Ocean water test

Isothermal

(Means equal heat) surface is already very cold. No thermocline.

Pycnocline

( means density slope) The rapid change in density that occurs between 300 and 1000 meters.

Temperature varies by latitude because in higher latitudes there is less solar radiation warming the water. In low latitude zones the water receives a lot of solar radiation towards the top so it gets warmer but cold towards the bottom. Salinity varies by latitude because

Be able to explain the graph in figure 3. Why does temperature vary by latitude? Why does salinity vary by latitude

AVAILABLE SUNLIGHT The photic zone is the area where sunlight reaches and the aphotic zone is the bottom and the area where sunlight can't reach. The euphotic zone is the zone at the very top of the photic zone. In photic and euphotic zones there are sunlit surface water and it has neighbors sunlight to support photosynthesis. In the aphotic zone there is no sunlight; many organisms have bioluminescent capabilities here. DISTANCE FROM SHORE The intertidal zone is a narrow strip of land between high and low tides; dynamic area. The Neritic zone is above the continental shelf; high biomass and diversity of species. The ocean zone (Bathyal Abyssal) is the open ocean beyond the shelf break; low nutrient concentrations. DEPTH Pelagic zone is the. One all water above the ocean floor; organisms swim or float here The benthic zone is the bottom of the ocean; organisms attach to, burrow into, or crawl on seafloor. The Abyssal zone is the deep sea bottom; dark, cold, high pressure; sparse life

Be able to label and describe marine zones based on A. Availability of light (photic vs euphotic) B. Distance from shore (intertidal, neritic, oceanic) C. Water depth (pelagic, benthic, abyssal)

Ocean density at low latitudes is when in low latitudes the density increases rapidly until 1000 meters. There is pycnocline in low latitudes which means the rapid in density. High latitudes the density stays same the whole way down because it is the same temperature all the way down. No pycnocline.

Compare density of ocean water at low latitudes and high latitudes.

Productivity in Polar Oceans Solar energy limits photosynthetic productivity. Dark for three months in winter. Continuous daylight for three months in the summer. Productivity in Tropical Oceans Permanent thermocline limits mixing of surface water and nutrient dense deep water. Productivity is limited by lack of nutrients Productivity in Temperate Oceans Oceans at mid latitudes Productivity is limited by a combination of limited solar radiation and a lack of nutrients that is dependent on the season.

Describe the primary limitation to productivity in polar oceans, tropical oceans and temperate oceans.

A food web is a series of interconnected food chains showing all feeding relationships. A foodchsin is a sequence of organisms through which energy is transferred. Always being with a producer.

Differentiate beteeen a food chain and a food web. Is the transfer of energy between trophies level efficient or inefficient.

Plankton are floaters and are organism that fright with the ocean. They are capable of photosynthesis and some examples are diatoms. They are the base of ocean food chains. There are also zooplankton which are animal plankton. Nekton are swimmers and are organism capable of moving independently of the ocean current by swimming or other means of propulsion. Ex fish. Benthos are bottom dwellers and are organisms living on or in the ocean bottom. Ex sea urchins and sea stars.

Differentiate between and give an example of plankton, nekton, and benthos.

Marine producers can make their own energy. Marine consumers have to get their own energy. Some marine produces are phytoplankton and bacteria and larger algae like seaweed. Some marine consumers are crabs, clams, fish, whales, etc.

Differentiate between marine produces and consumers and give examples of both

Photosynthesis is the use of light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into energy rich glucose. Limited by availability of nutriréis like nitrogen, phosphorous, and iron and amount of sun or solar radiation. Chemosynthesis is the creation of organic molecules from inorganic nutrients using Chemical energy.

Differentiate between photosynthesis and chemosynthesis. ( two types of primary productivity )

Temperature varies by altitude because in higher latitudes the water doesn't get as much solar radiation which causes the water to be the same temperature all the way down. In high latitudes there is no thermocline. The water is the same temperature all the way down and it is just above freezing and doesn't change. In high latitude area the temperature declines with depth. Suns rays cannot penetrate beyond 1000 meters where temperature stabilizes just above freezing. This is called thermocline when there is a rapid change in temperature with depth.

Explain ocean temperature variation at low latitudes and high latitudes (figure 4)

Marine organisms are classified according to where they live and how they move.

How are marine organisms classified.

Density affects the position of the water because the really dense cold water sits on the bottom but the warm less heavy water sits on top.

How does density affect the position of water in the ocean

Density

Mass per unit volume or how heavy something is for its size

Three of the layers of the ocean are the surface zone, the transition zone, and the deep zone. The surface zone is a shallow surface mixed zone. It is 2% of the ocean water. Wamrsry eigh nearly uniform temperature. Good mixing by waves, currents, and tides. The transition zone is 18% of the ocean water and the temperature here declines abruptly. There is thermocline and pycnocline. The deep zone is 80% of the ocean water and the temperature is only a few degrees above freezing. This is high density water.

Name and drescribe and be able to label the three layers of the ocean when they are separated based on water density. Why doesn't this model apply to oceans at high latitudes like the arctic.

Adding water to seawater causes decreases in salinity. From examples of how water is added to the seawater are precipitation, runoff from land, icebergs melting, and sea ice melting. Removing water causes an increase in salinity. Some examples of removing water are evaporation and formation of sea ice.

Name the effect of and causes of added and removed water to salinity of the ocean.

Two major sources of sea salts are chemical weathering of rocks or continents and from earths interior through volcanic eruptions.

Name the two major sources of sea salts

Two factors that affect seawater density are increasing and decreasing salinity. Cold water and high salinity makes the densest water.

Name two factors that affect seawater density. What combination of these two factors produces the highest density ocean water in the world.

Thermocline

Rapid change in temperature with depth

Salinity

Total amount of solid material dissolved in water.

A hydrothermal vent is a vent located on the mid ocean ridge which spews out hot, mineral rich, black water. Cracks in the seafooor where seawater seeps in. It is superheated and saturated with minerals then sent back out through geysers known as a black smoker. I think they are called black smokers because they put out hot black water that looks like black smoke.

What is a hydrothermal vent. Why do you think they are called black smokers.

Bioluminesce is when light is produces through a chemical reaction that oxidizes a protein called Luciferin. It is used by animals in the deep dark sea. They use it attract prey, see in the dark, attract mates, and scare away predators.

What is bioluminescence. Why do so many deep ocean organisms utilize it.

Phytoplankton is the basis of ocean food chains.

What is the basis of the food chain for the majority of ocean organisms.

Phytoplanton are capable of photosynthesis and are plant cells. Zooplankton are animal plankton and some examples are larva of fish and crabs. Some examples of phytoplankton are diatoms.

What is the difference between phytoplankton and zooplankton.

3.5% is dissolved salts. The percentage of salts is expressed by oceanographers as 35 0/00 or 35 parts per thousand. The predominant salt in seawater is Sodium Chloride or NACL or common table salt.

What percentage of seawater is dissolved "salts"? How is the percentage of salts expressed by oceanographers? What is the predominant salt in seawater?

I think that so many new species of the ocean are still being discovered because you have to travel very far down to discover them and that is very very hard to do. You need expensive and very good technology to do it and you might not get much in one trip so it will take time.

Why do you think that so many new species are still being discovered in the ocean?

Primary productivity

production of organic compounds from inorganic substances.