track students have a decreased tendency to drop out
studies indicate that non-college-track students experience progressive deterioration of achievement
What statement about the age of gang members is false? Traditionally, most members of offending groups were usually no more than a few years apart in age. Because members are staying in gangs longer than in the past, it is believed the average age of gang members has been increasing. The changing structure of the U.S. economy has allowed former gang members to leave the gang for higher paying jobs. Criminal records acquired at an early age quickly lock gang members out of the job market so that remaining in a gang becomes an economic necessity.
the changing structure of the U.S. economy has allowed former gang members to leave the gang for higher paying jobs
What statement with regard to schools is false? The school plays no role in shaping the values of children. The school itself has become an engine of social change and improvement. A single school failure often leads to a pattern of chronic failure. The school has become a primary determinant of economic and social status.
the school plays no role in shaping the values of children
co-offending is defined as
the tendency to commit delinquent acts in small groups rather than alone
Tom is the oldest of five children. His parents both work at low-paying, unskilled jobs. They are not home regularly and when they are verbally fight; at times, the fights escalate to physical aggression. Tom and his brothers and sisters have witnessed the violence on occasion and have also been direct victims of harsh discipline and physical abuse. Who in Tom's family has a higher likelihood of being a victim of abuse?
the youngest sibling
Previously impoverished inner-city districts of major cities such as New York and Chicago are now quite fashionable and expensive, devoted to finance, retail stores, high-priced condos, and entertainment. Which of the following statements best describes an aspect of this development that inhibits urban gang formation?
there are few residential areas and thus few adolescent recruits
The earliest gangs, the Wah Ching, were formed in the nineteenth century by Chinese youths affiliated with adult crime groups called:
tongs
Jazmyn is a 15-year old black Hispanic female who attends an inner-city high school in an economically disadvantaged part of town, where the completion rate is below 40%. Her GPA her first year was below 2.0 due to stress from family dysfunction and conflict. Because she has been placed in remedial classes, Jazmyn has no interest in academics and has been hanging out with older kids who engage in criminal behaviors. She recently started to act out in classes. Placement of Jazmyn in remedial classes is known as:
tracking
A school-based prevention program based on behavioral strategies is most likely to involve:
training students in techniques to resist peer pressure
Which of the following statements about child abuse and neglect is false? parents who themselves suffered abuse tend to abuse their own children isolated and alienated families tend to become abusive victimization rates are higher for older children than their younger brothers and sisters African-American children suffer child abuse rates far higher than European American children
victimization rates are higher for older children than their younger brothers and sisters
Jimmy, known as Lil' Jam to his crew, is 17 years old and has been a member of the Crips since he was 10 years old. He comes from a lower-class neighborhood and a dysfunctional family. He has participated in a number of gang-related crimes, including physically assaulting a rival gang member to gain entry into the gang and notoriety in the neighborhood. Which is not one of the unique characteristics of the racial gang provided in the scenario? the use of a nickname distinctive hairstyle fierce loyalty Correct! wearing rags
wearing rags
In Marvin Wolfgang's Philadelphia cohort study, those who were more likely to become involved in chronic delinquency:
were raised in two-parent households
