LS 5 Carbohydrates

Although the AI for men is 38 g/day and 25 g/day for women, the typical American diet only supplies about ____ grams of dietary fiber per day.

16 g/day

Though carbohydrates are known as the major source of fuel in the body, they also:

assist in lubricating joints hold cells together in tissues help with cell signaling

Ketosis is the condition of having a high concentration of ketone bodies in the ________

bloodstream

Ketosis occurs when the diet is low in _____

carbohydrates

What foods are among the richest natural sources of inulin and oligofructose?

chicory root, onions, garlic, leeks, legumes, asparagus, and wheat

carbohydrates

class of nutrients that is a major source of energy for the body

_____ carbohydrates have 3 or more monosaccharides bonded together

complex

oligosaccharides

complex carbohydrates comprised of 3-10 monosaccharides

____ is absorbed by facilitated diffusion

fructose

Fructose is known as?

fruit sugar levulose

Intestinal cells absorb ______ and ______ by active transport

glucose and galactose

What are some natural food sources for sucrose?

honey, carrots, maple syrup, pineapples, sugar cane, and sugar beets

Hypoglycemia may be diagnosed when the blood glucose level is _____

less than 70 mg/dL

Glucagon is released during times of _______ blood glucose levels

low

simple carbohydrates include _______, which contain only one sugar unit, and _____ which contain two sugar units bonded together.

monosaccharides disaccharides

Glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in the ______ and in the _____.

muscles liver

What are some food sources of raffinose and stachyose

onions, brussel sprouts, cabbage, broccoli, legumes, and whole grains.

Name two food additives that sweeten but provide few or no calories

sugar alcohols artificial sweeteners

The treatment for metabolic syndrome is essentially the same as the treatment for _______

type 2 diabetes

What are the important nutrients that milk and milk products provide?

vitamins, protein, and calcium

Name two potential outcomes of Hyperinsulinemia

wearing out of pancreatic beta cells too little glucose in the bloodstream

What is the order of blood glucose regulation beginning with eating a meal?

- eating a meal -elevated blood glucose -insulin released form the pancreas - blood glucose level returns to normal

What is true about monosaccharides?

- it is the simplest type of sugar - it is a chemical unit of carbohydrates

What alternative sweetener cannot be used for cooking?

aspartme

what is the major monosaccharide in the body?

glucose

________ is a condition that occurs when blood glucose level is too low to provide enough energy for cells

hypoglycemia

What are the most common oligosaccharides in foods?

raffinose and stachyose

Name food sources that are rich in starch

rice potatoes squash wheat barley oats corn beans peas yams taro cassava jicam

Name other oligosaccharides

inulin and oligofructose

What is included in the classification of carbohydrates?

simple carbohydrates complex carbohydrates

glucose

a sugar containing 6 carbons - the most important monosaccharide in the human body because it is a primary fuel for muscle and other cells.

What can be converted into glucose?

amino acids

Most dietary ____ are complex carbohydrates comprised of monosaccharides connected by bonds that human enzymes cannot digest

fibers

______ helps reduce blood glucose to normal levels because the hormone enable glucose to enter most cells.

insulin

Type 1 diabetes is linked to an autoimmune disease while type 2 diabetes is linked to:

insulin resistance

Milk and other dairy products are major food sources of _______

lactose

Name 3 disaccharides

lactose maltose sucrose

What is another name for fructose?

levulose

Sucrose is made up of which two monosaccharides?

glucose fructose

Which two monosaccharides are components of the milk sugar lactose?

glucose galactose

Glucagon stimulates lipolysis; which means the breakdown of ____; or "lipo"

fat

Which component is often missing from refined grain products?

bran seed

Added sugars are incorporated into foods during processing to:

contribute flavor increase tenderness of food inhibit the growth of mold

Which type of diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and often associated with obesity?

type 2

monosaccharide

the simplest type of sugar is the basic chemical unit of carbohydrates

If you are trying to lose weight, it may be helpful to add more high-_____ foods to your diet because these foods tend to be more filling resulting in satiety

fiber

What increases blood glucose?

glucagon

Glycogen is comprised of many ______ unites bonded together

glucose

What areas of the body can be permanently damaged by uncontrolled diabetes?

heart kidneys eyes poor blood circulation

Carbohydrates are made of ______

oxygen hydrogen carbon

Diabetes is characterized by abnormal metabolism of

protein glucose fat

The primary function of glycogen is to

store glucose in the body

The 3 most important dietary monosaccharides are:

glucose, fructose, and galactose

What ethnicities are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes?

Hispanic, Native American, Asian, African, or Pacific Islander

What does the term starch mean?

a carbohydrate made of multiple units of glucose attached togehter in a form the body can digest

Cells require a steady supply of energy which is largely provided by _______

carbohydrates

Which monosaccharide is commonly found as a component in fruit?

fructose

_______ has two glucose molecules bonded together

maltose

In which part of the GI tract does absorption of carbohydrates begin?

small intestine

Glucose, fructose, and galactose are sugars commonly found in what kinds of foods?

table sugar, fruit, and cow's milk

fructose

the same chemical formula as glucose - naturally found in fruit, honey, and a few vegetables, particularly cabbage, green beans, and asparagus

The RDA for carbohydrate is _____

130 grams/day

Why is high-fructose corn syrup such a commonly used food additive?

-fructose is sweeter than glucose - corn is readily available in the US

What are signs of metabolic syndrome?

-large waist circumference 35 inches (women) - chronically elevated blood pressure (hypertension) - chronically elevated blood fats (triglycerides > 150 mg/dl) - low fasting high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL cholesterol) - High fasting blood glucose

According to the Food and Nutrition Board, carbohydrates should provide ____-___ of total calories in diet

45%-65%

Aproximately ____ million Americans have metabolic syndrome.

47 million

According to the ADA, people with diabetes should try to maintain HbA1c levels below _____

5.7%

The standard to which the glycemic index compares all foods to is

50 g of digestible carbohydrates

Individuals with metabolic syndrome are at increased risk for developing:

cardiovascular disease type 2 diabetes

Aspartame is an alternative sweetener made of two _____ _______ and _______

amino acids methanol

People with phenylketonuria (PKU) should avoid the artificial ________ sweetener aspartame because of its high phenylanlanine content

aspartame

Which conditions are linked to an excessive total calorie intake?

diabetes and obesity

_______ _______ is a serious chronic disease characterized by abnormal glucose, fat, and protein metabolism

diabetes mellitus

______ fiber usually forms a semisolid mass in the intestinal tract that is quickly fermented by bacteria.

soluble

Starch is composed of what?

amylose amylopectin

substances added to food that sweeten the item while providing few or no calories are known as

alternative sweeteners

In metabolic syndrome, what may be elevated?

blood pressure fasting glucose triglycerides