Juvenile Deviancy Test 2

State training schools usually are reserved for youths who have committed minor offenses.

False

The primary purpose of intake is to assign youths to community programs.

False

Which of the following is an assumption of the "get tough" approach?

Offenders commit crimes because of their "free will."

Much juvenile sexual behavior is concealed in the confines of family, community, and school and remains hidden.

True

Technical/rule violations are often cited as the most frequent reason for the revocation of aftercare.

True

The police have played a major role in the decline of guns use by juveniles.

True

Teen courts are used primarily for ________.

first time offenders

Which of the following is true regarding female use of drugs and alcohol?

Female and male high school seniors use alcohol and marijuana at about the same rates.

Which of the following police actions is an informal response to youthful misbehavior?

Police work with school personnel in getting truant youths back in schools.

The United States Supreme Court decided against the juvenile death penalty in which of the following cases?

Roper v. Simmons

It is imperative that juvenile facility managers make the institutional environment ________ for youths and staff.

Safe

One of the main purposes of juvenile mediation programs is to get all involved parties to resolve differences without court involvement.

True

Only a handful of states (less than 10) allow for life without parole sentences for juveniles.

True

Programs in a youthful offender system would emphasize work readiness, job training, and work experience.

True

Reeducation and development are two basic goals of training schools.

True

Religious training and instruction is almost always offered/provided in state training schools.

True

Risk/needs assessment tools are used to help identify problems that offenders might have or deficiencies that would be good to address.

True

Several studies have indicated that juvenile females are treated more harshly by the juvenile justice system than males because of their sexual history.

True

Special offense youths are youthful offenders who have substance abuse histories, the juvenile sex offender, the juvenile gang youth, and the youthful violent offenders.

True

Studies show that youths who sold large amount of drugs at an early age were more likely to carry guns than those who did not sell drugs.

True

Survey findings of juveniles serving life sentences show that they generally experience significant social and economic disadvantage in their home lives and within their communities.

True

The "reasonable efforts" doctrine calls for probation officers to provide different services and programs to his/her probation clients.

True

The challenge to improving aftercare is even greater today because of the demise of traditional treatment approaches in so many training schools across the nation.

True

The deinstitutionalization of status offenders has received increased acceptance in the past couple of decades.

True

The establishment and use of graduated sanctions is seen as one of the key strategies for effectively intervening and interrupting the cycle of re-offending. Correct!

True

The general mood regarding offender rehabilitation in the late 1970s and early 1980s was one of pessimism and discouragement (i.e., 'nothing works').

True

The majority of juveniles in the U.S. who are currently serving life without parole sentences had no prior criminal convictions before being placed in prison for life.

True

The most hostile attitudes toward police are typically those of youths with extensive histories of law-violating activities.

True

The probation officer is expected to be a treatment agent as well as an agent of social control.

True

The psychological origins of delinquency came to be more widely accepted than either the environmental or the biological origins.

True

Upcriming refers to policies, such as "zero tolerance policies," which have the effect of increasing the severity of criminal penalties associated with particular offenses, such as minor forms of fighting and school bullying.

True

Youth gang activity surged beginning in the late 1980s.

True

Youthful offender programs place much of their emphasis on providing/getting the juvenile work experience.

True

An advantage of a predisposition report is that ________.

a judge can base his or her sentence on more complete information

An intermediate system between the juveniles and adult systems may be called which of the following?

a youthful offender system

________ can be defined as reintegrative services that prepare out-of-home placed juveniles for reentry into the community by establishing the necessary collaborative arrangements with the community to ensure the delivery of prescribed services and supervision.

aftercare

The crimes of poor youths in the 1800s included:

all of the above

The factors that keep the juvenile justice system from dealing effectively with youth crimes include:

all of the above

Which of the following is/are supported by proponents of the "get tough" philosophy?

ensuring increased long-term confinement for juveniles

In the late 1700s and early 1800s, the _____ was assumed to be the primary source of youths' problems.

family

Which of the following theories examines adolescent females' sexual and physical victimization at home and the relationship between these experiences and their crimes?

feminist theory of delinquency

Which treatment modality, used first in 1950s, is based on the assumption that youths could confront their peers and force them to face the reality of their behavior more effectively than staff could?

guided group interaction

Which of the following does the victim-centered approach emphasize?

healing

When the law specifies that juveniles of a specific age are to be tried by adult court, it is an example of ________.

legislative waiver

The national epidemic of youth violence ________.

peaked in the 1990s

Which is the most widely used disposition in juvenile cases?

probation

The first reformation (or training school) was opened in:

1847

According to studies by Hammond, what percentage of youths in the justice system have a mental disorder?

70%

Which option of the intake process requires the child to agree to fulfill certain conditions in spite of the fact that he or she has not been found guilty?

Consent Decree

Which of the following were the major strategies developed by liberal reformers in juvenile justice in the 1970s?

Diversionary tactics and deinstitutionalization

According to Weimann, foster care youths are unlikely to be affected by homelessness, poverty, compromised health, unemployment, and incarcerations after they leave foster care.

False

Adolescents who have been convicted of being sex offenders are more likely to have victimized someone older than them.

False

Adult prisons present juveniles with many age-appropriate rehabilitative options.

False

Behavior therapy is based on the assumption that the foundations for criminal behavior are dysfunctional patterns of thinking.

False

Detention centers are examples of long-term facilities.

False

Esbensen and colleagues' findings showed that boys received more emotional fulfillment from their involvement with gang activity than girls do.

False

Gang involvement decreases the likelihood of victimization risk to the young women who are a part of the gang.

False

Homelessness is considered one of the least disruptive events to occur in an adolescent's life.

False

Improving program effectiveness rarely requires that program designs be based on theoretical premises.

False

In Arizona v. Gant, the Supreme Court examined whether the Fourth Amendment right against unreasonable searches and seizures applies to the school setting.

False

Juvenile boot camps are primarily geared toward the most violent offenders.

False

Juvenile facilities that are far away from the juvenile's family usually increases levels of success

False

Juveniles released from training schools are usually better prepared for community living than they were prior to their problems with the law.

False

Juveniles that may pose a threat to others are unable to be placed in therapeutic or preventive detention.

False

Longitudinal studies reveal that female delinquent careers usually begin earlier and extend longer into the adult years than males.

False

Programming for juveniles in public institutions are more varied and flexible because these institutions are free from political processes and bureaucratic inertia.

False

Research indicates that cognitive-behavior therapy approaches have little to no effect on offenders.

False

States that use indeterminate sentencing for juveniles usually have preset the time of institutional release when the youth is committed to training school.

False

Successful treatment programs put more emphasis on decreasing the involvement of juveniles in the decision-making process.

False

The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act called on states to get stricter with juveniles and place more of them in adult jails and lockups.

False

The number of gangs, as well as membership in these gangs, began to decline in the mid-1990s.

False

The research has supported the finding that D.A.R.E. has a significant impact on drug use behavior.

False

The use of mechanical restraints in detention centers in the U.S. is not a serious concern.

False

Which of the following is inaccurate regarding gender inequality and the processing of female delinquents?

Girls are less likely to be detained and and they're held for shorter periods than boys.

In which case did the Court first reason that "preponderance of evidence" is not a sufficient basis for a decision when youths are charged with acts that would be criminal if committed by adults?

In re Winship

Which of the following is true of a predisposition report?

It contains background information on defendants that helps judges make individualized decisions concerning juveniles.

________ seeking is defined "as an individual's need for varied, novel, and complex sensations and experiences and the willingness to take physical and social risks for the sake of such experience.

Sensation

Which of the following is NOT a background characteristic of a typical female juvenile offender?

She has a history of healthy relationships with her parents, especially her father.

In general terms, which of the following is TRUE of juvenile attitudes towards police?

The majority of youth have a negative attitude towards police.

A juvenile's attitude is highly related to his/her revocation status.

True

A program set up to emphasize social resistance training to help students identify pressures to use drugs would be considered life skills training.

True

According to the Philadelphia cohort study, the average number of offenses tended to decline almost uniformly as the age of delinquency onset increased (older individuals).

True

Adult gangs will often have their juvenile gang members commit violent crimes because are less likely to be treated harshly by the criminal justice system than the adults would be.

True

Behavior modification is a treatment modality in which residents receive additional privileges as they become more accepting of the institutional rules and procedures.

True

Big Brothers/Big Sisters of America is the best-known and largest mentoring program in the U.S.

True

Contemporary surveys of high school seniors reveal that the attitudes of juveniles toward the police today seem to be more positive than they were during the 1980s and 1990s.

True

Courts almost always rule that juveniles committed to training schools have a right to treatment.

True

Day treatment programs are more economical than residential placement programs.

True

Day treatment programs are those in which youths spend each day in the program and return home in the evenings.

True

Drug use among adolescents has dropped from the 1970s through today.

True

Electronic monitoring devices are capable of alerting a victim if the offender is approaching his/her residence.

True

Evidence exists that specialization is much more typical of status offenders (e.g., runaways will be more likely to only run away instead of also engaging in truancy, curfew violations, etc.).

True

Female status offenders are more likely than their male counterparts to be confined in juvenile institutions.

True

Females who opt out of violence and crime are often viewed as lesser members and may expose themselves to greater risks of victimization within their gangs.

True

Gang units are established in police departments to focus on getting rid of the gang problem and often turn to repressive measures that are of little long-term significance.

True

General Theory of Crime defines lack of self-control as the common factor underlying problem behaviors.

True

Generally speaking, recommendations on behalf of a juvenile's probation officer are usually followed by a juvenile judge.

True

Group residences or halfway houses are designed to serve between 13 to 35 youths.

True

Guided group interaction directs offenders toward resolutions through awareness of their problems.

True

In 2010, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that juveniles may not be sentenced to life in prison without parole for any crime short of homicide.

True

In some training schools, gangs control the peer culture and make it very difficult for staff to generate a positive peer culture.

True

In the case of New Jersey v. T.L.O., the Supreme Court examined whether the Fourth Amendment right against unreasonable searches and seizures applies to the school setting.

True

Intensive Aftercare Programs work on the premise that more control and

True

Juvenile facilities are divided into two categories: temporary care and correctional facilities.

True

Juveniles are even more likely to challenge the authority of the police officer when they are with peers.

True

Juveniles between the ages of twelve and fourteen experienced the highest rape victimization rate of any age group for all violent crimes.

True

Juveniles released after training are placed on aftercare (or parole status)

True

Which of the following is/are (a) philosophical assumption(s) of the parens patriae model?

a and b

Victimization studies find that:

a and c

Which of the following is/are (a) major function(s) of the juvenile court?

a and c above

The least restrictive approach argues that:

bad luck/circumstance is the only reason most juvenile offenders are caught.

Social ________ theory views crime as resulting from the breakdown of social control.

disorganization

Revocation of aftercare refers to ________.

early termination of a youth's aftercare program

Which of the following is NOT an objective of juvenile aftercare?

increasing the time of confinement

A preliminary investigation is conducted by probation officers at or during ________.

intake

Youths most likely to be assigned to outpatient psychiatric therapy are ________.

middle class youth

Which of the following is the main point of diversion programs?

minimize penetration of youthful offenders into the juvenile justice system

Procedures used during the adjudicatory hearings for juveniles today are ________.

more likely to be open to the public now than they were in the past

The reintegration philosophy assumes that the ________.

offender and the receiving community must be changed

Cohort studies have shown that ________.

one of the factors predicting who became chronic offenders was offending at an early age

The time when a juvenile begins law-violating behavior is referred to as the age of ________.

onset

When juveniles are ordered to find jobs so they can pay back victims, they are in a ________ program.

restitution

According to research, which one of the following is most important in influencing police action toward juveniles?

the seriousness of the offense

Which of the following theories states that some females are more likely than others to become involved in delinquent behavior because of their exposure to delinquent models?

social learning theory

As a condition for states to continue receiving federal funding for juvenile justice programs, the JJDP Act required that ________.

status offenders be kept separate from other offenders who were in secure detention and institutionalization, with an emphasis on keeping them out of institutions to begin with.

Youth in colonial days were:

subject to the same punishments as adults.

For an aftercare program to be successful, it should ________.

target offenders with the highest risk of recidivism

In the Eddings v. Oklahoma case, the Supreme Court held that ________.

the age of a minor is a relevant mitigating factor in considering the death penalty

What does a probation officer include in a social study report

the diagnoses and treatment plan for the youth

Ever since colonial days:

the family has been losing authority over its youth.

A reverse waiver means that ________.

the juvenile's case is sent back to the juvenile court from the adult court

What is the expected offender response to the errors in thinking approach?

to learn responsible and pro-social behavior

Privatization of services and institutions has become big business and has sparked the interests of investors from all walks of life.

true

A gradual or dramatic change that leads to reshaping of a youth's life from one state to another is called a ________ point.

turning

The most serious questions about self-report studies relate to their ________ and reliability.

validity

Which of the following best defines crossover juveniles?

youth who are known to both the child welfare and the juvenile justice systems