Pediatrics Exam 2: Chapters 16, 21, 23, 25, 18

The nurse admits a child with a ventricular septal defect (VSD) to the unit. Which nursing diagnosis for this child is the most appropriate? 1. Impaired Gas Exchange Related to Pulmonary Congestion Secondary to the Increased Pulmonary Blood Flow 2. Deficient Fluid Volume Related to Hyperthermia Secondary to the Congenital Heart Defect 3. Acute Pain Related to the Effects of a Congenital Heart Defect 4. Hypothermia Related to Decreased Metabolic State

1. Impaired Gas Exchange Related to Pulmonary Congestion Secondary to the Increased Pulmonary Blood Flow

A nurse is taking care of four different pediatric clients. Which client poses the great risk for dehydration? 1. A 15-year-old working out in a weight room for an hour before football practice 2. A 10-year-old playing baseball outdoors in 85-degree heat 3. A 5-year-old refusing to eat because of a virus 4. A newborn under a radiant warmer for an hour after the first bath

2. A 10-year-old playing baseball outdoors in 85-degree heat Rationale: A condition that increases the risk of insensible fluid loss places the child at risk for dehydration. Any of these situations can place the child at risk for dehydration but the child at greatest risk is the child playing baseball in direct heat, which will increase utilization of extracellular fluids more rapidly than the other situations.

In the morning, a nurse receives a report on four pediatric clients who have some form of fluid-volume excess. Which client should the nurse assess first? 1. A client with periorbital edema, normal respiratory rate 2. A client with tachypnea and pulmonary congestion 3. A client with dependent and sacral edema, regular pulse 4. A client with hepatomegaly, normal respiratory rate

2. A client with tachypnea and pulmonary congestion Rationale: A child with respiratory distress should be the first client the nurse checks after receiving report. The child with periorbital edema and normal respiratory rate, the child with dependent and sacral edema and regular pulse, and the child with hepatomegaly and normal respiratory rate are all more stable than the child with tachypnea and pulmonary congestion.

The nurse is teaching a prenatal class about infant care. Under which circumstances should the nurse emphasize that parents should call their healthcare provider immediately? Select all that apply. 1. Child 4 months old, received a DTaP immunization yesterday, and has a temperature of 38.0°C (100.4°F) 2. Child under 3 months old and has a temperature over 40.1°C (104.2°F) 3. Child difficult to awaken and has a pulsing fontanel 4. Child has purple spots on the skin and is lethargic. 5. Child has a stiff neck and has been irritable for three days.

2. Child under 3 months old and has a temperature over 40.1°C (104.2°F) 3. Child difficult to awaken and has a pulsing fontanel 4. Child has purple spots on the skin and is lethargic. 5. Child has a stiff neck and has been irritable for three days.

The child and family come to the clinic requesting information about causes of cardiac defects. The father has high incidence of cardiac defects in his family, and the child is frequently cyanotic around the lips. What causes should the nurse tell the family about? Select all that apply. 1. Decreased maternal age 2. Chromosomal abnormalities 3. Fetal exposure to maternal drugs 4. Maternal viral infections 5. Maternal metabolic disorders

2. Chromosomal abnormalities 3. Fetal exposure to maternal drugs 4. Maternal viral infections 5. Maternal metabolic disorders

The nurse is caring for a child on bed rest who has severe edema in a left lower leg due to blocked lymphatic drainage. Which is the priority diagnosis for this child? 1. Risk for Imbalanced Nutrition: Less Than Body Requirements 2. Risk for Impaired Skin Integrity 3. Risk for Altered Body Image 4. Risk for Activity Intolerance

2. Risk for Impaired Skin Integrity Rationale: The highest priority problem is skin integrity. Nutrition, body image, and activity intolerance would not take priority over the integrity of the skin for this scenario.

Which action by the parents demonstrates an understanding of the nurse's teaching with regard to prevention of iron-deficient anemia? 1. Feeding their infant with a formula that is not iron fortified 2. Starting iron-fortified infant cereal at 4 to 6 months of age 3. Introducing cow's milk at 6 months of age 4. Limiting vitamin C consumption after 1 year of age

2. Starting iron-fortified infant cereal at 4 to 6 months of age Rationale: Starting iron-fortified infant cereal at 4 to 6 months of age is recommended for prevention of iron deficiency in children. Infants who are not breast-fed should get iron-fortified formula. Cow's milk should not be introduced until 12 months of age. Vitamin C should be started at 6 to 9 months of age and continued, because foods rich in vitamin C improve iron absorption.

A nurse working in a pediatric clinic is responsible for monitoring and maintaining the vaccinations on site. Which actions are appropriate for this nurse to implement? Select all that apply. 1. Fluctuate refrigerator and freezer temperatures each day. 2. Store vaccines in the center of the unit. 3. Check and record the temperature of the unit twice each day. 4. Have a plan for power outages. 5. Place bottles of water in each unit to help keep temperatures consistent.

2. Store vaccines in the center of the unit. 3. Check and record the temperature of the unit twice each day. 4. Have a plan for power outages. 5. Place bottles of water in each unit to help keep temperatures consistent.

The nurse is teaching the parents of a group of cardiac patients. Which teaching guideline will the nurse include for any child who has undergone cardiac surgery? 1. The child should be restricted from most play activities. 2. The child should be evaluated to determine if prophylactic antibiotics for dental, oral, or upper-respiratory-tract procedures are necessary. 3. The child should not receive routine immunizations. 4. The child can be expected to have a fever for several weeks following the surgery.

2. The child should be evaluated to determine if prophylactic antibiotics for dental, oral, or upper-respiratory-tract procedures are necessary.

A child is admitted to the hospital for hypercalcemia and is placed on diuretic therapy. Which diuretic would the nurse expect to give? 1. Hydrochlorothiazide (Aquazide) 2. Spironolactone (Aldactone) 3. Furosemide (Lasix) 4. Mannitol (Osmitrol)

3. Furosemide (Lasix) Rationale: Furosemide (Lasix) is the diuretic used to aid in excretion of calcium. Thiazide diuretics (hydrochlorothiazide) decrease calcium excretion and should not be given to the hypercalcemic client. Mannitol (Osmitrol) is a diuretic used to decrease cerebral edema and is not routinely used to aid in excretion of calcium. Spironolactone (Aldactone) is a potassium-sparing diuretic and would not be effective for excretion of calcium.

A toddler client with a fever is prescribed amoxicillin clavulanate 250 mg/5 cc three times daily by mouth × 10 days for otitis media. Which teaching point will guard against antibiotic resistance to the disease process? 1. Administer a loading dose for the first dose. 2. Measure the prescribed dose in a household teaspoon. 3. Give the antibiotic for the full 10 days. 4. Stop the antibiotic if the child is afebrile.

3. Give the antibiotic for the full 10 days.

Parents of an infant with slow weight gain ask the nurse if they can feed their baby a highly concentrated formula. Which response by the nurse is the most appropriate? 1. "A higher-concentrated formula could lead to dehydration because of high sodium content; let's discuss other strategies." 2. "An undiluted formula concentrate could be given to help the child gain weight; let's look at brands." 3. "Evaporated milk could be given to the infant instead of the current formula you're using." 4. "A higher-concentrated formula could be given for daytime feedings; let's work on a schedule."

1. "A higher-concentrated formula could lead to dehydration because of high sodium content; let's discuss other strategies."

A child is diagnosed with sickle cell disease. The parents are unsure how their child contracted the disease. Which explanation by the nurse is the most appropriate? 1. "Both the mother and the father have the sickle cell trait." 2. "The mother has the trait, but the father doesn't." 3. "The father has the trait, but the mother doesn't." 4. "The mother has sickle cell disease, but the father doesn't have the disease or the trait."

1. "Both the mother and the father have the sickle cell trait."

The nurse is providing an educational session for parents with children diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia. Which statements will the nurse include educate about the normal functions of RBCs? Select all that apply. 1. "RBCs transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissue." 2. "RBCs transport carbon dioxide to the lungs." 3. "RBCs protect the body against bacterial invaders." 4. "RBCs form hemostatic plugs to stop bleeding." 5. "RBCs are responsible for psychosocial development."

1. "RBCs transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissue." 2. "RBCs transport carbon dioxide to the lungs."

The nurse educator is preparing an in-service on the basic functions of the gastrointestinal (GI) system. Which statements will the nurse educator include in the in-service? Select all that apply. 1. "The GI system is responsible for the ingestion of fluids and nutrients." 2. "The GI system is responsible for the excretion of fluids and nutrients." 3. "The GI system is responsible for the metabolism of nutrients." 4. "As infants grow, their stomach capacity increases, decreasing the frequency with which they need to be fed." 5. "By the second year of life, digestive processes are still developing."

1. "The GI system is responsible for the ingestion of fluids and nutrients." 3. "The GI system is responsible for the metabolism of nutrients." 4. "As infants grow, their stomach capacity increases, decreasing the frequency with which they need to be fed."

The nurse is providing care to a school-age client admitted to the emergency department following a motor vehicle crash. The client is exhibiting symptoms of hypovolemic shock. Which nursing interventions are appropriate for this client? Select all that apply. 1. Monitor hemoglobin and hematocrit. 2. Monitor liver enzymes. 3. Administer oxygen, as needed. 4. Administer a dextrose solution. 5. Monitor blood glucose.

1. Monitor hemoglobin and hematocrit. 3. Administer oxygen, as needed. 5. Monitor blood glucose.

An infant with tetralogy of Fallot is having a hypercyanotic episode ("tet" spell). Which nursing interventions are appropriate for the nurse to implement for this infant? Select all that apply. 1. Place the child in knee-chest position. 2. Draw blood for a serum hemoglobin. 3. Administer oxygen. 4. Administer morphine and propranolol intravenously as ordered. 5. Administer Benadryl as ordered.

1. Place the child in knee-chest position. 3. Administer oxygen. 4. Administer morphine and propranolol intravenously as ordered. Explanation: When an infant with tetralogy of Fallot has a hypercyanotic episode, interventions should be geared toward decreasing the pulmonary vascular resistance. Therefore, the nurse would place the infant in knee-chest position (to decrease venous blood return from the lower extremities), and administer oxygen, morphine, and propranolol (to decrease the pulmonary vascular resistance).

The mother of a child with a heart defect is questioning the nurse about the child's diuretic. When teaching the mother about the medication, what should the emphasis from the nurse? 1. Close monitoring of output 2. The digitalization process 3. The possibility that pulses in the child might be weak 4. The child's increased appetite

1. Close monitoring of output Explanation: It is important to monitor the output of the child on a diuretic to determine effectiveness of the drug. Digitalization pulses are not associated with diuretics. The child will usually have a decreased appetite.

The family has just been informed by the healthcare provider that their newborn is diagnosed with a congenital heart defect, Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). The family tells the nurse that the healthcare provider told them that TOF is comprised of several defects, and they ask the nurse what the defects are. What will the nurse tell the family? Select all that apply. 1. Pulmonary stenosis 2. Coarctation of the aorta 3. Right ventricular hypertrophy 4. Ventral septal defect 5. Overriding aorta

1. Pulmonary stenosis 3. Right ventricular hypertrophy 4. Ventral septal defect 5. Overriding aorta

A nurse is planning care for a child with hyponatremia. The nurse, delegating care of this child to a new RN on the pediatric unit, cautions the new nurse to be especially alert for which condition in the child? 1. Seizures 2. Bradycardia 3. Respiratory distress 4. Hyperthermia

1. Seizures Rationale: Explanation: 1. A child with hyponatremia is at risk for seizures. Bradycardia, respiratory distress, and hyperthermia are not risks of hyponatremia.

A child is admitted with infective endocarditis. Which nursing intervention is most appropriate for this child? 1. Start an intravenous line. 2. Place the child in contact isolation. 3. Place the child on seizure precautions. 4. Assist with a lumbar puncture.

1. Start an intravenous line. Explanation: Infective endocarditis is treated with intravenous antibiotics for 2 to 8 weeks. It is not contagious, so the child is not placed in contact isolation. Seizures are not a risk of infective endocarditis. A lumbar puncture is not a diagnostic test done for infective endocarditis.

The nurse is assessing an infant brought to the clinic with diarrhea. The infant is alert but has dry mucous membranes. Which other sign indicates the infant is still in the early or mild stage of dehydration? 1. Tachycardia 2. Bradycardia 3. Increased blood pressure 4. Decreased blood pressure

1. Tachycardia Rationale: Tachycardia is a sign that indicates mild dehydration. Bradycardia and increased blood pressure are not signs of dehydration. Decreased blood pressure is not a sign of mild dehydration. Decreased blood pressure indicates moderate to severe dehydration.

A neonate is fed 20 mL of formula every three hours by orogastric lavage. At the beginning of this feeding, the nurse aspirates 15 mL of gastric residual. Which action by the nurse is the most appropriate? 1. Withhold the feeding and notify the healthcare provider. 2. Replace the residual and continue with the full feeding. 3. Replace the residual but only give 5 mL of the feeding. 4. Withhold the feeding and check the residual in three hours.

1. Withhold the feeding and notify the healthcare provider.

The nurse finds that an infant has stronger pulses in the upper extremities than in the lower extremities, and higher blood pressure readings in the arms than in the legs. Which assessment will the nurse perform next on this infant? 1. Pedal pulses 2. Pulse oximetry level 3. Hemoglobin and hematocrit values 4. Blood pressure of the four extremities

4. Blood pressure of the four extremities Rationale: Coarctation of the aorta can present with stronger pulses in the upper extremities than in the lower extremities and higher blood pressure readings in the arms than in the legs because of obstruction of circulation to the lower extremities. Blood pressure values of the four limbs should be the next assessment data collected. Pedal pulses, pulse oximetry, and labs themselves will not provide the data needed.

A mother refuses to have her child be immunized with measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine because she believes that letting her infant get these diseases will help him fight off other diseases later in life. Which response by the nurse is most appropriate? 1. Honor her request because she is the parent. 2. Explain that antibodies can fight many diseases. 3. Tell her that not immunizing her infant may protect pregnant women. 4. Explain that if her child contracts measles, mumps, or rubella, there could be very serious and permanent complications from these diseases.

4. Explain that if her child contracts measles, mumps, or rubella, there could be very serious and permanent complications from these diseases.

A child with inflammatory bowel disease is prescribed prednisone daily. At which time is it most appropriate for the family to administer the prednisone? 1. Between meals 2. One hour before meals 3. At bedtime 4. With meals

4. With meals Ratonale: Prednisone, a corticosteroid, can cause gastric irritation. It should be administered with meals to reduce the gastric irritation.

The nurse has admitted a child with tricuspid atresia. The nurse would expect which initial lab result? 1. A high hemoglobin 2. A low hematocrit 3. A high WBC count 4. A low platelet count

1. A high hemoglobin Explanation: 1. The child's bone marrow responds to chronic hypoxemia by producing more RBCs to increase the amount of hemoglobin available to carry oxygen to the tissues. This occurs in cases of cyanotic heart defects such as tricuspid atresia. Therefore, the hematocrit would not be low, the WBC count would not be high (unless an infection were present), and the platelets would be normal.

A 3-day-old preterm infant is diagnosed with necrotizing enterocolitis. The nurse plans care around the frequent radiographs. How frequently should the nurse anticipate that the radiology staff will bring the portable machine to the nursery? 1. Every 6 hours 2. Every 12 hours 3. Every 24 hours 4. Every 48 hours

1. Every 6 hours Rationale: Radiographs are done every 6 hours to evaluate for perforation.

The nurse is teaching parents how to prevent a sickle cell crisis in the child with sickle cell disease. Which precipitating factors to a sickle cell crisis will the nurse include in the explanation? Select all that apply. 1. Fever 2. Dehydration 3. Regular exercise 4. Altitude 5. Increased fluid intake

1. Fever 2. Dehydration 4. Altitude

The nurse prepares a DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus toxoid, and acellular pertussis) immunization for a 6-month-old infant. To administer this injection safely, the nurse chooses which needle, size and length, injection type, and injection site? 1. 25-gauge, 5/8-inch needle; IM (intramuscular); anterolateral thigh. 2. 22-gauge, 1/2-inch needle; IM (intramuscular); ventrogluteal. 3. 25-gauge, 5/8-inch needle; ID (intradermal); deltoid. 4. 25-gauge, 3/4-inch needle; SQ (subcutaneous); anterolateral thigh.

1. 25-gauge, 5/8-inch needle; IM (intramuscular); anterolateral thigh. Explanation: 1. The dose of DTaP is 0.5 cc or 0.5 mL, to be given with a 22 to 25-gauge, 5/8- to 3/4-inch needle; IM (intramuscularly). The only safe intramuscular injection site for a 6-month-old infant is the anterolateral thigh.

The nurse is caring for a school-age client who had an appendectomy after a ruptured appendix. Which orders does the nurse anticipate for this client? Select all that apply. 1. Antibiotics 2. A clear liquid diet 3. NG tube 4. Vital signs every 4 hours 5. Frequent monitoring of bowel sounds

1. Antibiotics 3. NG tube 4. Vital signs every 4 hours 5. Frequent monitoring of bowel sounds

The nurse is admitting an infant diagnosed with supraventricular tachycardia. Which intervention is the priority for this infant? 1. Apply ice to the face. 2. Perform Valsalva's maneuver. 3. Administer a beta blocker. 4. Prepare for cardioversion.

1. Apply ice to the face. Rationale: Supraventricular tachycardia episodes are initially treated with vagal maneuvers to slow the heart rate when the infant is stable. In stable infants, the application of ice or iced saline solution to the face can reduce the heart rate. The infant is not capable of performing Valsalva's maneuver. Calcium channel blockers, not beta blockers, are the drugs of choice. Cardioversion is used in an urgent situation, but is not typically the initial treatment.

The family and school-age child are at the healthcare clinic for immunizations. The nurse takes the time to talk with the child and family about reducing the transmission of infection. What practices should the nurse suggest for the family? Select all that apply. 1. Do not share dishes, utensils, and cups. 2. Sanitize toys every week with Lysol. 3. Use alcohol-based hand sanitizer with the child after eating and toileting. 4. Cough or sneeze into cloth tissue 5. Dispose of diapers in a closed container.

1. Do not share dishes, utensils, and cups. 5. Dispose of diapers in a closed container.

The nurse is performing the initial assessment of a child newly diagnosed Kawasaki disease. Which symptoms would the nurse expect to assess with this child? 1. Dry, swollen, fissured lips 2. Nonpalpable lymph nodes 3. Conjunctivitis with exudates 4. Cyanosis of the hands and feet

1. Dry, swollen, fissured lips

A child is admitted with a diagnosis of early localized Lyme disease. Which clinical manifestations would the nurse expect to find on the initial assessment of this client? Select all that apply. 1. Erythema 5 to 15 cm in diameter 2. Hyperactivity 3. Cranial nerve palsies 4. Fever 5. Headache

1. Erythema 5 to 15 cm in diameter 4. Fever 5. Headache

The nurse is providing care for an adolescent client who is experiencing pain related to a sickle cell crisis. Which medication does the nurse prepare to administer to this client? 1. Morphine sulfate 2. Meperidine 3. Acetaminophen 4. Ibuprofen

1. Morphine sulfate Rationale: The pain during a sickling crisis is severe, and morphine is needed for pain control around the clock or by patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). Meperidine is not used for pain control for clients with sickle cell pain crisis because it could cause seizures. Acetaminophen or ibuprofen is used for mild pain and would not be effective for the severe pain experienced by a child in sickle cell pain crisis.

The nurse is administering several medications to an infant with neurologic impairment and delay. Which medication is a proton pump inhibitor that is administered for gastroesophageal reflux? 1. Omeprazole 2. Ranitidine 3. Phenytoin 4. Glycopyrrolate

1. Omeprazole

A child recently diagnosed with aplastic anemia is being prepared for discharge. When planning support for the family, which service should the nurse plan to include in the discharge plan? 1. Referrals to support groups and social services 2. Short-term support 3. Genetic counseling 4. Nutrition counseling

1. Referrals to support groups and social services

The nurse is planning an in-service for new RNs who will be working on a general pediatric unit. Which statements are appropriate to include when discussing normal acid-base balance? Select all that apply. 1. The lungs are responsible for excreting excess carbonic acid from body. 2. The lungs reabsorb filtered bicarbonate. 3. The kidneys form bicarbonate if needed to restore balance. 4. The liver forms bicarbonate if needed to restore balance. 5. The liver synthesizes proteins needed to maintain osmotic pressure in the fluid compartments.

1. The lungs are responsible for excreting excess carbonic acid from body. 3. The kidneys form bicarbonate if needed to restore balance. 5. The liver synthesizes proteins needed to maintain osmotic pressure in the fluid compartments.

A preschool-aged client, diagnosed with croup, has an increased pCO2, a decreased pH, and a normal HCO3 blood-gas value. Which documentation in the medical record is the most appropriate? 1. Uncompensated respiratory acidosis 2. Uncompensated respiratory alkalosis 3. Uncompensated metabolic acidosis 4. Uncompensated metabolic alkalosis

1. Uncompensated respiratory acidosis

The nurse is expecting the admission of a child with severe isotonic dehydration. Which intravenous fluid should the nurse anticipate the practitioner to order initially to replace fluids? 1. D5W 2. 0.9 percent Normal Saline (NS) 3. Albumin 4. D5 0.2 percent (1/4) Normal Saline

2. 0.9 percent Normal Saline (NS) Rationale: 0.9 percent Normal Saline (NS) maintains Na and chloride at present levels. D5W can lower sodium levels so would not be used to initially replace fluids in severe isotonic dehydration. Albumin is used to restore plasma proteins. D5 0.2 percent (1/4) Normal Saline would not be used initially but later, as maintenance fluids.

A child recently had a heart transplant and the nurse teaches the parents the importance of administering cyclosporine A. Which statement by the parents indicates an appropriate understanding of the teaching session? 1. "Cyclosporin A reduces serum-cholesterol level." 2. "Cyclosporin A prevents rejection." 3. "Cyclosporin A treats hypertension." 4. "Cyclosporin A treats infections."

2. "Cyclosporin A prevents rejection." Explanation: Cyclosporin A is given to prevent rejection. Lovastatin is given to reduce serum-cholesterol level, calcium channel blockers may be used to treat hypertension, and an antibiotic may be given to treat an infection.

A parent brings her school-age child to the clinic because the child has a temperature of 100.2°F. The child remains active without other symptoms. Which statement by the nurse to the parents is most appropriate? 1. "Take the child's temperature every 2 hours and call the clinic if it reaches 102°F or above." 2. "Unless the fever bothers the child, it is best to let the natural body defenses respond to the infection." 3. "Keep the child warm, because shivering often occurs with fever." 4. "Alternate acetaminophen and ibuprofen to help keep the fever down and keep the child comfortable."

2. "Unless the fever bothers the child, it is best to let the natural body defenses respond to the infection."

A nurse is planning care for a child with hyperkalemia. Which clinical manifestation will the nurse plan to assessment this child for based on the diagnosis? 1. Seizures 2. Bradycardia 3. Respiratory distress 4. Hyperthermia

2. Bradycardia Rationale: A child with hyperkalemia is at risk for cardiac issues. Seizures, respiratory distress, and hyperthermia are not risks of hyperkalemia.

A mother brings her 4-month-old infant in for a routine checkup and vaccinations. The mother reports that the infant was exposed to a brother who has the flu. Which action by the nurse is most appropriate based on these assessment findings? 1. Withhold the vaccinations. 2. Give the vaccinations as scheduled. 3. Withhold the DTaP vaccination but give the others as scheduled. 4. Give the infant the flu vaccination but withhold the others.

2. Give the vaccinations as scheduled.

The nurse is preparing to discharge an infant with a congenital heart defect. The infant will be cared for at home by the parents until surgery. Which items will the nurse include in the discharge teaching for this infant and family? Select all that apply. 1. Allow the infant to feed for 60 minutes. 2. Hold the infant at a 45-degree angle. 3. Encourage frequent hand hygiene. 4. Notify the health care provider for fever. 5. Pump the breasts and feed with a bottle if weight gain is an issue.

2. Hold the infant at a 45-degree angle. 3. Encourage frequent hand hygiene. 4. Notify the health care provider for fever. 5. Pump the breasts and feed with a bottle if weight gain is an issue.

The nurse is providing care to an adolescent child who is at risk for developing adult-onset cardiovascular disease. Which teaching points will decrease the adolescent's risk? Select all that apply. 1. Encourage a decrease in smoking. 2. Limit fat intake to 20 to 35 percent of intake. 3. Encourage participation in vigorous exercise for at least 30 minutes. 4. Maintain a normal weight. 5. Include high-fat dairy products in the daily diet.

2. Limit fat intake to 20 to 35 percent of intake. 3. Encourage participation in vigorous exercise for at least 30 minutes. 4. Maintain a normal weight.

A school-age client is hypokalemic. The nurse is helping the client complete her menu. Which food selection will the nurse encourage for this client? 1. A hamburger with French fries 2. Pizza with a fruit plate 3. Chicken strips with chips 4. A fajita with rice

2. Pizza with a fruit plate Ratinale: Pizza with the fruit plate should be encouraged because fruits (bananas, apricots, cantaloupe, cherries, peaches, and strawberries) have high amounts of potassium, and a child is likely to eat this combination.

The nurse educator is preparing an in-service for new RNs hired on a general pediatric unit regarding normal fluid and electrolyte status for children at various ages. Which statements will the educator include about normal fluid and electrolyte status of an infant? Select all that apply. 1. The infant has 75 percent total body water. 2. The extracellular fluid accounts for 25 percent of total body water in the infant. 3. A high metabolic rate requires generous fluid intake for the infant. 4. The infant's kidneys are mature and able to conserve water and electrolytes. 5. The infant's high body surface area promotes fluid loss.

2. The extracellular fluid accounts for 25 percent of total body water in the infant. 3. A high metabolic rate requires generous fluid intake for the infant. 5. The infant's high body surface area promotes fluid loss.

The nurse is administering packed RBCs to a child with sickle cell disease (SCD). The nurse is monitoring for a transfusion reaction and knows it is most likely to occur during which time frame? 1. Six hours after the transfusion is given 2. Within the first 20 minutes of administration of the transfusion 3. At the end of the administration of the transfusion 4. Never; children with SCD do not have reactions.

2. Within the first 20 minutes of administration of the transfusion

The hospital has just provided its nurses with information about biologic threats and terrorism. After completing the course, a group of nurses is discussing its responsibility in relation to bioterrorism. Which statement by the nurse indicates a correct understanding of the concepts presented? 1. "It is important to separate clients according to age and illness to prevent the spread of disease." 2. "It is important to dispose blood-contaminated needles in the lead-lined container." 3. "I will notify the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) if a large number of persons with the same life-threatening infection present to the emergency room." 4. "I will initiate isolation precautions for a hospitalized client with methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)."

3. "I will notify the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) if a large number of persons with the same life-threatening infection present to the emergency room."

The nurse is discussing ways to treat fever in the home environment to a group of parents in the community. Which statement is appropriate for the nurse to include in the presentation? 1. "Ibuprofen is the only effective means to reduce fever." 2. "If the child requires more than one dose of acetaminophen antibiotics are needed." 3. "Purchase a new bottle of acetaminophen for your newborn because it will have recommended medication concentration." 4. "It is not necessary to follow the recommendations on the bottle of ibuprofen as this will not prevent an overdose for your child."

3. "Purchase a new bottle of acetaminophen for your newborn because it will have recommended medication concentration."

A nurse is providing information to a group of new mothers. Which statement best explains why newborns and young infants are more susceptible to infection? 1. "They have high levels of maternal antibodies to diseases to which the mother has been exposed." 2. "They have passive transplacental immunity from maternal immunoglobulin G." 3. "They have immune systems that are not fully mature at birth." 4. "They have been exposed to microorganisms during the birth process."

3. "They have immune systems that are not fully mature at birth."

The nurse is providing instruction to the parents of an infant with a colostomy. Which statement by the parents indicates appropriate understanding of the teaching session? 1. "We will change the colostomy bag with each wet diaper." 2. "We will use adhesive enhancers when we change the bag." 3. "We will watch for skin irritation around the stoma." 4. "We will expect a moderate amount of bleeding after cleansing the area around the stoma."

3. "We will watch for skin irritation around the stoma."

The nurse is preparing to ambulate a school-age client who had an appendectomy. In addition to pharmacological pain management, the nurse can use which nonpharmacological pain-management strategy for this client? 1. A heating pad 2. A warm, moist pack 3. A pillow on the abdomen 4. An ice pack

3. A pillow on the abdomen Rationale: A pillow placed on the abdomen can be a nonpharmacological strategy to decrease discomfort after an appendectomy. Heat and ice are not used on the incisional area as they can impair the healing process of the wound.

A child with severe gastroenteritis is admitted to a semiprivate room on the pediatric unit. The charge nurse should place this client with which roommate? 1. An infant with meningitis 2. A child with fever and neutropenia 3. Another child with gastroenteritis 4. A child recovering from an appendectomy

3. Another child with gastroenteritis

A 1-month-old client is admitted to the emergency room with severe diarrhea. Which assessment suggests the client is severely dehydrated? 1. Skin moist and flushed; mucous membranes dry 2. Low specific gravity of urine; skin color pale 3. Fontanels depressed; capillary refill greater than three seconds 4. High specific gravity of urine; moist mucous membranes

3. Fontanels depressed; capillary refill greater than three seconds

Which athletic activity can the nurse recommend for a school-age client with pulmonary-artery hypertension? 1. Cross-country running 2. Soccer 3. Golf 4. Basketball

3. Golf

The student nurse is learning a lesson about communicable diseases and how they are spread. On a quiz the next day the nurse uses the information learned in this lesson and demonstrates learning. For a communicable disease to occur what factors must be in place? Select all that apply. 1. Antibodies 2. Toxoid 3. Pathogen 4. Transmission 5. Host

3. Pathogen 4. Transmission 5. Host

The school nurse is trying to prevent the spread of a flu virus through the school. Which infection-control strategies can be employed to prevent the spread of the flu virus? Select all that apply. 1. Teaching parents safe food preparation and storage 2. Withholding immunizations for children with compromised immune systems 3. Sanitizing toys, telephones, and door knobs to kill pathogens 4. Separating children with infections from children who are well 5. Teaching children to wash their hands after using the bathroom

3. Sanitizing toys, telephones, and door knobs to kill pathogens 4. Separating children with infections from children who are well 5. Teaching children to wash their hands after using the bathroom

The nurse is evaluating an infant's tolerance of feedings after a pyloromyotomy. Which finding indicates that the infant is not tolerating the feeding? 1. Need for frequent burping 2. Irritability during feeding 3. The passing of gas 4. Emesis after two feedings

4. Emesis after two feedings Rationale: An infant is not tolerating feedings after a pyloromyotomy if emesis is present. Frequent burping, irritability, and the passing of gas would be expected findings following a pyloromyotomy and would indicate tolerance of the feeding.

A child has been admitted to the hospital unit in congestive heart failure (CHF). Which symptom would the nurse anticipate upon assessment of the child? 1. Weight loss 2. Bradycardia 3. Tachycardia 4. Increased blood pressure

3. Tachycardia Explanation: Tachycardia is a sign of congestive heart failure because the heart attempts to improve cardiac output by beating faster. Bradycardia is a serious sign and can indicate impending cardiac arrest. Blood pressure does not increase in CHF, and the weight, instead of decreasing, increases because of retention of fluids.

The nurse is checking peripheral perfusion to a child's extremity following a cardiac catheterization. Which assessment finding indicates adequate peripheral circulation to the affected extremity? 1. A capillary refill of greater than three seconds 2. A palpable dorsalis pedis pulse but a weak posterior tibial pulse 3. A decrease in sensation with a weakened dorsalis pedis pulse 4. A capillary refill of less than three seconds with palpable warmth

4. A capillary refill of less than three seconds with palpable warmth Explanation: The nurse checks the extremity to determine adequacy of circulation following a cardiac catheterization. An extremity that is warm with capillary refill of less than three seconds has adequate circulation. Other indicators of adequate circulation include palpable pedal (dorsalis and posterior tibial) pulses, adequate sensation, and pinkness of skin color. If the capillary refill is over three seconds; if any of the pedal pulses are absent and/or weakened; or if the extremity is cool, cyanotic, or lacking sensation, circulation may not be adequate.

A toddler is started on digoxin (Lanoxin) for cardiac failure. Which is the initial symptom the nurse would assess if the child develops digoxin (Lanoxin) toxicity? 1. Lowered blood pressure 2. Tinnitus 3. Ataxia 4. A change in heart rhythm

4. A change in heart rhythm Explanation: An early sign of digoxin (Lanoxin) toxicity is a change in heart rhythm. Digoxin (Lanoxin) toxicity does not cause lowered blood pressure, tinnitus (ringing in the ears), or ataxia (unsteady gait).

A school-age client is recovering after abdominal surgery. The nurse is planning care for the return of bowel function. Which intervention should be included in the client's plan of care? 1. Fowler's position 3 times per day for 30 minutes each time 2. Assist the child in choosing a low-fat diet. 3. Commode at bedside 4. Ambulate 3 to 4 times a day.

4. Ambulate 3 to 4 times a day.

The nurse finishes a parent-teaching session on preventing heat-related illnesses for children who exercise. Which statement by a parent indicates understanding of preventive techniques taught? 1. Hydration should occur at the end of an exercise session. 2. Water is the drink of choice to replenish fluids. 3. Wearing dark clothing during exercise is recommended. 4. During activity, stop for fluids every 15 to 20 minutes.

4. During activity, stop for fluids every 15 to 20 minutes. Rationale: During activity, stopping for fluids every 15 to 20 minutes is recommended. Hydration should occur before and during the activity, not just at the end. A combination of water and sports drinks is best to replace fluids during exercise. Light-colored, light clothing is best to wear during exercise activities; wearing of dark colors can increase sweating.

A parent reports that her school-age child, who has had all recommended immunizations, had a mild fever one week ago and now has bright red cheeks and a lacy red maculopapular rash on the trunk and arms. Which disease process does the nurse suspect based on the parent's description? 1. Chicken pox (varicella) 2. German measles (rubella) 3. Roseola (exanthem subitum) 4. Fifth disease (erythema infectiosum)

4. Fifth disease (erythema infectiosum)

The nurse prepares the second diphtheria, tetanus toxoid, and acellular pertussis (DTaP) and second inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) immunization injections for an infant who is 4 months old. The nurse may also give which of immunizations during the same well-child-care appointment? 1. Var (varicella) 2. TIV (influenza) 3. MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) 4. Haemophilus influenza type B (HIB)

4. Haemophilus influenza type B (HIB)

Reducing the number of preventable childhood illnesses is a major national goal in Healthy People 2020. What will the school nurse teach families regarding immunizations in order to reach this goal? 1. A minor illness with a low-grade fever is a contraindication to receiving an immunization according to Healthy People 2020. 2. Vaccines should be given one at a time for optimum active immunity in the prevention of illness and disease. 3. Premature infants and low-birth-weight infants should receive half doses of vaccines for protection from communicable diseases. 4. It is important to maintain vaccination coverage for recommended vaccines in early childhood and to maintain them through kindergarten.

4. It is important to maintain vaccination coverage for recommended vaccines in early childhood and to maintain them through kindergarten.

A child who has beta-thalassemia is receiving numerous blood transfusions. The child is also receiving deferoxamine (Desferal) therapy. The parents ask how the deferoxamine will help their child. Which rationale does the nurse use when responding to the parents? 1. It prevents blood transfusion reactions. 2. It stimulates RBC production. 3. It provides vitamin supplementation. 4. It prevents iron overload.

4. It prevents iron overload.

The nurse is evaluating the activity tolerance of a 9-month-old with iron deficiency anemia. Which finding indicates that the infant is not tolerating activity? 1. Heart rate of 138 2. Increased alertness 3. Respiratory rate less than 40 with activity 4. Muscle weakness

4. Muscle weakness Rationale: Iron deficiency anemia can result in less oxygen reaching the cells and tissues, causing activity intolerance. An indication that a 9-month-old child is not tolerating activity and that iron deficiency anemia is worsening would be the presence of muscle weakness during activity. A heart rate of 138, increased alertness, and a respiratory rate of less than 40 with activity are all signs that iron deficiency anemia is resolving and activity tolerance is improving.

The hospital admitting nurse is taking a history of a child's illness from the parents. The nurse concludes that the parents treated their 6-year-old child appropriately for a fever related to otitis media. Which action by the parents brought the nurse to this conclusion? 1. Used aspirin every four hours to reduce the fever 2. Alternated acetaminophen with ibuprofen every two hours 3. Put the child in a tub of cold water to reduce the fever 4. Offered generous amounts of fluids frequently

4. Offered generous amounts of fluids frequently

The charge nurse on a pediatric unit is making a room assignment for a school-age child diagnosed with sickle cell disease, who is in splenic sequestration crisis. Which room assignment is most appropriate for this client? 1. Semiprivate room 2. Reverse-isolation room 3. Contact-isolation room 4. Private room

4. Private room

The adolescent is admitted to the hospital in sickle cell crisis with a pain level of 10/10. The physician orders: Morphine sulfate 5 mg IV q 2 hr prn Medication on hand: morphine sulfate 10 mg/mL Calculate how many ml of morphine sulfate will be given IV.

Answer: 0.5 mL

The school-age child is admitted to the hospital with dehydration. The child weighs 30 pounds. The physician orders: 50 mL/kg 0.9 percent NSS with 5 percent dextrose IV over 4 hours. Calculate the IV pump to infuse 50 mL/kg/4hrs. Supply on hand: 1000 mL 0.9 percent NSS/2.5 percent dextrose

Answer: 170.4 mL/hr Explanation: Infuse 170.4 mL/hr

The nurse is completing the intake and output record for a preschool-age client admitted for fluid volume deficit. The client has had the following intake and output during the shift: Intake: 4 oz of Pedialyte 1/2 of an 8-oz cup of clear orange Jell-O 2 graham crackers 200 mL of D 5-1/2 sodium chloride IV Output: 345 mL of urine 50 mL of loose stool The nurse documents the client's intake as ________ milliliters. Round the answer to the nearest whole number.

Answer: 440 Explanation: Pedialyte, Jell-O and IV fluid would be calculated for intake. The child has had 240 mL orally and 200 mL intravenously for a total of 440.

A child is being treated for dehydration with intravenous fluids. The child currently weighs 13 kg and is estimated to have lost 7 percent of the normal body weight. The nurse is double-checking the IV rate the practitioner has ordered. The formula the practitioner used was for maintenance fluids: 1000 mL for 10 kg of body weight plus 50 cc for every kg over 10 for 24 hours. Replacement fluid is the percentage of lost body weight × 10 per kg of body weight. According to the calculation for maintenance plus replacement fluid, this child's hourly IV rate for 24 hours should be ________ mL. Round the answer to the nearest whole number.

Answer: 86 Explanation: Maintenance need for 13 kg is 1000 + (50 × 3), or 1150 mL/24 hours. Add to this the replacement-fluid loss = 7 (percent of total body weight lost) × 10 = 70 mL/kg/24 hours (70 × 13 = 910). 1150 + 910 = 2060 for 24 hours. 2060/24 = 86 mL per hour. Page Ref: 416