Mid Term
Pure Tones Noise Bands
(Estimating the Frequency of Sound) According to this exercise, _ (type of signal) is/are more useful in equipment testing and measurement, whereas _ (type of signal) is/are more useful in acoustic testing and measurement.
Comes from left then widening out to the right
.5ms-30ms delay on right
phantom center
0ms delay on right
Doubling, phasing, flanging
1-35ms
alters amount of boost/cut based on amplitude of signal (rather than fixed change)
Briefly describe how a 'dynamic EQ' differs from a traditional EQ (like those we have been discussing in class).
emulate VU meters in a digital system 8. give better impression of perceived loudness
Match the following characteristics to RMS meter
similar in response to the human ear 2. good for continuous duration sounds (i.e. music) 3. does NOT register 'peaks' or 'transients'
Match the following characteristics to VU meter
API has a proportional Q Massive has steep slope
List TWO characteristics that were ascribed in the EQ-IQ 'Parameters' video to specific analog equalizers, e.g. API 550, Massive Passive, etc.
affect the time relationship of signals 'change' the acoustic environment
Primary Function of Temporal Processor
change 'timbre' of the sound affects the frequency/amplitude response pattern
Primary Function of spectral Processor
Sample peak meters
Prior to PT12, typical DAW metering used:
120dB
Typical Dynamic range
display the measured level in an objective manner b. show specific audio characteristics
The function or purpose of audio metering is to (select ALL that apply):
harmonics
Whole number multiples only
Talkbox
add a voice-like resonance
Fit
affect a better blend
Feature
alter for creative reasons
mix
balances of the amount of processed signal
20-50ms
chorus, doubling ms
0-20ms
comb filtering, flanging ms
Pultec EQP-1
combined effect of controls (i.e. may boost & cut simultaneously)
analog
continuous functioning and frequency domain
Modulation
controls the rate of the 'wah' frequency sweep up & down
Fundamental
lowest frequency present in a musical tone
digital
operate on discrete data and time domain
Fix
overcome deficiencies
Timbre
relative intensities that are key to an instruments sound
Filter
selects type of filter (HP/BP/LP)
Pedal Min/Max Frequency
sets the limits of the 'wah' filter's frequency sweep
Manley Massive Passive
small 'bump' just ahead of the corner frequency
Continuous/broadband
white noise, pink noise, rumble, hiss
Intermodulation distortion
energy at frequencies related to sum & difference components
Continuous/Tonal
feedback, hum, buzz
Kill EQ
filters out low, mid, high broadband frequency range
Enhancer
generates harmonics
Noise
hiss, rumble (HVAC), wind, etc.
Continuous Discrete
'Analog' spectral processors operate as _ functioning devices in the frequency domain, while 'digital spectral processors operate on _ data in the time domain.
High shelf EQ
'dull' sounding vocals solution
soft clipping
'gentle' change at maximum output
50-150ms
'slap' or 'bounce' echo
Discrete or ping pong
150-400ms
Delayed repetition (break) (temporal fusion)
35ms delay on right
"slap or bounce" echo
50-150ms
Debuzzer
50/60 Hz + harmonics line frequency noise
Frequency Time Amplitude
A 'spectrogram' allows simultaneous visualization of 1 (vertical axis), 2 (horizontal axis), and 3 (color intensity).
Parametric George Massenburg Continuous Center Frequency
A unique spectral processing device, called 1 EQ, was proposed in an AES paper in 1972 by inventor 2 . It allowed for 3 control of 4 , gain, and bandwidth.
Boost Search Set
According to Alex Case, the conventional procedure for using an equalizer has the following three steps (in sequence):_, _. and _.
According to Case's video, reverb adds spectral content to an audio signal by emphasizing the frequencies where it resonants longer and it contributes to the timbre of the instrument. Each different reverb has their own unique spectral qualities. Reverb can add spectral content to an audio signal by adding an upward tilt to the frequency response.
According to Case's video, how does 'reverb' add spectral content to an audio signal?
Strategies and recipes
Alex Case reminds us to create 1, NOT 2 in order to properly adjust spectral content.
overtones
All other frequencies
Octave Frequency
Audio 'noise' may include pink noise which is equal energy per _, and white noise which is equal energy per _.
MS times 60 / BPM = 60,000/BPM
Calculation for slap delay is
high level on the signal peaks
Distortion
RMS
Emulates VU meteres
perceptual EQ
In EQ- IQ, Alex Case refers to the 'VOLUME CONTROL' as a(n):
using a different DAW e. changing bit depth of recorded files f. changing from smaller to larger control room monitors
In EQ-IQ, Alex Case suggested that there are many methods that may be used to effect spectral content in recording or mixing WITHOUT using 'EQ'. Select from this list those that would LEAST likely do this. **select ALL that apply**
+4dBu
In a standardized digital system, -18 dBFS is equivalent to:
Templates Landmarks
In the final EQ-IQ videos, Alex Case recommends that you develop '1' for each instrument that represent the 'spectral '2' of each instrument.
Computer
In this 'typical hydrid system' used in recording and mixing, which device(s) would be LEAST likely to contribute to the overall system 'noise' level?
displays a 'peak' then holds for period of time 5. good for evaluating peaks to avoid overload 6. poor for monitoring continuous duration sounds (i.e. music)
Match the following characteristics to PPM meter
Impulsive - broadband Kick/snare
Musical sounds that are '1' create '2' energy. Examples include instruments such as '3' and '4'.
30Hz-4000Hz
Not all frequencies are present in all genres of music. The range of the acoustic piano represents the 'fundamentals' of most instruments, which include the frequencies from approx. _ Hz to _ Hz.
Proximity Effect
ONE 'sonic issue' that may be improved by using 'FILTERS' (according to Alex Case in EQ-IQ FIX) is _ .
around 3K
Our peak listening response is
change the acoustic envelope affect the dynamic rang
Primary Function of Dynamic Processor
Dynamic range
Range between noise floor and clipping point
Signal to noise ratio
Range between noise floor and reference point
peaking EQ
Sibilance solution
Fundamentals and harmonics
Spectral processors' affect the balance between the _ and _, which together make up the 'timbre' of the instrument.
Minimum Linear
The 'phase response' of a spectral processor will affect the sonic character of the signal passed through it. Analog spectral processors are always _ phase type, while digital spectral processors may be _ phase unless they are modeled to be like analog processors.
Human voice muted
The 'wah wah' pedal creates a distinctive effect, which it supposed to mimic the _, and was originally intended to imitate the sound produced by a _ trumpet.
Corner/turnover frequency and slope
The TWO adjustable controls on a typical FILTER (hardware or plug-in) are shown on the figure below.
+4dBu
The '0' on an analog VU meter equals a signal level of:
96
The 'dynamic range' possible using a 16 bit digital system is
Wave analyzer Critical Band
The human auditory system acts as a '_' (fill-in two words). Using it, we can "hear out' the harmonics of a complex sound until we reach the point where two of these are within the _ (fill-in two words), which is about 15-20 % of the frequency being considered.
Center Frequency
The inner workings of the 'wah wah pedal' are fairly simple. The foot pedal controls the _ of a bell curve EQ or pass filter with a gain boost.
Instrument Selection Correct. and Microphone Selection / Placement Incorrect.
There are many ways to affect 'spectral content' in a recording without using 'EQ'. Two of the variables are
Fix Fit Feature
There are three basic 'uses' for which spectral processing can be applied in music recording/mixing. These are (in order as we discussed them in class) _, _, and _.
Digital Delay Digital Delay pedal
Uses a buffer to hold a signal for a set amount of time example is
Analog Delay Tape delay
Uses physical means to hold back a signal for a set amount of time example is
Effects Loop
Using aux sends and return tracks, this method allows you to use a single reverb for multiple tracks in your DAW
As level of 'distraction' increases, so does the range of frequencies increase (upward spread effect), resulting in loud low frequency events (bass/kick) 'masking' mid-frequency events (vocal).
What are the implications for use of EQ in music mixing presented in this chart (titled 'Masking as a Function of Amplitude') and class discussion (EQ-IQ:Fit)?
Our hearing threshold changes in the presence of 'distracting tones', and these 'distracting tones' will mask nearby frequencies.
What are the implications for use of EQ in music mixing presented in this chart (titled 'Masking as a Function of Frequency') and class discussion (EQ-IQ:Fit)?
analog, tape delay ; digital, plug-ins
______ delay (e.g. _______ ) uses a physical means to 'hold back' a signal, whereas ______ delay (e.g. _______ ) uses a buffer to 'hold back' a signal.
Denoiser
analog tape hiss or similar
Low pass filter
analog tape noise (hiss) solution
Noise
anything that is NOT part of the intended signal
Vintage EQ
applies a modulating, resonant filter
150 - 400 ms
discrete or 'ping pong' echo
0-5ms
image effects delay time
Distortion
particular artifact that is correlated with the signal
High pass filter
plosives/proximity effect solution
Declicker
pops & tics on 'records'
API 550b
proportional Q (BW)
Impulsive
tics, pop, clicks, crackles