Physiology Module 7 Energy Balance in the Human Body ML

Normal growth is dependent on which of the following factors?

Both adequate diet and genetics

Termination of growth activity at the epiphyseal plates occurs __________.

in long bones as they respond to sex steroid hormones released at puberty

In skeletal muscle fibers, arrival of the pancreatic hormone insulin causes __________.

increased glucose transport into skeletal muscles

A negative energy balance may occur when a person __________.

increases energy expenditure decreases energy stores decreases calorie intake

Cortisol affects metabolism by __________ gluconeogenesis, increasing __________ of skeletal muscle protein, and __________ lipolysis.

increasing; degradation; increasing

Glucagon is __________.

insulin and increase in plasma glucose

Glucagon secretion may be inhibited by __________.

insulin and increase in plasma glucose

The pancreatic hormone that is more prevalent after a meal is __________, whereas the pancreatic hormone more characteristic of the fasting state is __________.

insulin, glucagon

The reactions breaking down fats into glycerol and fatty acids are called __________.

lipolysis

Metabolism-stimulating hormones of the __________ gland are lipophilic molecules, and the synthesis of the hormones in this gland is the only place in the body where __________ serves an important function.

thyroid; iodine

The predominant energy storage form in the body is __________.

triglycerides

The development of hyperthermia can be counteracted by __________.

wetting the skin

Match the energy storage form on the left with its main storage location on the right (you will not need all choices available): 1. glycogen a. skeletal muscle 2. triglycerides b. brain 3. proteins c. adipose tissue d. liver

1-a, 2-c, 3-a

Normal levels of thyroid hormones promote __________.

ATP hydrolysis, Na+/K+ pump activity, and tissue responsiveness to epinephrine

Thyroid hormones __________.

All answers are correct are regulated by negative feedback can promote glycogenolysis are lipophilic, increase oxygen consumption, and are regulated by negative feedback increase oxygen consumption are lipophilic

Which of the following may occur in non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDD)?

All answers are correct A decrease in the number of glucose transporters A decrease in insulin secretion Down-regulation of insulin receptors

Which of the following characterize(s) the absorptive state?

All answers are incorrect. Glucose sparing occurs. Adipose tissue supplies fatty acids to the bloodstream. The nervous system uses ketones for energy.

Which of the following statements about how cells regulate their metabolic pathways is false?

Cells regulate metabolism by isolating enzymes within intracellular organisms.

Which of the following could be classified as a catabolic hormone?

Cortisol, glucagon, and epinephrine

Which of the following is a pair of processes that typically occur at the same time?

Glycogenolysis and lipolysis ***see below***

Complete the following pathway: ATP production starts with glucose entering the __________ pathway, which converts a molecule of glucose into __________. Once the final product of glycolysis is made, it enters into the __________ and is converted into __________. This molecule combines with oxaloacetate in the __________ pathway, which produces more ATP and high-energy electrons. These high-energy electrons then enter the __________.

Glycolysis; pyruvate; mitochondria; acetyl CoA; citric acid cycle; electron transport system

Bulging eyes, the development of goiter, and accelerated metabolism are characteristic of __________ disease, in which the immune system produces __________.

Graves'; antibodies that mimic the action of a hormone from the anterior pituitary gland

Which of the following statements about growth hormones is false?

Insulin-like growth factors stimulate growth hormone release by the anterior pituitary.

Which of the following factors does not stimulate insulin secretion?

Increased sympathetic activity

Which of the following statements about insulin is false?

Insulin promotes fat degradation. TRUE:

If the level of insulin in the blood increases, which of the following will be inhibited?

Lipolysis and gluconeogenesis

During the growth of long bones, which of the following cell types will show increased activity?

Osteoblases, osteoclsts, and chondrocytes

The catabolism of what nutrient produces carbon dioxide and ammonia?

Proteins

Which of the following characterize(s) the postabsorptive state?

Skeletal muscle breaks down glycogen and the liver is the primary site of gluconeogenesis

Which of the following is a pair of processes that typically occur at the same time?

The absorptive state is anabolic.

Which of the following statements about the absorptive state is/are true?

The absorptive state is anabolic.

Thyroid hormones promote __________.

all answers are correct ATP hydrolysis Na+/K+ pump activity a rise in the body's BMR tissue responsiveness to epinephrine

Resting metabolic rate is measured in a person who __________.

all answers are correct awake has fasted for 12 hours is lying down is relaxed

Metabolic pathways are regulated by __________.

all answers are correct compartmentalization of metabolic reactions within cells changing the number of enzymes compartmentalization of metabolic reactions within cells and the presence of different hormone receptors at different tissues changing the number of enzymes and compartmentalization of metabolic reactions within cells the presence of different hormone receptors at different tissues

Once glucose enters a cell (depending on the cell type), it may be __________.

all answers are correct converted to glycogen oxidized as energy and used as a substrate for other metabolic reactions used as a substrate for other metabolic reactions oxidized as energy

The energy metabolism of the body is influenced by __________.

all answers are correct stress growth eating patterns

Relative to temperature regulation in humans, "shivering thermogenesis" would likely occur at the same time as __________.

decreased blood flow to the skin

During prolonged starvation, the central nervous system utilizes ketone bodies released from the liver's oxidation of fatty acids as fuel molecules. Utilizing fatty acids as an energy source increases the likelihood of __________.

decreased blood pH due to ketoacidosis

During the fasting state, the central nervous system __________.

depends on gluconeogenesis by the liver and kidneys

Glucose molecules can be synthesized from __________.

fatty acids amino acids glycerol

The actions of glucocorticoids promote an increase in the plasma concentration of __________.

glucose fatty acids amino acids

Insulin secretion is stimulated by a rise in the plasma concentration of __________.

glucose and amino acids

In order to burn fat most efficiently, a person should perform __________.

longer duration, light-to-moderate exercise

The energy from catabolic reactions is used to perform __________ work.

mechanical chemical transport

The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given instant is called __________.

metabolism

A person's basal metabolic rate is usually estimated by measuring his or her __________.

oxygen consumption

The glucostatic theory of appetite regulation suggests that __________.

regions of the hypothalamus monitor the glucose concentration in the blood and increase activity in the feeding center when glucose levels decrease

Normal tissue growth __________.

requires thyroid hormones

Glucagon is __________>

secreted when plasma epinephrine levels rise

A person usually stops growing in height after adolescence because __________.

sex hormones stimulate closure of the epiphyseal plate and chondrocytes in the epiphyseal plates die

The growth of tissues can be affected by __________.

thyroid hormone estrogen insulin