lyons chapter 17

Which two groups share the most derived characters?

echinoderms and chordates

phylogenetic species concept limitation and benefits

limiation-evolutionary histories are not known for all species benefit- accounts for extinct species and considers molecualr data

typological species concept limitation and benefit

limitation-alleles produce a wide variety of features within a spcies benefit: descriptions of types of specimens provide detailed records of physical characteristics of many organisms

biological species concept limitation and benefit

limitation-some organisms, such as wolves and dogs that are different species, interbreed occasionally, it does not account for extinct species benefit:the working definition applies in most cases, so it is still used frequently

Which species concept defines a species in terms of patterns of ancestry and descent?

phylogenic species concept

Which group of dissimilar organisms were placed into the same kingdom partly because they don't fit into any other kingdoms?

protists

For which organism would it be best for scientists to use the scientific name rather than the common name?

sea horse

Which branch of biology combines taxonomy with paleontology, molecular biology and comparative anatomy?

systematics

Determine which scientific specialist studies classifications and identifies new species.

systematist

What is the term for a named group of organisms?

taxon

Which was the first formal system of organizing organisms according to a set of criteria?

taxonomy

how were plants and animals classifies in Aristotle's system

- Animals were classified according to the presence or absence of "red blood." -Animals were further grouped according to their habitats and morphology. -Plants were classified by average size and structure as trees, shrubs, or herbs.

classification

- Biologists use a system of classification to organize information about the diversity of living things.

humans names for each taxonomic group

--domain- eukaryia - Kingdom: Animalia -Phylum: Chordata. Animals with a spinal cord. -Class: Mammalia. -Order: Primates. -Family: Hominidae. -Genus: Homo. -Species: Homo sapiens.

Family

-A family is the next higher taxon, consisting of similar, related genera.

Kingdom Fungi

-A fungus is a unicellular or multicellular eukaryote that absorbs nutrients from organic materials in its environment. -Members of Kingdom Fungi are heterotrophic, lack motility, and have cell walls.

Species and Genus

-A named group of organisms is called a taxa. -A genus (plural, genera) is a group of species that are closely related and share a common ancestor.

Viruses—An Exception

-A virus is a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat. -Viruses do not possess cells, nor are they cells, and are not considered to be living. -Because they are nonliving, they usually are not placed in the biological classification system.

Kingdom Animalia

-All animals are heterotrophic, multicellular eukaryotes. -Animal organs often are organized into complex organ systems. -They live in the water, on land, and in the air.

Domain Eukarya

-All eukaryotes are classified in Domain Eukarya. -Domain Eukarya contains Kingdom Protista, Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Plantae, and Kingdom Animalia.

Domain Archaea

-Archaea are thought to be more ancient than bacteria and yet more closely related to our eukaryote ancestors. -Archaea are diverse in shape and nutrition requirements. -They are called extremophiles because they can live in extreme environments.

Typological Species Concept

-Aristotle and Linnaeus thought of each species as a distinctly different group of organisms based on physical similarities. -Based on the idea that species are unchanging, distinct, and natural types.

Phylogenetic Reconstruction

-Cladistics reconstructs phylogenies based on shared characters. -Scientists consider two main types of characters when doing cladistic analysis. -An ancestral character is found within the entire line of descent of a group of organisms. -Derived characters are present members of one group of the line but not in the common ancestor.

Birds and Dinosaurs

-Compare birds and dinosaurs: ---Hollow bones ---Theropods have leg, wrist, hip, and shoulder structures similar to birds. ---Some theropods may have had feathers.

Domain Bacteria

-Eubacteria are prokaryotes whose cell walls contain peptidoglycan. -Eubacteria are a diverse group that can survive in many different environments.

Binomial Nomenclature

-Linnaeus's method of naming organisms, called binomial nomenclature, gives each species a scientific name with two parts. -The first part is the genus name, and the second part is the specific epithet, or specific name, that identifies the species. -Biologists use scientific names for species because common names vary in their use.

Linnaeus's System

-Linnaeus's system of classification was the first formal system of taxonomy.

Kingdom Plantae

-Members of Kingdom Plantae form the base of all terrestrial habitats. -All plants are multicellular and have cell walls composed of cellulose. -Most plants are autotrophs, but some are heterotrophic.

Aristotle's System of Classification

-More than 2000 years ago, Aristotle developed the first widely accepted system of biological classification. -Aristotle classified organisms as either animals or plants.

Phylogenic Species Concept

-Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a species. -The phylogenic species concept defines a species as a cluster of organisms that is distinct from other clusters and shows evidence of a pattern of ancestry and descent.

Kingdom Protista

-Protists are eukaryotic organisms that can be unicellular, colonial, or multicellular. -Protists are classified into three different groups—plantlike, animal-like, and funguslike.

Biochemical Characters

-Scientists use biochemical characters, such as amino acids and nucleotides, to help them determine evolutionary relationships among species. -DNA and RNA analyses are powerful tools for reconstructing phylogenies. -The similar appearance of chromosomes among chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans suggests a shared ancestry.

Molecular Clocks

-Scientists use molecular clocks to compare the DNA sequences or amino acid sequences of genes that are shared by different species. -The differences between the genes indicate the presence of mutations. -The more mutations that have accumulated, the more time that has passed since divergence.

Morphological Characters

-Shared morphological characters suggest that species are related closely and evolved from a recent common ancestor. -Analogous characters are those that have the same function but different underlying construction. -Homologous characters might perform different functions, but show an anatomical similarity inherited from a common ancestor.

Biological Species Concept

-The biological species concept defines a species as a group of organisms that is able to interbreed and produce fertile offspring in a natural setting.

When writing a scientific name, scientists use these rules:

-The first letter of the genus name always is capitalized, but the rest of the genus name and all letters of the specific epithet are lowercase. -If a scientific name is written in a printed book or magazine, it should be italicized. -When a scientific name is written by hand, both parts of the name should be underlined. -After the scientific name has been written completely, the genus name will be abbreviated to the first letter in later appearances (e.g., C. cardinalis).

6 kingdoms

-The six kingdoms are Bacteria, Archaea, Protists, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.

Taxonomic Categories

-The taxonomic categories used by scientists are part of a nested-hierarchal system. -Each category is contained within another, and they are arranged from broadest to most specific.

3 domains

-The three domains are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

Characters

-To classify a species, scientists construct patterns of descent by using characters. -Characters can be morphological or biochemical.

The Rate of Mutation is Affected

-Type of mutation -Where the mutation is in the genome -Type of protein that the mutation affects -Population in which the mutation occurs

ecological species concept

-a concept of species in which a species is a set of organisms adapted to a particular set of resources, called a niche, in the environment. - Example Grizzly bears, Ursus arctos, mate on land, and the polar bear, Ursus maritimus, mate in water. Because they have different habitats, they are also considered different ecological species. -In ecology, the term "niche" describes the role an organism plays in a communit

class

A class contains related orders.

phylum or division

A phylum or division contains related classes.

order

An order contains related families.

Which kingdom contains heterotrophic, multicellular eukaryotes?

Animalia

Which task will require collaboration among systematists, molecular biologists, earth scientists and computer scientists?

Constructing a comprehensive tree of life.

order of taxonomic groups

Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order, Family Genus Species

Which is not one of the three domains?

Fungi

Which was a limitation of Linnaeus' system of classification?

It did not include evolutionary relationships.

bear names for each taxonomic group

Kingdom: Animalia. Phylum: Chordata. Class: Mammalia. Order: Carnivora. Family: Ursidae (bears) Genus: Ursus. Species: Ursus arctos (Brown Bear, Grizzly Bears)

cat names for each taxonomic group

Kingdom:Animalia Phylum:Chordata Class:Mammalia Order:Carnivora Family:Felidae Genus:Felis Species: F. catus

Grouping Species- start of lesson 3

The broadest category in the classification used by most biologists is the domain. The most widely used biological classification system has six kingdoms and three domains.

domain

The domain is the broadest of all the taxa and contains one or more kingdoms

Cladograms

The greater the number of derived characters shared by groups, the more recently the groups share a common ancestor.

kingdom

The taxon of related phyla or divisions is a kingdom.

Which is a characteristic of the species classified in Domain Archaea?

They are extremophiles.

Why aren't mushrooms classified as plants?

They are heterotrophs.

Which inherited features are not used by scientists to construct patterns of evolutionary descent?

analogous characters

3 types of protists

animal-like, plant-like, fungus-like

The five-kingdom classification system had to be changed to a three-domain, six-kingdom system because of the discovery of _______.

archaebacteria

On what characteristics did Linnaeus base his system of classification?

behavior and habitat

Llamas and Alpacas are classified as different species, yet they can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. For which species concept does this represent a limitation?

biological species concept

Which cell wall material distinguishes all of the organisms in Kingdom Plantae?

cellulose