OWare- Earth And Space Science 4. Forces And Features Of Earth

Topographic maps are used to:

examine physical land features

You can tell what type of rock is in an area and its age range by reviewing the area's color and _____ and comparing it to information given in the legend.

letters

The three main parts of a volcano are _____.

magma chamber central vent crater

Normal faults that come in pairs usually display the geological feature of _____.

horsts and grabens

The cliff-like structure created from a normal fault is called a _____.

scarp

1. Volcano is emitting gases. 2. Small tremors are occurring. 3. The ground by a volcano is moving upward.

1. COSPEC 2. seismograph 3. tiltmeter

What is the elevation of hachure line A?

N/A

If you see a very tall, rock feature that looks like a jagged, rectangular block sticking out of the ground, you're probably observing a _____.

volcanic neck

1. basaltic 2. andesitic 3. rhyolitic

1. Hawaiian eruption 2. strombolian eruption 3. plinian eruption

1. batholith 2. dike 3. extrusive 4. guyot 5. intrusive 6. laccolith 7. seamount

1. a large mass of hardened igneous rock beneath all layers of sedimentary rock 2. vertical intrusion of magma between rock layers 3. igneous rock that forms on Earth's surface 4. a volcanic island undersea that has been cut off by wave erosion 5. igneous rock that forms in Earth's interior 6. intrusive rock that pushes its way between sedimentary strata in the shape of a dome 7. an underwater volcano

1. shield 2. composite 3. cinder cone

1. a very tall and broad-sloped peak made of mostly lava flow 2. a very tall, steep-sloped peak made of both lava and volcanic materials 3. a shorter peak made of ash and volcanic rock

1. anticline 2. footwall 3. graben 4. hanging wall 5. horst 6. monocline 7. normal fault

1. arch-shaped, upward fold in rock 2. block of rock below the slant of a fault 3. a lower block of rock between two normal faults 4. block of rock above the slant of a fault 5. an uplifted block of rock between two normal faults 6. a ramp-like fold between flat rock layers at different elevations 7. fault that occurs when two tectonic plates are moving apart from each other; the hanging wall drops relative to the footwall

1. compressional stress 2. tensional stress 3. shear stress

1. arrows pointing toward each other 2. arrows pointing away from each other 3. arrows pointing opposite from each other

1. geothermal energy 2. lahar 3. tephra

1. energy produced from the heat of magma and other volcanic materials 2. an avalanche of water, mud, and other materials that a volcanic eruption can produce 3. volcanic rock and debris that is blasted from a volcano during an eruption

1. correlation spectrometer 2. plume 3. tiltmeter

1. instrument used to measure volcanic gases 2. gassy smoke released by a volcano 3. instrument used to measure ground swelling

1. andesitic magma 2. basaltic magma 3. cinder cone volcano 4. composite volcano 5. Hawaiian eruption 6. hot spot 7. plinian eruption

1. magma that is a mix of basaltic and rhyolitic; eruption may or may not be explosive 2. magma that has low viscosity and low silica and gas content; eruption is non-explosive 3. volcano formed of volcanic rock and ash; erodes quickly 4. volcano that is tall and steep; formed of lava and volcanic debris 5. non-explosive or very mild volcanic eruption 6. an active area of volcanoes due to a consistent source of magma in the asthenosphere 7. the most powerful, explosive type of volcanic eruption

1. Richter scale 2. moment magnitude scale 3. Mercalli intensity scale

1. measures strength of an earthquake; measurement is based on the size of seismic waves 2. measures strength of larger earthquakes; measurement is based on multiple variables 3. measures effects of an earthquake; measurement can vary from place to place

1. foreshocks 2. magnitude 3. Mercalli intensity scale 4. moment magnitude scale 5. Richter scale 6.seismic gaps 7.triangulation

1. mini-quakes that usually occur before a major earthquake 2. measure of the total amount of energy released during an earthquake 3. scale that measures the effects or severity of an earthquake 4. newer magnitude scale that measures the amount of moved (displaced) rock along a fault to determine the strength of an earthquake 5. scale of magnitude based on the size of seismic waves produced by an earthquake 6. areas on active faults where a major earthquake hasn't occurred in a long time 7. process used to locate the epicenter of an earthquake

1. aftershocks 2. body waves 3. convection 4. elastic rebound 5. epicenter 6. focus 7. liquefaction

1. smaller earthquakes that occur after a major earthquake 2. waves that travel through the interior of Earth; there are two types: primary and secondary waves 3. process of heat transfer by the circulation or movement of a gas, liquid, or plastic material 4. immediate return of deformed rock to its natural shape 5. location on the earth's surface directly over the focus of an earthquake 6. specific point in the earth where the rock layers along a fault move, producing an earthquake 7. wet soil behaves like a liquid and is no longer able to support buildings during an earthquake

1. cartographer 2. compass 3. contact line 4. fold axis 5. geologic map 6. legend 7. scale

1. someone who creates maps 2. provides direction of north, east, south, and west 3. light, thin line that separates rock units or types on a geologic map 4. semi-dark line that indicates the ridge of a fold on a geologic map 5. shows locations and types of rocks and other features, like faults and folds 6. provides an explanation of lines and symbols given on a map 7. the ratio of distance represented on a map to distance on Earth

1. contour interval 2. contour lines 3. hachure marks 4. topographic map

1. the distance between contour lines of elevation 2. lines of equal elevation that display height, shape, and steepness of ground features 3. teeth-like marks on contour lines that indicate a depression or sunken area 4. also known as a contour map; shows shape, steepness, and height of ground features by using contour lines

What is the contour interval or C.I.?

25

What is the most likely elevation of point B?

80 feet

A seismograph records an earthquake, but scientists do not feel it. The earthquake has a magnitude _____.

< 2.0

Which of the following can be a result of a volcanic eruption?

Altering an area's climate Tsunamis Fires

You want to determine if one peak is steeper than another peak, based on a topographic map. What would you see on the steeper peak?

Contour lines that are closer together.

Which of the following can occur during an earthquake? Select all that apply.

Crust can fold or wrinkle Cliffs and cracks form

What is one of the main problems with being able to predict when a volcanic eruption will occur?

Equipment and scientists' time is very expensive

Which of the following is the point underground where rock layers first move during an earthquake?

Focus

Match the wave with its correct graphical description:

Love (L) wave Primary (W) wave Secondary (S) wave

Which of the following represents the most powerful earthquake?

Great Chilean, 9.5

Review the following list and select either an "H" if the item is a hazard, a "B" if it's a benefit, or "HB" if it can be both a hazard and a benefit. pyroclastic flows volcanic ash geothermal energy lahars lava flows volcanic materials (pumice, lava rock)

H H B H H HB

Which of the following states was formed by continuous volcanic lava flow?

Hawaii

What is the most likely elevation of point X?

N/A

The Ring of Fire is where many volcanoes occur because the _____ plate is subducted in nearly every region.

Pacific

Which type of magma is known for the most violent eruptions?

Rhyolitic

Which of the following describes the relationship between P and S waves and the epicenter?

The farther away the P and S waves are on a seismogram, the further the epicenter.

Which of the following statements are true?

Volcanoes can form mountains and islands. Volcanoes can form plateaus and lava domes. Geysers and hot springs occur due to hot, volcanic material inside the earth.

Triangulation is a process to locate an earthquake. Which statements are true regarding this process?

You must know the difference in the times that S waves and P waves arrive at a seismograph station to determine the distance to the epicenter. You should draw a line from the center of the seismograph station to the epicenter to show its location. Three seismograph distances must be mapped with circles and the point where they intersect is the epicenter.

You can usually tell the difference between a caldera and crater by studying _____.

a feature's size and formation

A fold axis outlines the ridge of _____.

a hill

What type of volcano would you most expect to erupt?

active

After an earthquake, additional adjustments can occur along the fault. These adjustments can cause damaging vibrations called _____.

aftershocks

Volcanic eruptions occur because of _____.

all of the above

Where does most seismic activity occur?

along tectonic plate boundaries

A valley of rolling hills is an example of _____.

anticlines and synclines

The respiratory system of the body can be injured by volcanic _____ that comes from a volcanic eruption.

ash

The type of lava least likely to form a pyroclastic flow is _____.

basaltic

The Black Hills of South Dakota is an example of an eroded _____.

batholith

A fold is a ___ in rock, and a fault is a ___ in rock.

bend break

How can a scientist predict how explosive the eruption of a volcano will likely be?

by studying the composition of its volcanic rock

Which of the following are signs that an earthquake may occur?

changes in water levels in wells foreshocks changes in the magnetic properties of rocks

Which type of volcano doesn't get very big or tall because it is susceptible to erosion?

cinder cone

Very light, thin lines that separate the colored areas or rock units on a geologic map are called _____.

contact lines

Tectonic plate movement is created by _____ in the underlying mantle.

convection

Faults are shown with _____.

dark, thick lines

A scale helps you determine:

distance

Where a contour line crosses a river, it makes a V shape. The open side or mouth of the V indicates _____.

downstream

You can tell normal and reverse faults apart because at a normal fault the hanging wall has ___ relative to the footwall.

dropped

Which of the following are warning signs that a volcano will soon erupt?

earthquakes or tremors ground swelling smoke plumes

When a huge block of rock is pushed up at a normal fault, a ___ mountain is usually formed.

fault-block

Which of the following are other natural hazards that can occur due to volcanic activity?

fires tsunamis earthquakes landslides and mudslides flooding

The area where rock layers first move along a fault is the _____ of an earthquake.

focus

Which intrusive feature may start as a sill but, as more magma builds, it pushes upward like a lens?

laccolith

Earthquakes are the cause of other natural disasters, such as _____.

landslides, tsunamis, and liquefaction

When tectonic plates pull apart from one another, tensional stress is placed on rock layers and a ___ occurs.

normal

The force that drives earthquake activity is _____.

plate tectonics

Compressional stress on rock can cause strong and deep earthquakes, usually at _____.

reverse faults

Choose the magma type which is most viscous:

rhyolitic

Broad, gradual slopes are cinder___ volcanoes, while tall, steep slopes are ___ volcanoes.

shield composite

Magma that squeezes into a horizontal crack is called a _____. Magma that squeezes into a vertical crack is called a _____.

sill, dike

The law of original horizontality suggests that rock strata are always layered in a horizontal plane. If rock strata are tilted in some way, a geologic map shows the tilted rock with _____.

strike-and-dip symbols

Shear stress created the San Andreas Fault in Southern California. It is an example of a _____.

strike-slip fault