Planning

Vinegar Hill

- A historically black neighborhood that was razed in 1964 as part of a Charlottesville-led redevelopment program - Example of Urban Renewal - One of the earliest neighborhoods in Charlottesville; populated by Irish families at first but became a thriving African American center - Vinegar Hill was largely demolished in the mid-1960's as a part of Charlottesville's "urban renewal" campaign.

Visual Preference Survey (VPS)

- Way to obtain public feedback on a physical design alternative - Often used when designing zoning codes and planning redevelopment; participants score an image from -10 to +10 and then the users input is used to make future planning decisions

"Design With Nature"

- Written by Ian McHarg - Describes an ecologically sound approach to the planning and design of communities

Toronto

- "Density Creep Neighborhood Alliance" Formed to Fight Mid-rise Housing in Toronto - Sherwood Park - Laneway Suites: - Secondary suites are an important part of rental housing supply in Toronto. - Secondary suites incrementally, responsibly, and "invisibly" increase density, while preserving neighborhood character and scale. By allowing secondary suites to be located on laneways, privacy from the main house is improved, and it allows the secondary suite more access to light, air, and views.

Janette Sadik-Khan

- (NYC Transportation Commissioner) Sadik-Khan has implemented an ambitious program to improve safety, mobility and sustainability throughout New York City, and to ensure a state of good repair on all of the Department's roads, sidewalks and bridges. - Has implemented a series of innovative projects including installation of 23 plazas, the addition of over 285 miles of on-street bike lanes, car-free summer streets, weekend pedestrian walks

City Beautiful Movement

- A 20th century movement that advocated landscape beautification, playgrounds, and more and better urban parks. - Philosophy that beautification can increase quality of life, especially in cities - Design couldn't be separated from social issues and should encourage civic pride - World Columbian Exposition (1893) in Chicago: "White City" (temporary city) constructed in which visitors saw a semi-utopia in a city without poverty and crime. Landscape had big green expanses and grand boulevards. - Movement in environmental design that drew directly from the beaux arts school; architects from this movement strove to impart order on hectic industrial centers by creating urban spaces that conveyed a sense of morality and civic pride - American urban-planning movement led by architects, landscape architects, and reformers that flourished between the 1890s and the 1920s. The idea of organized comprehensive urban planning arose in the United States from the City Beautiful movement, which claimed that design could not be separated from social issues and should encourage civic pride and engagement. Its influence was most prominent in cities such as Cleveland, Chicago, and Washington, D.C.

William Penn

- A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution. - Colonial Planning: 1683 plan for Philadelphia included a major square in center, access to river. - Wanted a "green country town," to merge the urban and country environments. - It was organized into a rectangular grid pattern with lettered and numbered streets perpendicular to each other and broader civic-oriented streets for commerce and transportation forming the grid's main axes. Each quadrant features a public square with open green space, today known as Logan, Franklin, Washington, and Rittenhouse Squares. Evenly spaced lots allowed residents to have private outdoor space for gardens and retain a sense of country living within the rapidly-expanding city. Penn's concept set a precedent for planning in many early American cities.

"Death and Life of Great American Cities"

- A book by Jane Jacobs blaming urban planning policy for destroying city neighborhoods through urban renewal - Some main ideas: Bottom-up planning, Social capital, Ballet of the sidewalk, Eyes on the Street, Cities as ecosystems, Mixed-use development, Case for higher density, Border vacuums - The first use of the term "social capital"

"The Happiest Kids in the World"

- A book by Rina Mae Acosta about how Dutch children are the happiest in the world and examines the unique social environment and culture that they live in, to understand the special features that allow the Dutch to turn out such contented, well-adjusted and healthy kids. - Why? They bike to school, can play outside on their own, do not receive homework under age 10, and more...

Tactical Urbanism

- A book by urban planners Mike Lydon and Anthony Garcia that organizes all the small fixes have come up in many communities - Approach to neighborhood building and activation using short-term, low-cost, and scalable interventions and policies; allows for small-scale reclamation, redesign, or reprogramming of public space; policies differ by case, typically low-cost, efficient solutions - Examples of problems include a lack of safe sidewalks or crosswalks; the absence of clear signage; the dearth of neighborhood parks and plazas, and, more broadly, the lack of community connection and solidarity - Examples include pavement to plazas, food trucks, PARK(ing) day, and pop-up retailers - all designed to improve neighborhoods and promote interaction

"Image of the City" by Kevin Lynch

- A book on how observers take in information of the city, and use it to make mental maps - People formed mental maps of their surroundings consisting of five basic elements: paths (like streets, sidewalks), edges (boundaries like walls and buildings), districts, nodes (large areas you can enter), and landmarks -In this book, Lynch argues that people in urban situations orient themselves by means of mental maps. He compares three American cities (Boston, Jersey City, and Los Angeles) and looks at how people orient themselves in these cities. A central notion in this book is that of legibility (also called imageability and visibility).

Thermal Delight

- A book that explores the potential for using thermal qualities as an expressive element in building design. - Modern emphasis on central heating systems and air conditioning and hermetically sealed buildings has actually damaged our thermal coping and sensing mechanisms - Emphasis on solar energy - Argues that we should think about our perception of temperature as a sense. Just like any other sense, temperature can cause us discomfort but it can also give us a lot of pleasure — the feeling of a warm fire in the winter or a cool breeze on a hot summer night. But these experiences require change — they don't happen in a thermally neutral environment.

"Silent Spring"

- A book written by Rachel Carson to voice the concerns of environmentalists. - Launched the environmentalist movement by pointing out the effects of civilization development. - Led to a reversal in nationwide pesticide policy, which led to a nationwide ban on DDT and other pesticides - The book primarily focuses on pesticides' effects on ecosystems, but four chapters detail their impact on humans, including cancer. - Led to the establishment of the EPA

Paris's Le Téléval

- A cable car type urban gondola - According to the French government "its infrastructure cost is much lower than that of other modes of public transport. It also has the advantage of having very little friction and consume little energy" - Automatic and electric so no greenhouse gas emissions

Liuzhan forest city (China)

- A city in China in which offices, schools, houses, hotels, and hospitals are entirely covered by plants and trees to improve the air quality, to decrease the average air temperature, to create noise barriers and to improve the biodiversity of living species, generating the habitat for birds, insects and small animals that inhabit the Liuzhou territory. - Will have all the characteristics of an energy self-sufficient urban establishment: geothermal energy for interior air-conditioning and solar panels over the roofs for collecting renewable energy -designed by the Italian firm Stefano Boeri Architetti to be built in southern China, -342-acre, self-contained neighborhood will comprise more than 70 buildings -- including homes, hospitals, hotels, schools and offices -- all of which will be covered with 40,000 trees and almost a million plants. Eventually, up to 30,000 people could call the Forest City home.

Naturally Occurring Retirement Communities (NORC)

- A community not originally designed to contain only seniors, but has a large proportion of residents who are at least 60 - Evolve naturally as adult residents age in place - provide elderly with: social and cultural programs, practical services (ex. cleaners, plumbers, transport), elderly can keep an eye on each other, etc. - Ex. Beacon Hill Village (Boston) - Significance: mobility/accessibility for all no matter your age, ability to age in place, cities that can accommodate everyone esp elders

Cohousing

- A community of families and/or elders who share some activities and characteristics in a common house, but live independently - Cohousing is an intentional community of private homes clustered around shared space. Each attached or single family home has traditional amenities, including a private kitchen. Shared spaces typically feature a common house, which may include a large kitchen and dining area, laundry, and recreational spaces. Shared outdoor space may include parking, walkways, open space, and gardens. Neighbors also share resources like tools and lawnmowers. - Colorado's Nyland CoHousing

Redlining

- A discriminatory real estate practice in North America in which members of minority groups are prevented from obtaining money to purchase homes or property in predominantly white neighborhoods. The practice derived its name from the red lines depicted on cadastral maps used by real estate agents and developers. Today, redlining is officially illegal. - The discriminatory practices captured by the HOLC maps continued until 1968, when the Fair Housing Act banned racial discrimination in housing.

London Congestion Charge

- A fee charged for some categories of motor vehicle to travel at certain times within the Congestion Charge Zone (CCZ), a traffic area in London - The charge aims to reduce congestion and raise investment funds for London's transport system - Between 7 am and 6 pm Monday-Friday

Walking School Bus

- A form of student transport for schoolchildren who, chaperoned by two adults, walk to school along a set route, in much the same way a school bus would drive them to school - Reduces traffic, encourages physical activity, promotes walkability of neighborhood - Today only 13% of people walk to school while 30 years ago 66% of children walked

Via Verde (the Bronx)

- A green urban apartment complex in the Bronx, NYC - Easy access to mass transit - Serves a range of incomes with affordable housing - Inspired by the integration of nature and city --> community garden - Green rooftops used in creative ways - forest, orchard, farm all layered - A dynamic garden serves as the organizing element for the community. The garden begins as a ground level courtyard and then spirals upwards through a series of programmed, south-facing roof gardens, creating a promenade for residents

Jane Jacobs

- A journalist and activist who fought to preserve the character of New York neighborhoods (especially Greenwich Village) against excessive development and highway building. (Urban renewal) - Wrote "The Death and Life of Great American Cities;" argued that urban renewal did not respect the needs of most city-dwellers and that it was destroying city neighborhoods - She was instrumental in the eventual cancellation of the Lower Manhattan Expressway, which would have passed directly through SoHo and Little Italy.

Daniel Burnham

- A leading architect and city planner, produced a magnificent plan for redesigning Chicago - Planned the World Columbian Exposition - World Columbian Exposition (1893) in Chicago: "White City" (temporary city) constructed in which visitors saw a semi-utopia in a city without poverty and crime. Landscape had big green expanses and grand boulevards. - Created urban plans for Washington DC, Chicago, Cleveland, San Francisco and Manila—all before the profession of urban planning existed. In fact, some say that he invented it. - the Flatiron Building in New York; the Merchants Exchange Building in San Francisco; and Union Station in Washington, DC

Car Sharing

- A model of car rental where people rent cars for short periods of time, often by the hour - They are attractive to customers who make only occasional use of a vehicle, as well as others who would like occasional access to a vehicle of a different type than they use day-to-day - Carsharing benefits individuals who can gain the benefits of private cars without having costs and responsibilities associated with car ownership - Paris Bluecars

The New Urbanism

- A movement in urban planning to promote mixed use commercial and residential development and pedestrian friendly, community orientated cities. - - New urbanism is a reaction to the sprawling, automobile centered cities of the mid twentieth century. - Urban design movement promoting walkable neighborhoods containing a range of housing and job types; supports transit-oriented development; attempt to reduce traffic congestion, increase affordable housing, and end suburban sprawl

Zoning

- A planning tool used to separate industry and business from residential neighborhoods. - Regulates patterns of land use - Zoning is the way the governments control the physical development of land and the kinds of uses to which each individual property may be put. - Zoning laws typically specify the areas in which residential, industrial, recreational or commercial activities may take place.

Incremental Building

- A product is designed and a little bit is added on as time goes on; stories are added to building every few decades etc. - Example: The Monterrey Housing and Quinta Monroy built by ELEMENTAL and Alejandro Aravena

Personal Rapid Transit (PRT)

- A public means of transport featuring small, automated vehicles that operate on specially built guide ways; sometimes called personal automated transport (PAT) or podcars - Car personally brings you to desired location - No driver - More efficient than bus that makes multiple stops - Short wait time - Individual "pods" that hold about as many people as a car. Fixed routes and allow more direct routes than public transit because you decide the end location. ex: test system in Heathrow airport - Significance: key to mobility/accessibility; ease of transit - Example: London Heathrow Airport

Urban Growth Boundary (UGB)

- A regional boundary set in an attempt to control urban sprawl - In its simplest form mandates that the area inside the boundary be used for urban development and the area outside be preserved in its natural state or used for agriculture - Used by local governments as a guide to zoning and land use decisions

Accessory Dwelling Unit (ADU)

- A separate housing arrangement within a single-family home. The ADU is a complete living unit and includes a private kitchen and bath. - Mainly for gaining income via rent or housing a family member; provides flexibility and informal support; helps aging people meet their needs without moving - Detached new construction ADUs, also sometimes called backyard cottages, granny flats, laneway houses, or DADUs

Vision Zero

- A strategy to eliminate all traffic fatalities and severe injuries, while increasing safe, healthy, equitable mobility for all - First implemented in Sweden in the 1990s, where traffic deaths have been cut in half even while the number of trips increased

Woonerf

- A street or group of streets in a town or city where pedestrians & cyclists have legal priority over motorists

Green Streets

- A street that uses vegetated facilities and engineered strategies to manage storm water runoff at its source (allowing it to soak into the soil), reduce flows, improve water quality and enhance watershed health. - Ex/ Portland, OR → goal to improve reliable sewer service through storm water management measures, enhance pedestrian and bicycle access to a local river, and advance watershed health goals - Green streets incorporate depressed planted areas, typically located between the roadway pavement and the sidewalk, into the overall design of the street

Flexible Architecture

- A term used to describe buildings that are designed to respond easily to change throughout their lifetime. The benefits of flexible architecture are considerable: it remains in use longer, fits its purpose better, accommodates users' experience and intervention, takes advantage of technical innovation more readily, and is economically and ecologically more viable. It also has greater potential to remain relevant to cultural and societal trends

Climate adaptation

- Actions taken to help communities and ecosystems cope with changing climate condition - adapting to the climate change already in the pipeline - A response to global warming, that seeks to reduce the vulnerability of social and biological systems to relatively sudden change and thus offset the effects of global warming - Ex: using scarce water resources more efficiently; adapting building codes to future climate conditions and extreme weather events - Adaptation is especially important in developing countries since those countries are predicted to bear the brunt of the effects of global warming

Roundabouts

- Alternative option for low volume intersections that take up slightly more space but are very efficient, greatly reduce cost and energy usage (no stoplights) - Reduce the number of fatal accidents and the centers of them can be made into greened features.

Hyperloop

- An electric motor to accelerate a levitated pod through a low-pressure tube; the state of Colorado is being considered as a location for a large scale hyperloop track

Bus Rapid Transit (BRT)

- An enhanced bus system that operates on exclusive bus lanes or other transit rights-of-way. The system is designed to combine the flexibility of buses with the efficiency of rail - It does this through the provision of dedicated lanes, with busways and iconic stations typically aligned to the center of the road, off-board fare collection, and fast and frequent operations

Green Cycle Routes (Copenhagen)

- An extensive network of bicycle paths that run through recreational areas of the city such as parks and waterfronts; this separated network of paths allows for cyclists to avoid automobile traffic and the safety hazards they pose; 110 km of planned routes - Much greener, wider, and less busy than the on-road biking lanes

Transbay (transit center)

- Another example of sustainable, green building - The primary bus terminal and future rail terminal for the San Francisco Bay Area with rooftop park - Transforms San Fran by building a new transit system along with new neighborhoods and offices in and around the center

Monterrey Housing (Monterrey, Mexico)

- Another half house project that was built by ELEMENTAL following the initial success of Quinta Monroy

Third Places

- Anything that isn't home or work (first & second spaces) - A healthy, vibrant city contains a lot of third spaces - Coffee shops, post offices, restaurants, etc. - Important for establishing a sense of place and community life

Hotspot cities

- Author Richard Weller calls for additional land to be protected in the world's "hotspots", where biodiversity is threatened by urban sprawl. In his text, he discusses why regional ecology is an issue for urban planning. - The same way our libraries store and protect culture, hotspots store life's genetic inheritance. - Integrating cities into the broader ecology of their regions is a land-use planning and urban design issue. Through detailed mapping and (desk top) analysis of a sample set of 32 major cities in the world's hotspots, we have concluded that the majority have not adopted long term planning visions that include biodiversity values. - Of the 422 cities (population centers of 300,000 or more people) in the hotspots, 383 are growing on a direct collision course with endangered species - Auckland, NZ is an example

Edward Glaeser

- Author of Triumph of the City in which he states that cities are actually the healthiest, greenest, and richest (in cultural and economic terms) places to live - % of population using public transit, walking, biking, low energy consumption, lower emission of carbon, less likely to own large appliances, etc - Avg. Manhattanite uses low amount of gasoline compared to rest of country. New Yorkers drive less bc city dwellings are smaller - "Sprawl has been associated with significant improvements in quality of living, and the environmental impacts of sprawl have been offset by technological change. Finally, we suggest that the primary social problem associated with sprawl is the fact that some people are left behind because they do not earn enough to afford the cars that this form of living requires."

Half-Earth (EO WIlson idea)

- Book by E. O. Wilson in which he proposes that half of the Earth's land should be designated a human-free natural resource to preserve biodiversity - Half-Earth project is working to conserve half of all land and sea to safeguard biodiversity

Richard Louv's "Last Child in the Woods"

- Book that documents how children are having a decreased exposure to nature, and how it harms them and society - Links the lack of nature in today's generation to rise in obesity, attention disorders, depression, and more - Coined the term nature-deficit disorder - Direct exposure to nature is essential for healthy childhood development and for the physical and emotional health of children and adults

Alejandro Aravena

- Brazilian architect known for his award-winning work on the Quinta Monroy project - Leads ELEMENTAL - Also built The Villa Verde following the success of the Quinta Monroy project

1899 Building Height Law (Washington, DC)

- Buildings cannot be taller than the width of the street + 20 ft - The reason why there are no tall buildings in Washington DC - In 1894, the construction of the 12-story, 164-foot Cairo Hotel building resulted in the tallest privately owned residential building in the District of Columbia - Neighbors filed several complaints claiming that the building posed a fire hazard and limited light and air - In 1899, the U.S. Congress passed a height law (Act) that restricted heights in the District of Columbia to generally the width of the street at the building front.

Vauban (eco-neighborhood in Freiburg)

- Built as a "sustainable model district;" buildings were constructed to consume low energy: solar settlement where all houses have solar cells on their roof and can create energy surpluses to sell back to the city - The district was planned around green transportation - While the district includes streets, cars hardly ever pass through, and car parking is not catered for - Pedestrian and bicycle paths form a highly-connected, efficient, green transportation network with every home within walking distance of a tram stop, and all schools, businesses, and shopping centers located within walking distance

Capital Bikeshare (Washington)

- Capital Bikeshare (also abbreviated CaBi) is a bicycle sharing system that serves the DC metro area - Very similar to the CitiBikes in NYC

Tenochtitlan

- Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins. - Orthogonal planning, canals similar to Venice, raised fields (chinampas) productive method of farming, filled central plaza with buildings - Tend to think of New World as having less architectural sophistication but this is not the case - The city was divided into four zones, or camps; each camp was divided into 20 districts - At its peak, it was the largest city in the Pre-Columbian Americas.

Dutch Hofjes

- Central outdoor space enclosed by dwellings that hold the natural expression of 'community;' live-work units built in a U-shape with a yard or garden in the middle, and a gate at the entrance; privately funded - A hofje provided housing for elderly people (mostly women)

CitiBikes (NYC)

- Citi Bike is a privately owned public bicycle sharing system serving New York City and Jersey City, New Jersey - Citi Bike moves thousands of bikes each day from places where they accumulate to places where they are scarce - Can make money through late fees

Intersection Repair

- Citizen-led conversion of an urban street intersection into a public square - Painting an intersection with elaborate design that creates a community gathering space and encourages drivers to slow down giving them a signal they are entering a neighborhood - Can still have both cars and pedestrians in the square - Example: Portland, OR's Pioneer Courthouse Square

Settlement Houses

- Community centers located in the slums and near tenements that gave aid to the poor, especially immigrants - Include programs like job training, childhood education, after school programs, etc - Ex: Hull House in Chicago (Jane Addams)

Greenbelt, MD

- Constructed in the 1930s to provide housing for low-income families as well as construction work for the unemployed - Design meant to encourage resident interaction, strong community life: residents had to be willing to participate in the life of the town (cooperative community) - Homes grouped into superblocks, series of walkways, homes facing garden-side - Largest of the three garden-city inspired towns built during Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal. - The town is designed in a crescent shape around a central community and business area, which is within walking distance of all dwellings. - Pedestrian underpasses are used to connect this central area with the trail systems weaving throughout the superblocks of surrounding residences.

Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty (1926)

- Court ruling that sustained a village ordinance that prevented Ambler from building a commercial building in a residential zone - Impact: upheld constitutionality of zoning and that a municipality can impose an uncompensated loss upon a landowner - Amber Reality sued the village of Euclid for enacting zoning laws that prohibited its industrial development—the Supreme Court upheld Euclid's zoning laws; zoning ordinances should be considered for police power and public welfare; zoning was not intrusion to private property

Jan Gehl

- Danish urban designer and architect who has become a leading advocate for the benefits of cities designed for people & bikes - Focused on improving the quality of urban life by re-orienting city design towards the pedestrian and cyclist

Pierre L'Enfant

- Designed Washington D.C. - Open spaces, public walks, monuments, large open spaces at intersections of avenues, Dupont Circle fountains - Designed the layout of Washington, DC with broad avenues and parks based on European gothic planning

Urban Infill

- Development that occurs on vacant or remnant lands passed over by previous development - Example of sustainable land use - The term "urban infill" itself implies that existing land is mostly built-out and what is being built is in effect "filling in" the gaps. The term most commonly refers to building single-family homes in existing neighborhoods but may also be used to describe new development in commercial, office or mixed-use areas - In communities where undeveloped, run-down, or vacant properties are eyesores or safety hazards, infill development can remove the blight of these properties

Bike Share / Dockless BIkeshare

- Dockless bike share does not require a docking station — an expense that could sometimes limit the number of bikes a city could afford. With dockless systems, bicycles can be parked within a defined district at a bike rack or along the sidewalk - Dockless bike share have single trips for $1 - Bike Share systems are often sponsored by a government or municipality that funds and manages the program

Ciclovía (as in Bogotá)

- Each Sunday and public holiday from 7 am until 2 pm certain main streets of Bogotá, Cali, Medellín, and other municipalities are blocked off to cars for runners, skaters, and bicyclists. - During this time aerobics instructors, yoga teachers and musicians lead people through various performances.

High Speed Rail

- Ease of travel between cities, widely popular in Europe and Asia. - Spain has set a goal for expanding the Ave, its high speed rail system, 10,000 km by 2020. This will put 90% of the population within 30 minutes of a station. - Used to travel b/t cities (ex. Amtrak) - Ex. X200: European HSR travels around Europe - Ex. Train a Grande Vitnesse (TGV) of france - cheaper, more envi-friendly than flying

Freiburg, Germany

- Eco-minded town in Germany that has an extensive tram system; many of its environmental initiatives can be found in Vauban - Also have the Freiburg Bachle, which are small water runnels that run through the streets

Proximity First

- Element of sustainable, resilient, system of mobility - Proximity first, mobility second

The Spiral Tower

- Essentially creating linear park in the sky - Brings in natural light & greenery to all offices - Connects w/ High Line park across the street - Is to be 1000 feet tall and built with landscaped terraces and hanging gardens - Green spaces begin their revolution at the base of The Spiral and continue to circle the tower from the High Line to the skyline.

Kentlands, MD

- Example of New Urbanism - One of the first, largest and most successful New Urbanism projects - Residents can walk to do errands, walk to school or work - One of the first attempts to develop a community using Traditional Neighborhood Design - Planning technique using traditional principles such as various housing types, well connected streets, public spaces, and important amenities in walking distance - Town center, distinct green-space - White picket fences, sidewalks, narrower streets, front porch - Pocket parks integrated into neighborhood - Garages are located behind homes and accessed via a "mews," a vehicular service alley. This planning tactic allows houses to be placed closer to the street

Guerilla Wayfinding

- Example of Tactical Urbanism - Use of physical signs pointing to tourist attractions; includes estimated distance and travel time by foot - Created by Matt Tomasulo who designed lightweight, inexpensive "guerrilla wayfinding" signs made from corrugated, weather-resistant plastic sheets that could be attached to telephone or street lamp poles with zip ties. He hung 27 signs, dubbing the project "Walk Raleigh."

Beacon Hill Village (Boston)

- Example of a NORC - A local group for independent seniors to meet and support one other through the elder years - By pooling yearly membership fees, members of the village pay for a small staff that helps them find services like drivers, cleaners, and handymen - Offer a discounted membership as 1/5 of the area residents make below the median income

Baldwin Park, FL

- Example of new urbanism - Took an existing site and recycled it - Recycled naval base in Orlando made with recycled building materials - Mixed-use neighborhood development - Seen as upper-class community but still has good income diversity - Baldwin Park has an enviable string of parks, one of which completely circles a large lake

Kampung Admiralty (Singapore)

- Experimental retirement village for Singapore's aging population - Young and old can interact - Senior housing, day-care, commercial facilities, medical center - Complete with a park and urban farm on roof to provide shade, temperature control, and noise shielding - First integrated public development in Singapore; ventilated plaza, park, commercial and medical centers, and public housing

Robert Moses

- Favored highways over public transit and helped create the modern suburbs of Long Island - One of his major contributions was New York's large parkway network - Leader of urban renewal, Jane Jacob's enemy - One of the most polarizing figures in the history of urban development in the United States. His decisions favoring highways over public transit helped create the modern suburbs of Long Island and influenced a generation of engineers, architects, and urban planners who spread his philosophies across the nation despite his not having trained in those professions. Moses would call himself a "coordinator" and was referred to in the media as a "master builder" - Proposed Lower Manhattan Expressway

"The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces"

- Film by William Holly Whyte - Some key observances: People follow the sun, people like movable furniture, importance of having a nice view - Whyte wrote that the social life in public spaces contributes fundamentally to the quality of life of individuals and society as a whole. He believed that we have a moral responsibility to create physical places that facilitate civic engagement and community interaction.

William (Holly) Whyte

- Filmed how people were using city squares and spaces from rooftops - Turned into film "The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces" - Wrote The Organization Man in 1965; studied human behavior in urban settings, filmed and people-watched for patterns of movement, and came up with the concept of triangulation: public spaces help create a common interaction between people who would otherwise have no interaction - Argued that the spatial layout of homes, parking, yards and common spaces is a key factor in promoting or inhibiting social contacts, helping to account for patterns of friendships versus isolation.

New York Zoning Ordinance of 1916

- First citywide zoning code in the US - Caused by The Equitable Building in 1913 (120 Broadway) - built all the way to property lines, huge shadow, little ventilation - Created to stop tall buildings from blocking light and air from the streets below established limits in building masses (not individual buildings) at a certain height

Teotihuacan

- First major metropolis in Mesoamerica, collapsed around 800 CE. It is most remembered for the gigantic "pyramid of the sun". - City was laid around a central avenue ("Street of the Dead") instead of using public plazas - Orthogonal layout of city - Multi-family apartment compound residences shows standardization in housing - Tend to think of New World as having less architectural sophistication but this is not the case - City located in the Valley of Mexico; known for its multi-family residential compounds

Monte Albán

- First urban center in the Americas, built by the Zapotec - Based on irrigated agriculture and calendrical and writing systems - Tend to think of New World as having less architectural sophistication but this is not the case - In state of Oaxaca, Mexico

Perth, Western Australia

- Food production aspect of sustainable homes - "City of Perth sustainability program demonstrates how the city can use its natural resources in a manner that sustains life and enables future generations to thrive" - Green buildings design - Demonstrated how nature can be used in a design: placement of windows so hot solar rays do not directly enter the house in the summer; emphasizes circular metabolic system

James Oglethorpe

- Founded colony of Georgia as a chance for poor immigrants who were in debt to have a second chance at a comfortable life - 1733 plan for Savannah included a series of wards each containing a certain number of houses/building plots - The plan is fundamentally different from modern town or community plans by allowing for growth in small, interlocking units, or wards, of approximately 10 acres (4 hectares). The exact size of a ward will vary depending on the width of streets that bound it.

Ebenezer Howard and Garden Cities

- Founder of the garden cities movement - Author of Garden Cities Tomorrow: describes utopian city where people live harmoniously with nature - Green satellite cities surrounded by greenery, then circled by commercial/industrial areas, circled by railroad - Merging positives of the city with the positives of the country - Ex: Radburn, NJ partially built as a garden city, connected by road and rail and Greenbelt, MD - The description of a utopian city in which people live harmoniously together with nature; influenced the development of several model suburbs such as Forest Hills and Radburn, NJ; garden cities surrounded by "greenbelts", containing proportionate areas of residences, industry, and agriculture

Brownfields, Greenfields, Greyfield

- Greenfield - farm, forest, hasn't been developed yet - Brownfield - contaminated industrial or commercial sites that may require environmental cleanup before they can be redeveloped or expanded - Greyfield - previously developed parts of city - Brownfield land is an area of land previously used or built upon, as opposed to greenfield land, which has never been built upon. - The term greyfield has historically been applied to formerly-viable retail and commercial shopping sites (such as regional malls and strip centers) that have suffered from lack of reinvestment and have been "outclassed" by larger, better-designed, better-anchored malls or shopping sites. These particular greyfield sites are also referred to as "dead malls" or "ghostboxes" - The "greyfield" term may also be applied more broadly to urban infill or commercial locations where underuse or outdated (non-retail) uses hamper an otherwise valuable real estate asset

Pocket Neighborhoods/Cottage Housing

- Grouping of smaller residences, often around a courtyard or common garden designed to promote close knit sense of community - Planning: smaller homes, reducing roadways and parking, uses of communal areas, focal point around a green-space - Alternative to sprawl, isolation and commuter/auto focus - Gathered around a shared open space — a garden courtyard, a pedestrian street, a series of joined backyards, or a reclaimed alley

Home Gr/Own (Milwaukee program)

- Helps residents repurpose foreclosed properties for community assets that spark new economic opportunities around local, healthy food production and distribution - Transform neighborhoods by catalyzing new healthy food access - Makes it easier to grow and access local food - Transform vacant lots into orchards, parks, and green spaces

Pearl District (Portland)

- Home of pearl court apartments, which were apartments that had 144 biking spaces and 19 parking spaces - meant to promote biking - An area of Portland, Oregon, formerly occupied by warehouses, light industry and railroad classification yards and now noted for its art galleries, upscale businesses and residences - Now mostly consists of high-rise condominiums and warehouse-to-loft conversions - Formerly an industrial area that has been converted in a mixed use area with businesses, art galleries, and housing as well as the Pearl Court apartments

Vancouver, BC

- Home of the "living first" policy which designates 8 million square feet from commercial to residential areas - Eco-Density (Vancouver) - Not unlike Portland's - want to create an urban environment that is desirable to people, especially families - Encourage a form of densification that is environmentally friendly and helps to reduce the city's ecological footprint - Encourage development in low to medium density areas that will allow for an increased number of residents - Areas along transit corridors, light industrial areas - First city to embrace density as an official city policy - Reuse of existing buildings - Development of secondary housing units (density does not mean you must have all high rise buildings) - Ecodensity was seen as a way to make the neighborhoods more sustainable and reduce housing prices in Vancouver

Dumb-bell tenement design

- Houses that poor people lived in, located in NYC. Showed some atrocities of American industrial life. - Led by Industrial Revolution - Lived in by many immigrants - Structures, usually 6-8 stories tall, that were jammed tightly against one another to accommodate from 24-32 families per building; so-called because housing codes required a two-foot wide air shaft between buildings, giving the structure the appearance of a dumbbell when viewed from overhead. - Led to reform acts/initiatives - Overcrowded apartment houses that were outlawed because they were too small, ill ventilated, and had little sunlight; called dumb-bell design because the rectangular buildings were pinched in the middle; prevalent in NYC

Pruit Igoe

- Housing project built in St. Louis, Missouri has been regarded as one of the most infamous failures of public housing in American history, and one of the icons of urban renewal. - Living conditions declined after its completion in 1956: famous for its poverty, crime, segregation - Buildings ultimately demolished - The fall of Pruitt-Igoe ultimately came to signify not only the failure of one public housing project, but arguably the death knell of the entire Modernist era of design. - Initially planned in the twilight of the United States' Jim Crow segregation laws, the project was to be divided along racial lines: black residents would live in the Wendell Olliver Pruitt homes, while their white counterparts would occupy the James Igoe apartments.

Seaside, FL

- Iconic example of new urbanism in 1980s - Walkable community that shows importance of public realm - Design code: buildings painted in pastel colors - Focus on community and bikes - Farmers markets, tennis courts, and other resort-like features

Impervious cover

- Impervious cover is any surface in the landscape that cannot effectively absorb or infiltrate rainfall. This includes driveways, roads, parking lots, rooftops, and sidewalks. When natural landscapes are intact, rainfall is absorbed into the soil and vegetation.

Levittown

- In 1947, William Levitt used mass production techniques to build inexpensive homes in suburban New York and Philadelphia to help relieve the postwar housing shortage. - Levittown became a symbol of the movement to the suburbs in the years after WWII. - 7 large suburban housing developments created in the United States and Puerto Rico by William Levitt and his company Levitt & Sons. Built after World War II for returning veterans and their new families, the communities offered attractive alternatives to cramped central city locations and apartments. - Single family home ownership as preferred model - Segregated

Boulder, CO

- Infrastructure development limits urban growth - Uses the Danish plan: allocates permissible growth annually on a point system basis - Greenbelt surrounds city: access to nature, and protects wildlife → common plan for managing growth - High rankings in health, well being, quality of life, education, and art; promotes an extensive bus route; controlled urban expansion with an emphasis on wildlife preservation - Danish Plan and beyond; Point systems, annual growth caps, etc.

Willis Carrier

- Invented air conditioning - Biggest emphasis: less impact of orientation (sunlight, skylights, climate) there's always one temp to be heated/cooled - Loss of knowledge of design/architecture: natural cooling, stack effect - Made to a consumable product for the average homeowner - The spread of artificial climate control in the second half of the 20th century triggered major, long-term demographic and architectural trends. Sun Belt cities like Atlanta, Georgia, and Houston, Texas, boomed, attracting businesses and workers by the thousands. House design shifted from features that facilitated natural cooling -- porches, high ceilings, cross ventilation -- to spectacular additions like glass doors and large windows. And iconic, modern glass-walled skyscrapers rose across the nation.

Jane Addams and Hull House

- Jane Addams: Social reformer who worked to improve the lives of the working class. - In 1889 she founded Hull House in Chicago, the first private social welfare agency in the U.S., to assist the poor, combat juvenile delinquency and help immigrants learn to speak English. - Hull House Maps: first effort at collecting urban data. Collecting data of crime, illness, disease, earnings per family, etc. - First settlement house in Midwest; did studies of child labor, tenement conditions, and wage rates to convince the government to take action

Ultra Small Vehicles (USVs)

- Known as short-commute vehicles (SCVs). vehicle designed and used for regular trips (commutes) that take less than 20 (or 10) minutes. Battery electric vehicles are often used. Called USVs by Bill Mitchell and Larry Burns in "Reinventing the Automobile" in context of urban vehicles. Idea of "stackable." - More practical in cities where you don't have the space for large vehicles

Wicked Problems

- Large, complex social problems where there is no clear solution, where there is limited, confusing, or contradictory information available, and where a whole range of people with conflicting values engage in debate - A wicked problem is a form of social or cultural problem that is difficult to solve because of incomplete, contradictory, and changing requirements. These problems are typically offloaded to policy makers, or are written off as being too cumbersome to bother with. Yet these are the problems that plague our world and our cities - poverty, sustainability, equality and health and wellness are issues that touch each and every one of us

Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC)

- Loaned money at low interest to homeowners who could not meet mortgage payments - Was tasked with figuring out the investment risks in various cities so banks could determine where to give out loans - Practiced redlining - As part of President Roosevelt's New Deal legislation, Congress passed the Homeowners Loan Act of 1933, which in turn created the Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC). This federal agency's main task was to refinance home mortgages that were in default or at risk of foreclosure due to the 1929 crash and the collapse of the housing industry. - By 1934 about one in five mortgages in America were owned by the corporation.

Urban Sprawl

- Low-density development at edge of cities/towns - Outward spreading of a city and its suburbs - Poorly planned, land-consumptive, auto-dependent, designed without respect for its surroundings. - Reliance on cars, less walkability - In addition to describing a particular form of urbanization, the term also relates to the social and environmental consequences associated with this development.

Rachel Carson

- Marine biologist and conservationist; - Active role in the Environmental Movement - One of the first people to realize the global dangers of pesticide abuse (DDT). - Wrote Silent Spring which catalyzed the global environmental movement

Form-Based Codes

- Means of regulation development to achieve a specific urban form; create a predictable public realm by controlling physical form primarily and land use; new response to the modern challenges of urban sprawl, deterioration of historic neighborhoods, and neglect of pedestrian safety in new development

Linear Metabolism / Circular Metabolism

- Most cities are linear metabolic systems in which resources flow in and wastes flow out, unlike natural ecosystems in which resources are cycled in the system - Cities need to close material cycles and adopt a more circular metabolism such as: recycling of paper, glass, metals, and plastics, reuse and treatment of wastewater, and composition of organic wastes on local farmland - Tying together inputs and outputs so that waste can be reentered into the system instead of just thrown away permanently—shorten supply lines to make a more circular system - The metabolism of many modern cities is essentially linear, with resources flowing through the urban system without much concern about their origin or the destination of wastes. Inputs and outputs are considered as largely unrelated. - Nature essentially has a circular zero-waste metabolism where every output by an organism is also an input which replenishes and sustains the whole living environment

Inclusionary Zoning

- Municipal and county planning ordinances that require a given share of new construction to be affordable by people with low to moderate incomes - Goals: ensure housing in an area predominantly commercial, and to increase the supply of lower-cost housing - In exchange, many IZ programs provide cost offsets to developers, such as density bonuses that allow the developer to build more units than conventional zoning would allow, or fast-track permitting that allows developers to build more quickly - Proponents argue that IZ programs that require affordable and market-rate units to be located in the same development promote economic and racial integration

Monacans

- Native American tribe located primarily in the Piedmont, in Amherst County, Virginia near Lynchburg - Occupied Charlottesville for 10,000 years

The Neighborhood Concept (Clarence Perry)

- Neighborhood designed by the walking zone of a typical school - Framework for urban planners attempting to design functional, self-contained and desirable neighborhoods in industrializing cities - Urban plan to design functional, self contained neighborhood; principles included: networks of streets, schools at the center, green spaces, commercial areas at the perimeter to reduce traffic - Major arterials and through traffic routes should not pass through residential neighborhoods. Instead these streets should provide boundaries of the neighborhoods - Forest Hills Gardens, NY

MObile Libraries / Little Libraries

- Neighbors browse, take a book, and return later with a replacement. - Increased community involvement and interaction - Save money -> exchange books people already have - Sustainability -> no throwing out books; give them to someone who will want them

Columbia, MD

- New town in 1960s - A planned community consisting of 10 self-contained villages. It began with the idea that a city could enhance its residents' quality of life. - Intended to not only eliminate the inconveniences of then-current subdivision design, but also eliminate racial, religious and class segregation - "village concept" aimed to provide Columbia a small-town feel - experimental suburb with tangles of parkways and cul-de-sacs; made to have large community groupings and organizations; focussed on group unity

Reston, VA

- New town in 1960s - Walkability, density, access to nature and green space, and diversity of races and income levels - Villages were designed with a range of housing units available for people in different income brackets - Robert E. Simon Jr. insisted on walkability, density, access to nature and green space, and diversity of races and income levels. - Suburban development, with mixed-use, dense housing around central plazas and transit hubs - The villages were designed with a range of housing units available for people in different income brackets. This was both inclusive and economical: Simon wanted a place where families could spend their whole lives, swapping up as their incomes rose.

Community Land Trusts

- Nonprofit corporation which acquires and manages land on behalf of the residents of a place-based community, while preserving affordability and preventing foreclosures for any housing located upon its land - Ensure long term housing affordability

Climate mitigation

- reducing and stabilizing the levels of heat-trapping greenhouse gases in the atmosphere - actions to limit the magnitude or rate of long-term climate change - generally involves reductions in human emissions of greenhouse gases - refers to strategies and actions that attempt to reduce the causes of climate change

The High Line

- Old train rails converted to elevated walkway/park; tourist attractions that promotes walking - The High Line is an elevated freight rail line transformed into a public park on Manhattan's West Side. It is owned by the City of New York, and maintained and operated by Friends of the High Line. Founded in 1999 by community residents, Friends of the High Line fought for the High Line's preservation and transformation at a time when the historic structure was under the threat of demolition. - Ways of rethinking space in cities - Unintended consequences: rise in prices of housing in surrounding areas, etc.

Portland, OR

- One of the most sustainable and environmentally friendly cities in the US - Good example of a tight urban form, density, walkable downtown, eco-friendly... - Use comprehensive plan and zoning codes; historic preservation and green building; growth boundary limits growth and strengthens core through infill and increased density

Sky City / Acoma Pueblo

- Part of the Native American Pueblo settlement in New Mexico - Precursors of modern green building movement - Three stories, the roof for one level is the floor for the next - Each level connected by ladders serving as a unique defensive factor - MAY BE the oldest continuously inhabited settlement in North America

Radburn, NJ

- Partially built as a garden city, connected by road and rail - Aimed to incorporate modern planning principles from idea of Garden Cities - Designed to separate traffic by mode, w/ pedestrian path that didn't cross any major roads - Model for car-free environment - Radburn was explicitly designed to separate traffic by mode, with a pedestrian path system that does not cross any major roads - The design is typified by the backyards of homes facing the street and the fronts of homes facing one another, over common yards. It is an offshoot of American designs from the English garden city movement

Transfer of Development Rights (TDR)

- Permits higher density development in a "receiving area" in exchange for the land and/or resource preservation in a "sending area" - Way of controlling land use, it offers landowners financial incentives for the conservation and maintenance of the environmental, heritage or agricultural values of their land - Transfer of Development Rights (TDR) is a voluntary, incentive based program that allows landowners to sell development rights from their land to a developer or other interested party who then can use these rights to increase the density of development at another designated location. While the seller of development rights still owns the land and can continue using it, an easement is placed on the property that prevents further development.

Village Homes

- Primary focus on community building: shared common areas/spaces, shared laundry space, shared gardens, community gardens, community fruit and nut trees and vineyard, and biking - East-West orientation of streets designed to facilitate natural heating/cooling - Bike/pedestrian oriented narrow streets: energy conservation, comfort, safety - In his book "Pocket Neighborhoods", Ross Chapin writes about Village Homes in Davis, a single family subdivision west of the university. - The layout also provides tracts for community gardens with fruit and nut trees and vineyards - almond tree revenue and community members can pick whatever fruit they want free of charge

Adaptive Reuse

- Process of reusing an old site or building for a purpose other than what it was built or designed for while retaining their historic features - Key factor in land conservation and the reduction of urban sprawl

Live-Work units

- Properties that combine workspace and home, which lessens travel and supports densification - Space that combines your workspace with your living quarters - Living above or within your business/workplace - Many sustainable advantages such as reduced car use

Skyville @ Dawson

- Public housing in Singapore that focuses on community, variety, and sustainability - Homes share community terrace and garden - Emphasis on sustainability and community living - Skyscraper in Singapore with interconnected terraces and sky parks every couple of levels; renowned for its revolutionary usage of green space

Pioneer Courthouse Square

- Public space occupying a city block in downtown Portland, converted from parking space. Example of green spaces in cities and reclaiming streets. Contributes to sense of place/community. - Most visited site in Oregon's most visited city - Public space that hosts many programmed events each year - Has four different transit lines surrounding the park which allows for accessible and effective public transportation - Was a reclaimed parking lot, shows the importance of reclaiming the streets and sense of community - The square is ranked as the world's fourth-best public square and is known as Portland's "living room"

Missing Middle Housing

- Range of multi-unit housing types compatible for walkable urban living; includes multiplex, duplex, apartment, and townhouse buildings - The in-between of single family houses and high-rise housing - "Missing Middle" was coined by Daniel Parolek of Opticos Design, Inc. in 2010 to define a range of multi-unit or clustered housing types compatible in scale with single-family homes that help meet the growing demand for walkable urban living - Combined together (and sometimes even with single-family homes), Missing Middle building types create a moderate density that can support public transit and services and amenities within walking distance, and make up some of the most popular up-and-coming communities in Denver, Cincinnati, Austin, and San Francisco

Build A Better Block

- Re-use rundown furniture and houses in order to help build vibrant communities - The Better Block is an open-sourced project that is free to re-use and build upon - Tools created by Better Block Foundation will help people quickly implement new ideas to transform underused spaces, which may be dominated by traffic or vacant buildings, into community meeting hubs where people can connect and add to neighborhood life. - Example of tactical urbanism - Transform streets by adding food carts, sidewalk tables, temporary bike lanes

Majora Carter

- Redefined the field of environmental equality, starting in the South Bronx at the turn of the century. - Leads the local economic development movement across the USA - Inclusive cities

"Out of Reach" report

- Report on affordable housing crisis - Documents the gap between wages and the cost of rental housing in the US - Cost of housing is increasing while wages remain stagnant - An estimate of the hourly wage a full-time worker must earn to afford a rental home without spending more than 30% of income on housing costs. - Studying the hourly wage required to rent a 2BR apartment in each state/city; measure of affordability; shows that people on minimum wage may not be able to have basic commodities - Median housing wage in 2017 for a two bedroom apartment is $21.21

Ian McHarg

- Scottish landscape architect who introduced the idea of ecological planning in his book Design With Nature. - He sought to fully and intelligently design human environments in concert with the conditions of setting, climate and environment -Influential to get us to think about how the environment should be the central core of what we design and plan -McHarg"ing" mapping and method (what we do now with GIS computer program)

Granny Pods

- Self-contained mini houses that fit in most backyards with a bedroom, kitchen, and bathroom - Placed on the caregiver's property so they can be in close proximity to their family - Often have safety rails, lighted floorboards, monitoring features, wide doorways and open floor plans - Example of an ADU

Density Bonuses

- Serve as an incentive to developers to construct affordable housing and additional occupancy (providing a public amenity) - Density bonuses are granted for projects in which the developer agrees to include a certain number of affordable housing units. -Permits developers to build more units at a site than regular zoning allows if they agree to construct a certain percentage of below market-rate housing units - Example: Portland's green room, eco-roof density bonus (not mandated, but creating incentives for density)

Shrinking Cities

- Shrinking cities or urban depopulation are dense cities that have experienced notable population loss. Emigration is a common reason for city shrinkage. Since the infrastructure of such cities was built to support a larger population, its maintenance can become a serious concern. - Suburbanization - jobs leave the city, so people do too - Detroit, Cleveland, and Milwaukee

Parklets

- Sidewalk extension that provides space and amenities for sidewalk/street users; often have benches and small resting areas - Parklets are intended for people. Parklets offer a place to stop, to sit, and to rest while taking in the activities of the street. - In instances where a parklet is not intended to accommodate people, it may provide greenery, art, or some other visual amenity

1956 Interstate Highway Act

- Signed by President Eisenhower as a defensive measure during the cold war, a way to evacuate in case of a nuclear strike - Led to new ways of living and had a large impact on cities/commuters - Created a large market for urban areas and more sprawl - The highway system also led to a significant decline in the use of public transportation and a higher demand for private cars and private modes of transportation - Rise of shopping mall - Largest public works project in American history; created 41,000 miles of highway to create the interstate highway system.

Spanish Laws of the Indies

- Spanish laws for settling in America and avoiding natives - 1st guide to military/ civic town planning - Design requirements for a new settlement that consisted of a plaza in the center, gridded streets, residence zones, elevated, good soil, sufficient fortification, good crops, and wood

Complete Streets

- Streets designed and operated so that all users, including pedestrians, bicyclists, motorists, and transit riders of all ages and abilities, can safely move along and across the streets - Make it easy to cross the street, walk to shops, and bicycle to work. They allow buses to run on time and make it safe for people to walk to and from train stations

Copenhagen

- Suburban Copenhagen is planned according to the Finger Plan - developed along five 'fingers', centered on commuter rail lines, which extend from the 'palm', the dense urban fabric of central Copenhagen. In between the fingers, green wedges are supposed to provide land for agriculture and recreational purposes - Five Finger Plan is an urban development plan that focuses on both metropolitan train lines and the green spaces in between

Historic Preservation Tax Credits

- Tax incentive to seek to protect buildings, parks, monuments that have a historical significance - Seeks to promote investment in the rehabilitation and re-use of historic buildings

Nightingale Housing

- The Commons, Melbourne, Australia - Social interaction, Rooftop gardens, Socially and environmentally sustainable - What raises the cost of an apartment/house? Tries to reduce cost as well as ecological footprint: no garage and no cars, yoga studio instead, Took out 2nd bathrooms, No AC - ventilation, Didn't source any ceramic tiles from Italy, Spain, etc., No chrome plating, Scale of 7 story building

Eco-Density

- The EcoDensity program was part of the City of Vancouver's efforts to meet modern challenges - An attempt to increase the population in neighborhoods in a way that was both environmentally friendly and reduced the city's ecological footprint; in Vancouver seen as a way to make the neighborhoods more sustainable

Mannahatta

- The Mannahatta Project: a project by the WCS to reconstruct and map how Manhattan looked in 1609 when Henry Hudson discovered the island. Elements being mapped include where the streams flowed and where each species of tree grew. - The project highlights the ways that development has altered the natural ecosystems

Southern Megalopolis

- The Southern Megalopolis: Using the Past to Predict the Future of Urban Sprawl in the Southeast U.S - The Southeast has experienced explosive growth over the past 60 years, with a rate of population increase nearly 40% larger than the rest of the United States - The region also contains high levels of plant and animal diversity, and many ecological communities in need of additional conservation. For example, the once dominant but now endangered longleaf pine ecosystem contains arguably the most species-rich communities outside of the tropics with many highly endangered species. In addition, while climatic change in the Southeast is expected to be modest when compared to some other regions, the Southeast is at a high risk of the effects of sea level rise along its long, low-lying coast. - Our results point to a future where urban areas occupy a much greater portion of the landscape of the Southeast U.S. The projected region-wide increase in urban area would constitute a doubling or tripling of land devoted to urban and suburban uses. With this increase will come greater need for urban infrastructure, but also an increase in all of those ecological features associated with urbanization including urban run-off, urban warming and habitat fragmentation.

Urban Renewal

- The clearing and rebuilding and redevelopment of urban slums - Jane Jacobs wrote The Death and Life of Great American Cities 1961 about this - Often poor neighborhoods of color, but vibrant and good places to live. Connotation that they had to be "cleaned up" - Redevelopment of land in areas of high density, urban use; involves relocating businesses, demolishing old structures, relocating people, and purchasing private property for public use; often leads to urban sprawl - Prototype urban renewal projects include the design and construction of Central Park in New York and the 1909 Plan for Chicago by Daniel Burnham. - The redevelopment of large sections of New York City and New York State by Robert Moses between the 1930s and the 1970s was a notable and prominent example of urban redevelopment. - Charlottesville's Vinegar Hill and many communities in NYC during the Robert Moses era from the 30s to the 70s

Gentle Density

- The concept of building well-designed ground level housing with a similar scale to stacked townhouses, row-houses and other smaller spaces. - These have minimal impacts, especially when compared to the usual thought of concept of adding to the housing supply with numerous condos and apartments. - Ground-oriented housing such as semi-detached homes, duplexes, and stacked townhouses

Street permeability

- The extent to which urban forms permit or restrict movement of people or vehicles in different directions - For example, neighborhoods that have poor permeability have long, winding roads to schools that discourage walking - Central principle of New Urbanism, favors the traditional street grid -refers to the capacity of those connections to carry people or vehicles. -widening roads within a network that lead to destinations would increase the network's permeability, but leave its connectivity unchanged. -conversely, transforming existing streets that are part of a grid plan into permeable, linked cul-de-sac, as was done in Berkeley, CA and Vancouver, BC, retains their connectivity intact but limits their permeability to pedestrians and bicycles only, while it "filters" out motorized transport.

Quinta Monroy and Half a House

- The houses are simple, two-story homes, each with wall that runs down the middle, splitting the house in two. One side of the house is ready to be moved into. The other side is just a frame around empty space, waiting to be built out by the occupant. Each one was just big enough to meet Chile's minimum standards for low-income housing - Built by ELEMENTAL and Alejandro Aravena

Ecological Footprint

- The impact of a person or community on the environment, expressed as the amount of land required to sustain their use of natural resources. - Ecological assets that a population requires to produce the natural resources it consumes - Answers the question, how much of the biological capacity of the planet is required by a given human activity or population? - Measure of human demand on the earth's ecosystems; estimates biologically productive land and sea area necessary to supply the resources a human or population consumes

Civano, AZ

- The nation's largest sustainable mixed-use community located in the southeast part of Tucson, Arizona - Example of Green New Urbanism - Integrates residential communities with shopping, workplace, school, and civic facilities essential to the daily life of the residents, parks and natural open spaces vital for relaxation, enjoyment, and preservation of the area's natural landscape and heritage - Sustainable building plan and water conservation technologies - Preservation of native vegetation that allows for drought-resistant landscaping - Use of local building materials and styles (ex. adobe, straw-bale) - Passive solar and low energy homes - Rainwater harvesting from rooftops - 30% of set aside for natural land - Neighborhood gathering places within walking distance of each other

Pavement to Plazas

- The purpose of a Pavement to Plaza, as defined by Tactical Urbanism, is to reclaim underutilized asphalt as public space without large capital expenditure

Floor Area Ratio (FAR)

- The total floor area of all buildings or structures on a zoning lot divided by the area of said lot - The floor area ratio (FAR) can be used in zoning to limit urban density

Frederick Law Olmsted Sr.

- United States landscape architect primarily responsible for the design of Central Park in New York City - Central Park began the Urban parks movement - First deliberately planned park in U.S. - Needed for those who couldn't escape out of the city like the wealthy could - Constructed through use of gentrification - Large wildlife population - Designs Central Park, NYC; focussed on controlled growth and walkable paths; influenced by the City Beautiful movement

Traffic Calming

- Used to slow traffic and make the roads safer for vulnerable road users - Increased traffic in communities have led to heightened concerns over safety and the livability of a community - Seek to alter behavior of drivers - Change street alignments or barriers to reduce speeds - Use speed humps, traffic circles, narrowed roads - Common in Australia and Northern Europe but less so in America

Rotterdam's Water Plazas

- Water square combines water storage with the improvement and quality of urban public space - Makes money invested in water storage facilities visible and enjoyable while increasing environmental quality - A once-empty, monotonous square now holds three large rainwater collection ponds which, when the weather is dry, can be used as amphitheatres, basketball and volleyball courts, or skateboarding rinks.

Legibility or imagability of the city

-"that quality in a physical object which gives it a high probability of evoking a strong image in any given observer. It is that shape, color, or arrangement that facilitates the making of vividly identified, powerfully structured, highly useful mental images of the environment...where objects are not only able to be seen, but are presented sharply and intensely to the senses..." -Kevin Lynch - the ease in which one can recognize the patterns and meanings of their environment, the more pleasure and utility they will extract from it - Lynch proposes that these mental maps consist of five elements: (1) paths: routes along which people move throughout the city; (2) edges: boundaries and breaks in continuity; (3) districts: areas characterized by common characteristics; (4) nodes: strategic focus points for orientation like squares and junctions; and (5) landmarks: external points of orientation, usually a easily identifiable physical object in the urban landscape. Of these five elements, paths are especially important according Lynch, since these organize urban mobility. - Paths, edges, districts, nodes, and landmarks

Leiden

-Historical preservation -presence of water from canals -farmers markets promote local foods -Leiden Central-transit center -includes massive amount of bike parking (bike-friendly) -Principle of Connectivity (interconnected neighborhoods and urban space) permeability of streets and neighborhoods -urban landscape--legible and multi-generational accessibility--importance of proximity; compact urban form -mixed-uses--districts aren't separated -Third Places -urban ecology; urban greening -Traffic calming & de-emphasizing of automobiles -walkable--pedestrian- and family-friendly -importance of the Civic Realm -sense of place--protect heritage, connect history with the present using culture and art, discover "song lines" -organic urban development -beauty and visual diversity; landmarks -human-scale--intimate spaces are important -security & safety -low-energy houses and buildings - dutch city in the Netherlands in which there is a majority of biking over driving cars - has an organic quality with many connections to water, recreation, car free centers, central market/city center - a distinct demarcation between urban and rural areas - community in which people help each other - notion of Third Space - beautiful and close to nature - integrated network of mobility - a city in the Netherlands focused on natural and communal living: farmers markets promote local foods, includes massive amount of bike parking (bike-friendly), presence of water from canals; -Principle of Connectivity (interconnected neighborhoods and urban space) permeability of streets and neighborhoods; urban landscape--legible and multi-generational; very accessible and frequent mixed-use buildings; urban ecology; pedestrian-friendly

Naked Streets and Intersections

-Traffic calming concept in which streets are stripped of all road lanes and signs to force people to pay attention while driving; mental speed bumps - Example: Charlottesville Downtown Mall - Emphasizes the fact that the street is a shared space for all users

Park(ing) day

-annual worldwide event where public parking spots are transformed into temporary public places; emphasizes connection/interaction with people and tries to reduce the emphasis on motorized vehicles and private transport

Downzoning / Upzoning

Upzoning: - The practice of changing the zoning in an area typically from residential to increased commercial use. This is a controversial practice because upzoning allows for greater density and congestion in the area which affects the current occupants. The term can also apply when changing the zoning to limit growth and density. - Allows for greater density, which effects the current residents Downzoning: - Reduction in the permitted density of housing and development - Down zoning is the process by which an area of land is rezoned to a usage that is less dense and less developed than its previous usage. This is typically done to limit sprawl and overgrowth of cities, and to help concentrate areas of development into smaller sections to prevent over zoning a community. - Down zoning may occur when an area that is built up with large apartment buildings is cleared, and the area is rebuilt with single-family homes or smaller multi-family units. Another example of down zoning is the rebuilding of a large area of shopping malls to single-building shops and restaurants, or a large industrial area rebuilt as retail shops.