MCAT: Organic Chemistry: Nomenclature

Lakukan tugas rumah & ujian kamu dengan baik sekarang menggunakan Quizwiz!

Carbonyl

C=O

Carboxylic acid derivatives:

Esters, amides, anhydrides

Alcohols are often named by their common names

Ex: ethanol = ethly alcohol; isopropyl alcohol = 2-propanol

Name this structure

Hept-6-en-1-ol

Propanal is referred to by its common name,

Propionaldehyde

Functional group priority

(Oxidized C -> higher priority) - alkenes and alkanes are tied, except in a ring, where alkenes have higher priority

Carboxylic acids

- COOH (carbonyl (C=O) + hydroxyl (-OH) - terminal functional groups ALWAYS on C1 - highest priority functional group - replace -e with -oic acid

naming relative to carbonyl group

- alpha carbons are adjacent to carbonyl carbon - successively distant carbons are beta, gamma, and delta carbons (ABGD)

Anhydrides

- carboxylic acid derivative - 2 carboxylic acid - 1 H20 - looks like a very excited party guy - named by replacing "acid" with "anhydride" if symmetrical - if asymmetrical, both carboxylic acids are named before "anhydride"

Amides

- carboxylic acid derivative in which -OH is replaced by N - -e is replaced with -amide - N- indicates substituents attached to N atom

Esters

- carboxylic acid derivative in which -OH is replaced with -OR (alkoxy group) (at least one alkyl on O) First name: alkyl hanging off of single bound O of ester, distal to the C=O Last name: parent acid name with -oate at the end (instead of -oic acid); C of carbonyl is included

-yne

triple bond

Form- prefix

Prefix shared by common names of methanoic acid (formic acid) (carboxylic acid) and methanal (formaldehyde) (aldehyde) - basically means meth i think

n-propyl

"Normal" straight chain alkane

Ketone

- numbered - carbonyl group not on the end - replace -e with -one - use oxo- if not highest priority (sometimes keto-) Above alcohol, below ketone

Acetone

- smallest ketone - acet-, like eth-, refers to 2 carbons, even though this compound has three carbons

t-butyl (tert-butyl)

-C(CH3)3

Steps to IUPAC nomenclature

1. Find longest carbon chain containing highest priority functional group. 2. Number the chain such that the HP functional group (gives suffix) has the smallest possible number. 3. Name substituents with a prefix and their number (add di-, tri-,... for multiples) 4. Alphabetize the prefixes and separate number and words with commas/hyphens

Name this structure

3-methyl-2-oxopentanoic acid

Ethanal is referred to by its common name,

Acetaldehyde

Leaving group

Atoms that can dissociate to form a stable species after accepting electron pairs.

Acetyl

COCH3 Ketone specifically 1 C away from the end Acet = carbons

Aldehyde

Carbonyl at end of chain (chain-terminating) - usually on C1, so don't need 1- - replace -e with -al - aldehydes and ketones do not have any leaving groups connected to carbonyl carbon - use oxo- if not highest priority Above ketone and alcohol

Phen- prefix

Derived from benzene

-ene

Double bond

Methanal is referred to by its common name,

Formaldehyde

Vicinial diols

Hydroxyl (OH-) groups on adjacent C's

germinal diols

Hydroxyl (OH-) groups on the same C - aka hydrates - uncommon because they spontaneously dehydrate (expel an H2O molecule) and produce carbonyls (C=O)

Know common and IUPAC name

IUPAC: ethanoic acid Common: acetic acid

Know common and IUPAC name

IUPAC: methanoic acid Common name: formic acid

Alcohol Naming

If highest functional group, replace -e with -ol (usually the case) If not highest functional group, hydrox-

Formic acid is a common name for

Methanoic acid (carboxylic acid)

Methyl formate is the common name for

Methyl methanoate (ester)

Are di-, tri-, tetra-, etc. used in alphabetization?

No

Are hyphenated prefixes like n- and tert- included in alohabetization? (Ex: n-propyl, tert-butyl)

No

Carboxyl

O=C-OH ox = OH

Are nonhyphenated roots like iso, neo, and cyclo included in alphabetization?

Yes

diols/glycols

alcohols with two hydroxyl groups Ex: ethane-1,2-diol (aka 1,2-ethanediol; common name: ethylene glycol)

Acetic anhydride is the common name for

ethanoic anhydride (anhydride)

carbon chain substituents

suffix -yl


Set pelajaran terkait

FP2 / Marriage, Separation, and Divorce

View Set

Physics Study Guide (Scientific Notation, Metric Conversion, & Dimensional Analysis)

View Set

BLS - Lesson 5: Obstructed Airway

View Set

Realism, Regionalism, and Naturalism American Literature

View Set

Chapter 35 Lifting and Moving Patients

View Set

Pharm Exam B, Pharm 2019 A, Pharmacology ATI Proctored NEW, ATI Pharmacology Test 1

View Set